乳腺癌干细胞富集及其特异性多肽的筛选

目的：无血清培养法富集乳腺癌干细胞（breast cancer stem cell,BCSC）并采用噬菌体展示技术,筛选能特异性结合乳腺癌干细胞的噬菌体多肽。方法：无血清培养法富集乳腺癌MDA—MB-231细胞株中干细胞并以此为靶标,以hs578bst人正常乳腺细胞及普通培养的MDA—MB-231细胞为减性筛选细胞,对噬菌体随机肽库进行双重减性筛选,选取富集后的阳性噬菌体单克隆,ELISA及DAB染色鉴定阳性噬菌体特异性并测序。结果：经过3轮筛选,噬菌体得到约500倍的富集,随机挑选10株单克隆噬菌体。ELISA显示,6号噬菌体单克隆对乳腺癌干细胞的亲和力是对照的6．14倍;DAB鉴定亦显示,其对乳腺癌干细胞的特异性及亲和力最高,对阳性噬菌体DNA测序翻译得到十二肽氨基酸为GYSASRsTIPGK。结论：通过干细胞富集及噬菌体展示技术,成功筛选出能够特异性结合乳腺癌干细胞的特异性噬菌体多肽,为乳腺癌的干细胞靶向治疗和深入研究奠定基础。     

乳腺癌干细胞新型多肽标志物的筛选

目的:从噬菌体随机十二肽库中筛选出能够与乳腺癌干细胞(breast cancer stem cell,BCSC)特异性结合的噬菌体,筛选后提取多肽以研究其与BCSC的亲和力和特异性。方法:通过"无血清-有血清"交替培养法培养人乳腺癌MCF7和MDA-MB-231细胞系,以求最大化富集BCSC,将hs578bst正常人乳腺细胞和普通培养的乳腺癌细胞用作减性筛选细胞,筛选噬菌体随机肽库;然后根据筛选结果选取阳性噬菌体进行单克隆扩增并测序,得到测序结果后依据合成多肽,标记以FITC;最后,建立乳腺癌动物模型,并在体外观察合成多肽与BCSC结合的特异性。结果:经过3轮筛选,噬菌体富集约200倍;随机选出10株单克隆噬菌体,与BCSC共同培养,其中与MCF7和MDA-MB-231乳腺癌干细胞阳性结合的噬菌体数目分别为6株和8株;分别从中选取1个阳性噬菌体进行测序,合成多肽后分别命名为A3和B8;多肽A3特异性结合MCF7乳腺癌干细胞,同时多肽B8特异结合MDA-MB-231乳腺癌干细胞。结论:噬菌体随机肽库可成功筛选出能够特异性结合BCSC的多肽,为BCSC的靶向治疗和进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

体内噬菌体展示技术筛选人髓样乳腺癌Bcap-37细胞特异性结合肽及其性质、结合效果研究

目的探讨体内噬菌体展示技术筛选的人髓样乳腺癌Bcap-37细胞特异性结合肽的性质和结合效果,为乳腺癌早期诊断提供分子靶向探针。方法制备人髓样乳腺癌Bcap-37细胞荷瘤裸鼠模型,采用噬菌体环七肽库进行3轮体内筛选。免疫组织化学法检测筛选的噬菌体在肿瘤及正常组织中的分布情况。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)鉴定单克隆噬菌体对Bcap-37细胞的亲合力。提取阳性单克隆噬菌体DNA并测序,选取重复率高的序列合成多肽,制备光学分子探针,应用荧光分子成像验证合成的多肽在荷瘤小鼠体内对乳腺移植瘤的特异性和靶向性。结果第3轮体内筛选的噬菌体回收率为第1轮的107.2倍。免疫组织化学结果显示,随筛选轮次增加,肿瘤组织中结合的噬菌体依次增加;肿瘤组织结合的噬菌体多于正常组织(肺脏、骨骼肌、肝脏、肾脏),肿瘤组织切片扫描图像的吸光度(A)值均较正常组织高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。ELISA结果显示,随机选取的50个单克隆噬菌体中,22个为阳性(亲合力≥2)。阳性单克隆噬菌体DNA测序分析后,得到4条有重复的氨基酸序列,选择重复率最高的氨基酸序列CSPLNTRFC,化学合成异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记的CSPLNTRFC多肽。Bcap-37细胞荷瘤裸鼠模型体内验证实验显示,FITC-CSPLNTRFC多肽能明显富集在乳腺移植瘤组织。结论利用体内噬菌体展示技术能够筛选出可与人髓样乳腺癌Bcap-37细胞特异性结合的多肽CSPLNTRFC,有助于进行乳腺癌早期诊断的体外研究。     

宫颈癌HeLa细胞特异性结合肽的筛选及鉴定

背景与目的:宫颈癌的分子靶向治疗具有很好的疗效,同时可以显著减少抗癌药物对人体自身的损伤,因此备受关注。本研究利用噬菌体体内展示技术筛选及鉴定宫颈癌特异性结合肽,将有可能成为化疗药物的靶向载体,为宫颈癌靶向药物治疗奠定基础。方法:体外培养宫颈癌HeLa细胞接种裸鼠,建立肿瘤动物模型。将随机肽库尾静脉注入裸鼠体内,循环15 min,心脏灌注后回收肿瘤组织噬菌体扩增、纯化并以此作为起始物进行第2轮的筛选,如此进行3轮体内筛选后挑取噬菌体克隆,进行免疫组化及ELISA实验,初步鉴定噬菌体克隆对宫颈癌细胞的亲和力及特异性,并将具有强亲和力的克隆进行测序。结果:ELISA结果显示,随机挑选10个噬菌体单克隆中8个克隆对HeLa细胞具有很强的亲和力,将这8个克隆进行测序,获得相同短肽序列LLRSTGF。结论:利用噬菌体展示技术筛选出与宫颈癌细胞HeLa特异性结合的短肽,进一步与化疗药物结合,为宫颈癌靶向治疗提供新的方法。     

噬菌体随机肽库中与神经胶质瘤细胞系SWO-38特异性靶向结合短肽的筛选

背景与目的：神经胶质瘤的常规治疗尚难取得令人满意的效果，寻找高效和高特异性杀伤肿瘤细胞的药物已成为提高其治愈率的研究热点。本研究旨在利用噬菌体随机肽库找到与神经胶质瘤细胞系SWO-38特异性结合并内化人细胞的短肽序列。方法：利用噬菌体随机12肽库对肿瘤细胞进行5轮全细胞筛选，分析筛选后单克隆对神经胶质瘤细胞的特异性结合能力并进行免疫荧光分析。提取单克隆DNA，测序，得出短肽序列进行比对分析。结果：通过5轮筛选后的噬菌体库及所挑选的表面及内化部分各13个单克隆均显示对胶质瘤细胞有较高的特异性结合，并测序得到三条重复性高的多肽序列。免疫荧光分析显示噬菌体大量聚集在细胞表面并能够内化进入到细胞内。结论：通过噬菌体随机肽库对肿瘤细胞进行全细胞筛选得到的噬菌体多肽能高特异性与胶质瘤瘤细胞SWO-38结合，可作为肿瘤导向药物研究的载体。     

胃癌细胞特异性结合肽的筛选及鉴定

目的 筛选与胃癌细胞特异性结合的多肽。方法 以正常细胞为吸附细胞,胃癌细胞为筛选靶细胞对噬菌体随机12肽库进行消减筛,用细胞酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）、免疫细胞和组织化学法及裸鼠正常组织结合实验鉴定阳性克隆并进行DNA测序。结果 经三轮筛选,利用ELISA从随机挑选的24个噬菌体克隆中得到8个与胃癌细胞具有高结合力的噬菌体阳性克隆,经免疫细胞化学及裸鼠正常组织结合试验鉴定,发现第20、24两个克隆能与胃癌细胞特异性结合,而不与正常细胞和裸鼠组织结合,噬菌体阳性克隆氨基酸序列无同源性。结论 得到两个序列不同的特异性结合胃癌细胞的噬菌体克隆,这可为进一步的研究提供实验依据。     

噬菌体肽库在宫颈癌血清肿瘤标志物筛选中的应用

目的:用噬菌体随机12肽库对宫颈癌患者血清进行差异性筛选,筛选出能与宫颈癌患者血清特异性结合的肿瘤标志物。方法:应用噬菌体随机12肽库对宫颈癌患者和正常人血清进行三轮差异性筛选,用ELISA法检测噬菌体克隆对宫颈癌患者血清结合的特异性。结果:经过三轮筛选,噬菌体富集率逐轮提高,提高近100倍。用ELISA法对50例宫颈癌患者血清和50例健康者血清检测验证,其中获得一株与宫颈癌患者血清特异结合较好的噬菌体,对宫颈癌的早期诊断具有潜在价值。结论:筛选出能与早期宫颈癌患者血清高亲和力特异结合的短肽,为研究宫颈癌肿瘤标志物及宫颈癌的早期诊断奠定了基础。     

胃癌腹膜高转移细胞特异性结合噬菌体多肽的筛选及鉴定

目的寻找能够与胃癌腹膜高转移细胞GC9811-P特异性结合的噬菌体多肽,探索治疗胃癌腹膜转移的新方法。方法运用噬菌体呈现肽技术,先后用胃癌的腹膜高转移细胞系GC9811-P和其亲本细胞GC9811对噬菌体12肽库进行消减性的全细胞淘洗．经过3轮筛选,随机挑选40个噬菌体单克隆C1～G40。用ELISA法选取能够与GC9811-P特异性结合的单克隆。将选出的单克隆分别注入裸鼠腹腔,采用免疫组化法排除与正常组织亦高结合的阳性单克隆。对筛选出的噬菌体克隆进行DNA序列测定,并推导其外源性氨基酸序列,进行同源性分析。结果经过3轮淘洗,噬菌体克隆得到理想富集。C9、C18、C23、C29、C34和C37可与GC9811-P特异性结合,经免疫组化证实,这6个单克隆均不与裸鼠腹腔内正常组织结合。测序结果大致展示了两种外源性多肽,即TLNINRLIIPRT和SMSIxSPYIxxx。结论筛选出6个可与GC9811-P细胞特异性结合的噬菌体多肽;这两个肽序列能否阻断GC9811-P细胞向腹膜转移尚待进一步确定。     

噬菌体随机12肽库筛选肝癌患者血清肿瘤标记物的初步研究

目的:从噬菌体随机多肽文库中,筛选出能与肝癌患者血清特异性结合的短肽分子.方法:采用肝癌患者血清作为配基,筛选以融合蛋白形式在丝状噬菌体M13外壳蛋白Ⅲ表达的随机12肽文库.按吸附一洗脱一扩增的淘筛过程,经3轮淘筛后,随机挑取噬菌体克隆用ELISA检测其特异性,评价分析其诊断肝癌的价值.结果:经3轮淘筛后,特异性结合的噬菌体富集增加近100倍.用.ELISA检测第3轮筛选后随机挑取的单个噬菌体克隆,其中特异性最好的3个克隆具有诊断肝癌的潜在价值.结论:噬菌体展示肽库技术,可以有效进行肝癌相关抗原肽的筛选研究,为获得特异性诊断试剂进而为肝癌的诊断提供依据.     

噬菌体随机12肽库筛选肝癌患者血清肿瘤标记物的初步研究

目的：从噬菌体随机多肽文库中,筛选出能与肝癌患者血清特异性结合的短肽分子.方法：采用肝癌患者血清作为配基,筛选以融合蛋白形式在丝状噬菌体M13外壳蛋白Ⅲ表达的随机12肽文库.按吸附一洗脱一扩增的淘筛过程,经3轮淘筛后,随机挑取噬菌体克隆用ELISA检测其特异性,评价分析其诊断肝癌的价值.结果：经3轮淘筛后,特异性结合的噬菌体富集增加近100倍.用.ELISA检测第3轮筛选后随机挑取的单个噬菌体克隆,其中特异性最好的3个克隆具有诊断肝癌的潜在价值.结论：噬菌体展示肽库技术,可以有效进行肝癌相关抗原肽的筛选研究,为获得特异性诊断试剂进而为肝癌的诊断提供依据.     

人表皮生长因子受体2模拟表位的筛选

目的:从噬菌体12肽库中筛选出人表皮生长因子受体2（Her2）的抗原模拟表位。方法:以曲妥珠单抗为靶分子,在噬菌体12肽库中进行3轮淘选,以ELISA方法及竞争抑制实验鉴定阳性克隆,并对阳性克隆株进行测序。结果:经过3轮淘选,与曲妥珠单抗结合的噬菌体得到了有效富集,回收率从（2.00×10-8）%增加到（2.87×10-5）%,ELISA显示20个克隆中筛选获得了18个与曲妥珠单抗具有较高亲和性的阳性噬菌体,对阳性克隆测序获得两种氨基酸序列:HTSSLWHLFRST、VHWDFRQWWQPS。结论:噬菌体展示技术可成功筛选到表皮生长因子2模拟表位,为探索乳腺癌的防治研究创造了条件。     

Screening peptides binding specifically to colorectal cancer cells from a phage random peptide library

The aim of this study was to screen for polypeptides binding specifically to LoVo human colorectal cancer cells using a phage-displayed peptide library as a targeting vector for colorectal cancer therapy. Human normal colorectal mucous epithelial cells were applied as absorber cells for subtraction biopanning with a c7c phage display peptide library. Positive phage clones were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence detection; amino acid sequences were deduced by DNA sequencing. After 3 rounds of screening, 5 of 20 phage clones screened positive, showing specific binding to LoVo cells and a conserved RPM motif. Specific peptides against colorectal cancer cells could be obtained from a phage display peptide library and may be used as potential vectors for targeting therapy for colorectal cancer.     

Selection of tumor-targeting agents on freshly excised human breast tumors using a phage display library

The selective delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor site without harming rest of the body is a major challenge in clinical oncology today. Phage display approach has been used for searching ligands for cell-surface macromolecules on cancer cells so that they can be employed as drug targeting agents. Although basic protocols for biopanning cells are available, they are not as such suitable for screening highly complex and diverse target as whole tumor. Present study is an attempt to select peptide ligands specific to whole tumors. The cells from freshly collected human breast tumors were biopanned with phage displayed disulfide-constrained random heptapeptide library, following subtraction on normal human breast cells. Comparative analysis of amino acid frequencies in tumor-selected peptides and in random peptides from unselected library showed that selection was not random. The binding assessment of tumor-selected clones, using highly sensitive chemiluminescence ELISA, demonstrated that 47-75% of selected clones, depending on a tumor, bound to tumor cells they were panned on. Furthermore, several clones bound exclusively or preferentially to tumor cells in comparison to normal breast cells. It was interesting to note that insert sequences of tumor-binding clones from different tumors shared significant motifs. It shows the possibility of identifying ligands that may bind to tumor-specific targets common in certain tumors. The results of this investigation on seven human breast tumors demonstrated that, using procedures developed in the present study, whole tumors can be panned successfully with phage displayed library and tumor-binding ligands can be identified rapidly in high throughput manner. This is an important enabling step in identifying lead molecules for developing novel, specific, and effective agents that can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.     

Selection of tumor-binding ligands in cancer patients with phage display libraries

Phage display has been used extensively in vitro and in animal models to generate ligands and to identify cancer-relevant targets. We report here the use of phage-display libraries in cancer patients to identify tumor-targeting ligands. Eight patients with stage IV cancer, including breast, melanoma, and pancreas, had phage-displayed random peptide or scFv library (1.6 x 10(8)-1 x 10(11) transducing units/kg) administered i.v.; tumors were excised after 30 minutes; and tumor-homing phage were recovered. In three patients, repeat panning was possible using phage recovered and amplified from that same patient's tumor. No serious side effects, including allergic reactions, were observed with up to three infusions. Patients developed antiphage antibodies that reached a submaximal level within the 10-day protocol window for serial phage administration. Tumor phage were recoverable from all the patients. Using a filter-based ELISA, several clones from a subset of the patients were identified that bound to a tumor from the same patient in which clones were recovered. The clone-binding to tumor was confirmed by immunostaining, bioassay, and real-time PCR-based methods. Binding studies with noncancer and cancer cell lines of the same histology showed specificity of the tumor-binding clones. Analysis of insert sequences of tumor-homing peptide clones showed several motifs, indicating nonrandom accumulation of clones in human tumors. This is the first reported series of cancer patients to receive phage library for serial panning of tumor targeting ligands. The lack of toxicity and the ability to recover clones with favorable characteristics are a first step for further research with this technology in cancer patients.