主动脉夹层的彩色多普勒血流显像与磁共振成像对比研究

目的　彩色多普勒血流显像与磁共振 (MRI)对主动脉夹层的对比研究。方法　对 3 0例经胸超声心动图 (TTE)、经食管超声心动图 (TEE)及 MRI诊断主动脉夹层患者进行分析研究 ,评价 TTE、TEE与 MRI对主动脉夹层分型及其并发症的诊断价值。结果　TTE、TEE和 MRI对主动脉夹层诊断的敏感性分别为 90 %、96%和 10 0 %。结论　 TTE对主动脉夹层分离的诊断有较高的敏感性 ,可作为首选检查方法 ,TEE和 MRI可明显提高其诊断敏感性和特异性     

彩色多普勒超声对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断价值

目的　探讨主动脉夹层动脉瘤的声像图特点及其诊断价值。方法　 5 8例主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者行经胸彩色多普勒超声( TTE)检查 ,其中 12例行经食管彩色多普勒超声 ( TEE)检查 ,将超声检查结果与 CT、MRI、血管造影对照分析。结果　 5 8例主动脉夹层动脉瘤依照 Debacky分型为 型 12例 , 型 14例 , 型 32例。其中 5 5例经手术证实 ,另 3例经尸检证实。TTE、TEE、CT、MRI及造影对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断率分别为 84.48%、10 0 %、89.47%、80 .0 0 %及 10 0 %。结论　 TTE对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断具有较高的敏感性 ,可作为无创性检查的首选方法     

经胸与经食管超声心动图应用的对比分析

目的 :为获取高质量的心脏及大血管超声心动图像。方法 :对比分析北京协和医院 5年来 363例在经胸超声心动图 ( TTE)检查的基础上行经食管超声心动图 ( TEE)的检查结果。结果 :363例检查指征分为心腔内血栓、主动脉夹层、感染性心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜病变及主动脉粥样硬化等。 TTE仅有 2 2 .3%的病例获得诊断 ,而有 TEE76%的病例可获得明确诊断 ,增加信息量5 3.7%。结论 :TEE检查结果对改进或决定临床处理对策产生了不同程度的影响。     

基层医院床旁经胸超声心动图在A型主动脉夹层的应用研究

目的 分析县级医院床旁经胸超声心动图在Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床应用价值。方法 提取分析2020年9月至2022年6月于莱州市人民医院就诊并于术中证实为Stanford A型主动脉夹层的32例患者的临床资料,观察术前床旁经胸超声心动图检查结果,观察主动脉瓣反流情况及对手术方式选择的影响,观察术后死亡患者和生存患者术前升主动脉根部内径、主动脉瓣反流情况、有无心包积液、左室收缩功能有无减低。结果 术前床旁经胸超声心动图对A型主动脉夹层的检出率为87.5%,术前床旁超声提示明显主动脉瓣反流者18例,手术方式大部分需要Bentall或主动脉窦成型术,死亡患者与生存患者相比,术前超声提示主动脉瓣反流情况差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,性别、年龄、高血压、升主动脉根部内径、心包积液量和左室收缩功能差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 目前县级医院床旁经胸超声心动图对A型主动脉夹层检出率较高,彩色多普勒对主动脉瓣反流情况的观察可为临床选择手术方式提供依据并对手术结局的判断有预测价值。     

床旁经胸超声心动图在急性主动脉夹层Stanford细化分型中的应用价值

目的:本文旨在评价床旁经胸超声心动图在急性主动脉夹层(aortic dissection,AD)Stan-ford细化分型中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析经手术证实的52例急性主动脉夹层患者,男性35例,女性17例;年龄18～71岁,平均(52±11)岁的手术结果和经胸超声心动图表现及主动脉夹层采用Stanford细化分型方法。超声心动图分析的内容包括:内膜片、破口、主动脉瓣反流程度、冠状动脉、主动脉弓部3血管分支及窦管交界形态,主动脉窦部、弓部及胸腹主动脉内径。结果:52例AD Stanford细化分型如下:A1S型2例,A1C型1例,A2S型2例;A2C型9例,A3S型2例,A3C型14例,B1S型3例,B2S型5例,B2C型2例,B3S型10例,B3C型2例。经胸超声心动图结果:除3例漏诊外其余49例分型如下:A1S型4例,A1C型1例,A2S型1例;A2C型4例,A3S型5例,A3C型15例,B1S型3例,B1C型1例,B2S型4例,B2C型1例,B3S型8例,B3C型2例。结论:经胸超声心动图有助于诊断AD Stanford细化分型,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

超声心动图引导下置人覆膜支架治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层

目的 创建应用超声心动图引导下置入覆膜支架治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的新方法,探讨其可行性、安全性及疗效.方法 5例经CT证实的Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者在术前应用超声心动图判断病变,并根据测量参数选择覆膜支架型号.术中以超声心动图(包括经食管和经胸超声心动图)实时、动态地引导和监测,精确定位后置人覆膜支架封闭主动脉夹层破口.术后以经胸超声心动图随访,评估置入覆膜支架的疗效.结果 5例患者应用超声心动图引导置入覆膜支架治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层,均成功置入真腔.1例患者主动脉夹层的远端有一小破口未覆盖.术后随访3个月,未发现覆膜支架移位及新生内漏,未发现主动脉管壁穿孔、肾功能衰竭、截瘫等严重并发症.与术前2d比较,术后1个月和3个月左心室射血分数(中位数分别为59.9％、67.4％、68.1％)和左心室短轴缩短率(中位数分别为31.4％、33.7％、39.1％)均显著增高(均P＜0.05).结论 创建了临床治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的新方法.超声心动图引导下置入覆膜支架治疗B型主动脉夹层安全、有效、并发症少,近期效果满意,中、远期结果需进一步观察.     

24例主动脉夹层的超声诊断分析

目的探讨经胸超声心动图（TTE）对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。方法回顾分析经手术或CT证实的24例主动脉夹层的超声诊断特点及方法。结果TTE能动态观察主动脉夹层的进展,较准确判断主动脉夹层的分型,并观察左心功能,主动脉反流程度,心包积液量,假腔血栓等。结论TTE对主动脉夹乓的诊断较可靠,准确率较高,为临床的急救提供可靠的依据。     

探讨经食管超声心动图引导经胸微小切口封堵主动脉夹层的可行性

目的 :探讨术中经食管超声心动图(TEE)引导经胸微小切口封堵主动脉夹层的可行性。方法:2例主动脉夹层患者术前行TEE检查,并与经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查结果进行对比,明确术前诊断并作定量评估,术中准确引导导丝及鞘管顺利进入夹层破口,评估封堵伞的位置、稳定性及对局部血流的影响。结果:2例患者经TEE检查确定可以进行介入封堵治疗,并在TEE引导下成功封堵主动脉夹层破口。病例1是De Bakey II型主动脉夹层,封堵后破口分流消失,假腔形成血栓,内径由40 mm缩小为28 mm,管径回缩约40%;病例2是主动脉弓部溃疡型夹层,封堵器与主动脉管壁切合紧密,封堵器伸展良好,破口分流消失,主动脉弓部局部血流速度封堵前后均约110 cm/s,无明显变化,未见狭窄及局限性扩张。术后1个月TTE复查,2例患者的封堵器位置正常。结论:TEE能有效地对主动脉夹层术前检查确诊,弥补和纠正漏诊或错误,为术者提供直观的图像及有关的定量信息,引导术者准确放置封堵器,及时对手术效果进行准确评估,TEE引导经胸微小切口封堵部分主动脉夹层破口是一种可行的介入治疗主动脉夹层的方法。     

螺旋CT、经食道超声心动图与磁共振显像诊断主动脉夹层动脉瘤价值的比较

本文报道螺旋CT(Spiral CT,SCT),经食道多平面超声心动图(TEE)和磁共振显像(MRI)对胸主动脉和主要分支夹层动脉瘤的诊断价值比较。 在31个月内,对连续的79例可疑的夹层动脉瘤病人进行前瞻性、双盲研究,其中49例做过3种检查:18例是Stanford A型     

Stanford B型主动脉夹层覆膜支架置入术后再发主动脉夹层11例分析

<正>Stanford B型主动脉夹层覆膜支架置入术后可再发Stanford A、B型夹层,预后不良。为了解这类患者的临床特征,以制定合理的防治措施,回顾性分析Stanford B型主动脉夹层覆膜支架置入术后再发主动脉夹层11例,报告如下。1对象与方法1.1一般资料选取2007年9月至2011年4月于我院经主动脉CT血管成像(CTA)确诊为Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者11例,男9例,女2例,平均年龄(43±19)     

Aortic dissection and multimodality imaging

Aortic dissection is a life-threatening emergency warranting expeditious diagnosis. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is the established gold standard test but is not always fool proof. We report the case of an 18-year-old male patient with traumatic type A aortic dissection which was not evident on the CTA, suggestive on the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and eventually confirmed with a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). When the clinical suspicion for dissection is high and in the presence of complications of type A dissection, such as aortic regurgitation, it would be prudent to obtain further imaging with a TTE/TEE to rule in or rule out the diagnosis.     

腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤107例分析

目的 探讨应用覆膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤的方法和效果.方法 对107例(男88例,女19例,年龄28～83岁)主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.术前采用CT血管成像(computerized tomography angiography,CTA)、经胸心脏超声(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)、磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance aniography,MRA)等技术对主动脉夹层动脉瘤进行评估.术中穿刺左肱动脉行主动脉造影了解破口的位置及撕裂的范围,在数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)监视下经股动脉将覆膜支架送入胸降主动脉封闭夹层破口.结果 107例成功进行了主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术.术后主动脉造影证实夹层裂口完全封闭或内漏明显减少,无中转开胸手术.术后随访1～48个月,术后1个月3例死亡.104例行CTA复查,术后3个月,所有患者内膜破裂口封闭,胸降主动脉真腔扩大,假腔内血栓形成,支架位置、形态正常.术后6个月,1例再发生升主动脉夹层,置入一枚支架后后假腔消失.术后1年,主动脉均未见病变.结论 覆膜支架腔内隔绝术是治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤的安全、有效的方法,近期疗效好.手术死亡率和并发症发生率低,手术成功率和生存率高.     

Value of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of acute aortic dissection]

We describe our experience of six patients with clinical suspicion of acute aortic dissection (AAD) who were studied consecutively by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) from April to July of 1991. All of them were previously submitted to transthoracic echocardiogram. The diagnosis was correctly established by TEE in five cases, confirmed by aortography and/or surgery (four cases), or by autopsy (one case). In one patient the diagnosis of AAD was excluded by TEE, and posteriorly by nuclear magnetic resonance. Four patients had a Stanford type A, and one patient a type B dissection. The site of entry was identified in three cases; the intimal entry tear of the type B dissection, not observed by TEE, was localized in the aortic arch by aortography. In three of the four type A dissection cases, a thrombus in the false lumen and an aortic regurgitation were found. No other noninvasive methods were used after the diagnosis of AAD by TEE. The surgical repair was successful in three cases, one of which, without previous necessity of aortography. In our experience, TEE increased extraordinarily the diagnosis efficacy of AAD, making possible an earlier therapeutic approach, and probably contributing to the improvement of the prognosis of this pathology.     

Intraoperative echocardiography for diagnosis and treatment of aortic dissection. Utility of color flow mapping for surgical decision making in acute stage.

In the past eight years until July 1992, 92 patients were admitted in the acute state of aortic dissection within two weeks from the onset of symptoms. 41 were diagnosed as Stanford type A and 51 were type B by transthoracic and transesophageal echography, computer tomography, and surgery. Sensitivity of transesophageal echography to detect the intimal flap and the false lumen was 97.6% in patients with Stanford type A and 100% in patients with Stanford type B. The surgical decision making has been mostly depending on the transesophageal echographic diagnosis. When the intimal flap was detected in the ascending aorta (Stanford type A) surgery was performed in emergency regardless of any evidence of rupture, cardiac tamponade, and severe aortic regurgitation. When the aortic dissection was detected only in the descending aorta (Stanford type B) the main course of therapeutic strategy in our institute was medical treatment. Surgery was performed on 37 patients of type A and nine patients of type B with mortality of 18.9% and 55.5% respectively. Four patients of type A and 42 patients of type B were treated medically with a mortality of 75.0% and 2.2% respectively. The relatively large leakages from the anastomosis of the aortic clamp site were repaired secondarily in two patients, and fenestration of the superior mesenteric artery was performed on one patient due to ischemia of the small intestine depending on the intraoperative direct scanning of color flow mapping. Coronary artery involvement of dissection was strongly suspected in two patients by intraoperative transesophageal echography and aortocoronary bypass grafting was performed on these patients. Perfusion problems was encountered in five of 37 patients with type A aortic dissection (13.5%) during cardiopulmonary bypass. Intraoperative transesophageal echography could clearly detect the hemodynamic changes in the descending aorta resulting from inadequate perfusion which was useful for the management of perfusion control during cardiopulmonary bypass. Secondary repair of the aortic arch was required due to ischemia of the aortic arch vessels in two patients after the primary surgery. The extension of the dissection into the aortic arch vessels can be promptly diagnosed with the combination of transesophageal echography and transcutaneous echography. In conclusion, transesophageal Doppler echography is the most rapid diagnostic tool for decision making in acute aortic dissection, and intraoperative transesophageal echo can provide useful information to resolve the perfusion difficulties during cardiopulmonary bypass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

经胸和经食管超声对老年主动脉瓣退行性变早期诊断的研究

目的　评价和对比经胸 (TTE)和经食管 (TEE)超声心动图诊断老年人主动脉瓣周钙化的价值。方法　通过TTE和TEE超声对 5 0例老年主动脉瓣退行性变患者进行检查 ,并以自身前后对照 ,每位入选对象先后行TTE、TEE检查和螺旋CT检查各 1次。结果　螺旋CT示主动脉瓣周钙化阳性的 19例 ,阴性的 31例。以螺旋CT检查结果为对照 ,TTE的敏感性为 6 3% ,特异性为 71% ,准确性为 6 8% ;TEE的敏感性为 79% ,特异性为 6 5 % ,准确性为 70 % ;联合检查的敏感性为 84 % ,特异性为 5 8% ,准确性为 6 8%。结论　TEE超声诊断早期老年性主动脉瓣周钙化的敏感性显著高于TTE ,特异性和准确性接近 ;联合应用TTE和TEE可进一步提高敏感性。     

Accuracy of biplane and multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of typical acute aortic dissection and intramural hematoma

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of biplane and multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in patients with suspected aortic dissection, including intramural hematoma.Background. Transesophageal echocardiography is a useful technique for rapid bedside evaluation of patients with suspected acute aortic dissection. The sensitivity of transesophageal echocardiography is high, but the diagnostic accuracy of biplane and multiplane transesophageal echocardiography for dissection and intramural hematoma is less well defined.Methods. We studied 112 consecutive patients at a major referral center who had undergone biplane or multiplane transesophageal echocardiography to identify aortic dissection. The presence, absence and type of aortic dissection (type A or B, typical dissection or intramural hematoma) were confirmed by operation or autopsy in 60 patients and by other imaging techniques in all. The accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for ancillary findings of aortic dissection (intimal flap, fenestration and thrombosis) was assessed in the 60 patients with available surgical data.Results. Of the 112 patients, aortic dissection was present in 49 (44%); 10 of these had intramural hematom (5 with and 5 without involvement of the ascending aorta). Of the remaining 63 patients without dissection, 33 (29%) had aortic aneurysm and 30 (27%) had neither dissection nor aneurysm. The overall sensitivity and specificity of transesophageal echocardiography for the presence of dissection were 98% and 95%, respectively. The specificity for type A and type B dissection was 97% and 99%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for intramural hematoma was 90% and 99%, respectively. The accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of acute significant aortic regurgitation and pericardial tamponade was 100%.Conclusions. Biplane and multiplane transesophageal echocardiography are highly accurate for prospective identification of the presence and site of aortic dissection, its ancillary findings and major complications in a large series of patients with varied aortic pathology, Intramural hematoma carries a high complication rate and should be treated identically with aortic dissection.     

The clinical role of transoesophageal echocardiography

The role of transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was evaluated in a consecutive series of 100 procedures performed in 86 patients (age 17–81, mean 56 years). All patients had prior transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). TEE was performed with a 5 MHz phased array transoesophageal transducer with pulsed wave Doppler and colour flow mapping capability. Forty-four per cent of patients received intravenous sedation and 36% received antibiotic prophylaxis. There were no complications of TEE. The TTE and TEE findings were compared. In patients referred for possible cardiac source of embolism, left atrial thrombi were detected in 8/27 TEE studies but in none of 27 TTE studies. In 12 patients with prosthetic valve dysfunction TEE distinguished prosthetic from periprosthetic regurgitation in 9/12 studies compared to 3/12 with TTE. In 11 patients with suspected aortic dissection TEE correctly detected dissection in all seven cases in which the diagnosis was subsequently confirmed, whereas TTE showed only equivocal findings in two cases. Vegetations were detected by TEE in 4/5 studies in patients with proven native valve endocarditis and by TTEin 2/5. No vegetations were detected by TTE or TEE in five studies in patients with proven prosthetic valve endocarditis. Compared with other investigations there were no false positive TEE studies and one possible false negative study. We conclude that TEE is a safeprocedure which often provides additional clinical information to transthoracic echocardiography.     

Comparison of conventional and transesophageal echocardiography with magnetic resonance imaging for anatomical mapping of thoracic aortic dissection

Thirty-five consecutive patients with clinically suspected aortic dissection were subjected to a dual noninvasive imaging protocol using comprehensive echocardiography and ECG-triggered MRI with multi-slice spin echo and cine sequences in random order. The purpose of this dual imaging study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of two-dimensional and color-coded Doppler echocardiography using the conventional transthoracic (TTE) and the transesophageal approach (TEE) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the exact morphologic evaluation and anatomical mapping of the thoracic aorta. The results of each diagnostic method were validated independently against the gold standard of intraoperative findings (n=17), necropsy (n=4) or contrast angiography (n=22).Compared to conventional transthoracic echocardiography both TEE and MRI were more reliable in detecting aortic dissections (TTE vs TEE: p<0.02; TTE vs MRI: p<0.01) and associated epiphenomena. Moreover, the reliability of TTE decreased significantly from proximal to distal segments of the aorta, e.g. from the ascending segment to the arch (p<0.05) and to the descending aorta (p<0.005), whereas the sensitivities of both TEE and MRI were excellent irrespective of the site of dissection. With regard to epiphenomena such as thrombus formation and entry location, MRI emerged as the optimal method for detailed morphologic information in all segments of the aorta. No serious side effects were encountered with either method.Thus, in patients with suspected acute or subacute aortic dissections the echocardiographic assessment should include the transesophageal approach for significant improvement of the moderate sensitivity and specificity of TTE. Both TEE and MRI are non-traumatic, safe and diagnostically accurate to identify and classify acute and subacute dissections of the thoracic aorta irrespective of their location. MRI provides superb anatomical mapping of all type A and B dissections and more detailed information on the site of entry and thrombus formation than TEE. These features of TEE and MRI may render retrograde contrast angiography obsolete in the setting of thoracic aortic dissection and may encourage surgical interventions exclusively on the basis of noninvasive imaging.