用PCR扩增tim基因检测蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫

采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫 (Giardialamblia)的磷酸丙糖异构酶 (triosephosphateisomerase ,缩写为tim)基因进行特异性扩增 ,结果扩增出 1条 6 83bp的DNA片段。此方法的特异性可高达10 0 % ,而其它DNA样本 ,如日本血吸虫 (Schistosomajaponicum)、刚地弓形虫 (Toxoplasmagondii)、微小隐孢子虫 (Cryptosporidiumparvum)、溶组织内阿米巴 (Entamoebahistolytica)、旋毛虫 (Trichinellaspiralis)和阴道毛滴虫 (Trichomonasvaginalis) ,以及人体血细胞等均未出现扩增反应。本法的敏感性也很高 ,可检测到0 4pg贾第虫包囊的DNA。 13株来自不同地理位置和 或宿主的贾第虫DNA样本在PCR中均各产生 1条长为 6 83bp的目的片段。上述结果表明本实验建立的检测贾第虫的PCR方法有效     

用PCR扩增tim基因检测蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫

采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(Giardia lamblia)的磷酸丙糖异构酶(triose phosphate isomerase,缩写为tim)基因进行特异性扩增,结果扩增出1条683bp的DNA片段.此方法的特异性可高达100%,而其它DNA样本,如日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum)、刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)、微小隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)、溶组织内阿米巴(Entamoeba histolytica)、旋毛虫(Trichinella spiralis)和阴道毛滴虫(Trichomonas vaginalis),以及人体血细胞等均未出现扩增反应.本法的敏感性也很高,可检测到0.4pg贾第虫包囊的DNA.13株来自不同地理位置和/或宿主的贾第虫DNA样本在PCR中均各产生1条长为683bp的目的片段.上述结果表明本实验建立的检测贾第虫的PCR方法有效.     

用PCR扩增tim基因检测蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫

采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(Giardia lamblia)的磷酸丙糖异构酶(triose phosphate isomerase,缩写为tim)基因进行特异性扩增,结果扩增出1条683bp的DNA片段.此方法的特异性可高达100%,而其它DNA样本,如日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum)、刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)、微小隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)、溶组织内阿米巴(Entamoeba histolytica)、旋毛虫(Trichinella spiralis)和阴道毛滴虫(Trichomonas vaginalis),以及人体血细胞等均未出现扩增反应.本法的敏感性也很高,可检测到0.4pg贾第虫包囊的DNA.13株来自不同地理位置和/或宿主的贾第虫DNA样本在PCR中均各产生1条长为683bp的目的片段.上述结果表明本实验建立的检测贾第虫的PCR方法有效.     

人源性蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Elp3基因的克隆及序列分析

目的克隆蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Elp3基因,并应用生物信息学方法进行分析。方法根据蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Elp3已知基因序列的特点设计引物,利用PCR技术扩增获得Elp3的核苷酸序列,连接到pET28a载体并测定序列。应用生物信息学方法分析Elp3基因的序列同源性与结构特征。结果扩增片段长度为1767bp,测序结果与蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫WB株（GL50830）同源性100%。可构建生物进化树,进行同源结构建模发现,71-362aa具有一个保守的S-腺甙基蛋氨酸区域,458-584aa具有组蛋白乙酰基转移酶区域。结论成功克隆了蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Elp3基因,生物信息学分析发现,其在进化上与其它物种不属同一起源,具有SAM和HAT的结构和功能,这些发现为进一步研究其生物学功能提供了依据和线索。     

《寄生虫与医学昆虫学报》第11卷总目次

第 1期著　述实验感染C5 7BL 6N小鼠粪内蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫tim基因检测………………………………………罗晓冰　陈小宁　卢思奇　王凤云 ( 1 )………………………………………………………………人源蓝氏贾第虫病毒GLV1 5 1 8 2 32 2基因的表达及表达产物抗血清的制备…………………………田宗成　张西臣　李建华　尹继刚　杨　举 ( 5 )……………………………………………………复方萘酚喹治疗间日疟的疗效观察单成启　王京燕　丁德本　邬伯安　时云林 ( 8)…………………雏鸡感染Eimeriatenella体内NOS活性水平的动态变化……………………     

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫病治疗的研究进展

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫病呈全球性分布,在发达国家和发展中国家均有感染,威胁着人类的健康和生命。目前治疗蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫病的药物主要是硝基咪唑类,如甲硝唑,随着长时间的临床应用,耐药虫株不断出现,但是新药的研究周期很长。近年来,如何更好地开发现有药物的新药理作用和研发新药,成为研究蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫病治疗的热点之一。本文就这些药物及其新近研究进展作一综述。     

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫基因分型—磷酸丙糖异构酶（tim）基因序列 …

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（简称贾第虫）细胞内的磷酸丙糖异构酶（ｔｉｍ）基因编码磷酸丙糖异构酶。对扩增后的ｔｉｍ基因做序列分析，可对来源于不同地理位置和／或不同宿主的贾第虫株进行基因分型，并以此确定它们之间的遗传学关系。为了确定中国虫株的基因型，我们对分离自北京（Ｃ１），四川（Ｃ２）和福建（Ｃ３）３株人源贾第虫ｔｉｍ基因序列进行了分析。结果表明，Ｃ１和Ｃ２具有相同的遗传学特性，可划归为目前公认的分型系统中的第     

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫病与免疫

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫病是由蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(以下简称贾第虫、贾第虫病)寄生于小肠所致的一种传染病。主要症状有腹泻、吸收障碍和体重减轻。贾第虫是人类的重要致病性原虫之一,     

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫中国株组蛋白H2A基因的克隆与重组表达

目的获取蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫中国株GlH2A基因及重组蛋白。方法 PCR扩增获取GlH2A基因,连接至pMD-19T并进行测序分析。连接至pET28a构建表达载体,并转化宿主菌E.coli BL21（DE3）,然后进行异丙基硫代半乳糖苷酶（IPTG）诱导表达。表达产物进行亲和层析纯化,再用Western blotting进行免疫学鉴定。结果序列测定获得蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫中国株GlH2A基因的编码序列,与美国WB株H2A（GL50803_14256,Accession：NW_001844132）序列完全一致。该基因编码124个氨基酸,预测分子量13900Mr,保留了与核小体形成相关的重要氨基酸位点,在大肠埃希菌中获得表达,纯化后纯度达90%以上。Western blotting检测表明重组蛋白能够被抗His6标签抗体识别。结论克隆得到GlH2A基因编码序列;得到了重组GlH2A蛋白,并进行了纯化,为进一步研究组蛋白及其修饰酶在基因转录调控中的作用奠定了基础。     

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫基因分型—磷酸丙糖异构酶(tim)基因序列分析

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（简称贾第虫）细胞内的磷酸丙糖异构酶（ｔｉｍ）基因编码磷酸丙糖异构酶。对扩增后的ｔｉｍ基因做序列分析，可对来源于不同地理位置和／或不同宿主的贾第虫株进行基因分型，并以此确定它们之间的遗传学关系。为了确定中国虫株的基因型，我们对分离自北京（Ｃ１），四川（Ｃ２）和福建（Ｃ３）３株人源贾第虫ｔｉｍ基因序列进行了分析。结果表明，Ｃ１和Ｃ２具有相同的遗传学特性，可划归为目前公认的分型系统中的第３型（ＧＳ）。Ｃ３含有两种不同的遗传学类型，即第１型（ＷＢ）和第３型（ＧＳ），表明Ｃ３可能为两种不同遗传学类型的混合株。本研究结果进一步表明，用ｔｉｍ基因扩增和序列分析方法，可探寻世界范围内贾第虫株之间的遗传学关系。     

Real-time PCR assay for detection and genotype differentiation of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens

Real-time PCR, using dual-labeled fluorescent probes targeting the beta-giardin gene, was used to detect Giardia lamblia in human stool specimens and to discriminate between isolates from the two major genetic assemblages of G. lamblia infective to humans, assemblages A and B.     

Performance of three enzyme immunoassays and two direct fluorescence assays for detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens preserved in ECOFIX

ECOFIX is a single-vial stool preservative that is both formalin- and mercury-free. We evaluated the abilities of three commercial Giardia lamblia-specific enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (ProSpecT Giardia Microplate Assay [Alexon-Trend Inc.], Giardia Test [Techlab], and Premier Giardia lamblia [Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.]) and two commercial direct fluorescent-antibody (FA) assays for G. lamblia (Crypto/Giardia IF Test [Techlab] and Merifluor Cryptosporidium/Giardia [Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.]) to detect G. lamblia in 34 G. lamblia-positive and 44 G. lamblia-negative stool specimens (determined by traditional examination for ova and parasites) preserved in ECOFIX compared to their abilities to detect G. lamblia in the same specimens preserved in formalin as the "gold standard" for each assay. Of the 34 formalin-fixed positive specimens, the number detected by each assay was as follows:, Alexon EIA, 34; Meridian EIA, 27; Techlab EIA, 29; Meridian FA assay, 31; and Techlab FA assay, 28. Both FA tests and the Alexon EIA performed well with ECOFIX, but the other two EIAs detected fewer positive specimens (the difference was statistically significant with the Techlab EIA) when ECOFIX was the preservative. Use of G. lamblia cyst antigen from cultured organisms preserved in formalin and ECOFIX demonstrated that the Alexon EIA could detect smaller amounts of antigen in ECOFIX than the other two EIAs could and suggested that cyst antigen is more stable in formalin. We recommend that laboratories use an FA assay or the Alexon EIA if they plan to use ECOFIX as their stool preservative.     

Use of an enzyme immunoassay does not eliminate the need to analyze multiple stool specimens for sensitive detection of Giardia lamblia

The relative sensitivities of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (ProSpecT Giardia; Alexon-Trend Inc., Ramsey, Minn.) and conventional ovum-and-parasite (O&P) examination for the detection of Giardia lamblia in preserved stool specimens were determined. Paired stool samples collected independently within a 7-day period from 103 patients were analyzed by both methods. A total of 54 specimens from 30 patients (18 asymptomatically infected with G. lamblia and 12 with symptoms consistent with intestinal giardiasis) were determined to be positive for G. lamblia, of which 48 (88.9%) were positive by microscopy and 52 (96.3%) were positive by EIA. Both specimens submitted were positive for G. lamblia by O&P examination for 66.7% (20 of 30) of the positive patients; for 26.7% (8 of 30) a single specimen was positive by O&P examination, and for 6.7% (2 of 30) of those determined to be infected with G. lamblia, both samples were negative by microscopy. The sensitivity of conventional O&P examination was somewhat higher in symptomatically infected individuals, with 75% (9 of 12) of patients in this category having G. lamblia detected in both samples, compared with 61% (11 of 18) of asymptomatic patients. A total of 24 positive patients (80%) had G. lamblia antigen detected by EIA in both submitted samples, 4 positive patients (13.3%) had one specimen positive by EIA, and the EIA was negative in both specimens from 2 infected individuals (6.5%), the sensitivity of EIA was substantially equivalent in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals (77 versus 83% of patients with positive results on both specimens). Although the sensitivity of EIA for the detection of G. lamblia on a single stool specimen was somewhat higher than that of conventional O&P examination in symptomatic patients (83 versus 75%), in asymptomatic patients (77 versus 61%), and overall (80 versus 67%), examination of two specimens by either EIA or microscopy was necessary to achieve a diagnostic sensitivity of greater than 90%.     

Diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infections by detection of parasite-specific antigens.

Antigen detection methods may facilitate diagnosis of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and immunoblotting, G. lamblia cysts and trophozoites share several antigens, especially in the 65-kilodalton and 30- to 34-kilodalton regions. By using blind methods, we compared results obtained by counterimmunoelectrophoresis using cyst-immune rabbit serum and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using trophozoite-immune rabbit serum with results obtained by microscopic examination of a preserved, concentrated, and permanently stained stool specimen. Results were similar when these three methods were used to examine 118 stool specimens from clinical microbiology laboratories (53 specimens with G. lamblia) and specimens from 239 day-care-center toddlers (39 specimens with G. lamblia). Compared with microscopy, we found, for counterimmunoelectrophoresis and ELISA, respectively: sensitivity, 88 versus 94%; specificity, 97 versus 95%; positive predictive value, 86 versus 76%; negative predictive value, 98 versus 97%; and concordance, 89%. The false-positive rate by ELISA was 24% (10 of 42) in day-care-center toddlers but only 3% (1 of 32) in healthy adults (P less than 0.04) as corroborated by microscopy. This discrepancy suggests that the ELISA may be more sensitive than microscopy, which is considered the reference standard, and that results may be dependent, in part, on the epidemiology of the infection in the study subjects.     

Incidence and clinical features of Giardia lamblia

To determine the incidence and clinical features of Giardia lamblia infection, we studied 1790 patients at Kochi Medical School Hospital from April 1998 to July 2001. Fecal samples were examined microscopically by the direct smear method, direct immunofluorescent assay and by Kohn's one-step staining for G. lamblia cysts. Cysts of G. lamblia were found in 17 of 1,790(0.95%) stool samples, indicating that G. lamblia infection is not rare in Kochi. The most characteristic feature was that G. lamblia-positive cases were more frequent in the advanced age group(41-79 years old) and most of the subjects (except 2 cases) with G. lamblia had no history of traveling overseas. Four subjects had symptoms related to G. lamblia infection. Thus, more attention should be given to parasitic infections in laboratory stool examinations in order to detect cyst carriers as potential sources of infection.     

Use of pooled formalin-preserved fecal specimens to detect Giardia lamblia.

Three formalin-preserved fecal specimens from the same child attending a child-care center were pooled and compared with the three separate individual specimens by a single microscopic examination of concentration sediment for Giardia lamblia. The sensitivity of the pooled system was 100% when two or more individual specimens were positive and 88% when only one individual specimen was positive. The organism density in a single specimen was not a factor of whether the pool of specimens was positive or negative. Nearly half of the pools that contained positive specimens had only one of three specimens with positive results, reinforcing the need for multiple stool examinations when diagnosing G. lamblia infections.     

Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool.

The lack of a quick, simple, and inexpensive diagnostic test has limited the ability of public health officials to rapidly assess and control outbreaks of Giardia lamblia in child day-care centers. We evaluated the performance of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of a G. lamblia-associated antigen in stool. Stool specimens were collected from the diapers of 426 children attending 20 day-care centers, fixed in 10% Formalin and polyvinyl alcohol, and examined by microscopy by Formalin concentration and trichrome staining techniques. Specimens were also tested visually and spectrophotometrically by ELISA. Of 99 tests positive by microscopy, 93 were visually positive by ELISA (sensitivity, 93.9%). Of 534 tests negative for G. lamblia by microscopy, 32 (6.0%) were ELISA positive. However, on the basis of examination of multiple specimens from the same child, none of these could be considered false-positive ELISAs; the specificity of the ELISA was therefore 100%. The sensitivity of both microscopy and ELISA improved as the number of specimens per child increased. An optical density value of greater than 0.040 was 98.0% sensitive and 100% specific for G. lamblia. This ELISA, which appeared to be more sensitive for G. lamblia than did microscopic examination of stool, should be useful as an epidemiologic tool, particularly in day-care settings, and may also have a role in confirming clinical diagnoses of giardiasis.     

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in stool specimens.

We evaluated a commercially produced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; LMD Laboratories, Inc.) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in 296 stool specimens submitted to the Mayo Clinic parasitology laboratory for routine examination. The specimens examined were fresh (4 specimens), were stored frozen at -65 degrees C (49 specimens), or were preserved in 10% formalin (243 specimens). Results were compared with those obtained by indirect immunofluorescent antibody detection (Merifluor Cryptosporidium/Giardia; Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.). One hundred of the specimens were positive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody and ELISA, while 187 were negative by both methods; 91 of these negative stool samples contained 121 parasites of 17 different species. Eight ELISA false negatives and one false positive were observed. The ELISA sensitivity was 93%, specificity was 99%, and the positive predictive value was 99%. Storage of specimens preserved in 10% formalin or frozen fresh at -65 degrees C for up to 18 months did not appear to affect the results. There was no cross-reactivity with Giardia lamblia (54 negative specimens) or with the 16 other parasites present in the ELISA-negative stool samples. The ELISA is a fast, easy-to-read, and accurate method for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in stool specimens.     

Detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in children living in a Peruvian periurban shantytown (Pueblo Joven).

Stool microscopy and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Giardia lamblia antigen detection were compared for detecting G. lamblia in 30 Peruvian infants. Of 1,131 fecal specimens, G. lamblia was detected by ELISA alone in 44, by microscopy alone in 17, and by both methods in 91. In another group of 17 children negative for G. lamblia by stool microscopy, 6 had G. lamblia detected by ELISA or duodenal aspiration: 2 only by ELISA, 1 only by duodenal aspirate examination, and 3 by both examinations. The ELISA is useful for the detection of G. lamblia in fecal specimens but compared to stool microscopy does not significantly increase the detection of cases.     

Evaluation of the Triage Micro Parasite Panel for detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, and Cryptosporidium parvum in patient stool specimens

A study comparing the Triage Micro Parasite Panel (Biosite Diagnostics, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) to conventional O&P examination (O&P) was performed using patient fecal specimens. Five hundred twenty-three stool samples were compared. Nineteen specimens were found to be positive by Triage, and 29 were found to be positive by O&P. Seven specimens were positive for Giardia lamblia, four were positive for Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, and three were positive for Cryptosporidium parvum as determined by both methods. There was one false positive by Triage (C. parvum) and four false negatives by O&P (two G. lamblia, one E. histolytica/E. dispar, and one C. parvum). The Triage test accurately detected all 18 specimens that contained one of the three organisms that it was designed to detect. The Triage test is a rapid, easy-to-use enzyme immunoassay for the detection of G. lamblia, E. histolytica/E. dispar, and C. parvum in fresh or fresh-frozen fecal specimens. These data suggest that the Triage test can be used as a screen for the immediate testing of stool specimens for these three pathogenic parasites. If Triage test results are negative, O&P can be performed if parasitic infections other than G. lamblia, E. histolytica/E. dispar, or C. parvum are suspected.