木贼正丁醇萃取物对高脂血症大鼠血管内皮黏附分子表达的影响

目的研究木贼正丁醇萃取物对高脂血症大鼠血脂及主动脉内皮细胞黏附功能的影响。方法选用雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组、病理模型组、吉非罗齐组及木贼正丁醇治疗组。复制食饵性动脉粥样硬化早期动物模型,用木贼萃取物预防性给药,以吉非罗齐为阳性药对照。实验9 w,检测血脂,流式细胞术定量检测主动脉内皮细胞ICAM-1、VCAM-1的表达及凋亡率,光镜下观察主动脉形态学变化。结果木贼萃取物组血清TG、VLDL水平较模型组显著下降(P<0.05),内皮ICAM-1表达较模型组明显下降(P<0.05),VCAM-1有下降趋势(P>0.05),凋亡率显著下降(P<0.05);形态学显示木贼萃取物组主动脉内皮损伤程度较模型组减轻。结论木贼正丁醇萃取物可保护血管内皮,降低内皮细胞黏附分子表达,阻止动脉粥样硬化早期炎症反应的发生。     

细胞黏附分子与心血管疾病研究进展

近年来,心血管疾病尤其是冠心病发病机制的研究取得了很大进展,从病理学角度看,动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症过程,从炎症角度出发去研究心血管疾病是近年来的新热点,黏附分子与心血管病的关系也得到了人们的关注。现就近年来黏附分子在心血管疾病方面的研究进展做一综述。     

氧化低密度脂蛋白和血管内皮损伤

血管内皮功能障碍是发生多种心血管疾病共同的病理生理改变,尤其在动脉粥样硬化（ＡＳ）、心肌缺血及缺血再灌注损伤过程中发挥着重要作用,因此对内皮功能障碍的原因及其发生机制的研究具有重要的理论与实践意义。引起内皮功能损伤的因素很多,近年来,愈来愈多的研究提示氧化低密度脂蛋白（ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ）诱发的内皮功能障碍加速ＡＳ的形成,增加了心肌缺血再灌注损伤和急性心肌梗塞,成为目前心血管领域的一个研究热点。１　氧化低密度脂蛋白的生成及理化、生物学特性体外细胞培养显示,在ＡＳ斑块内的所有细胞均能氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白…     

血管内皮生长因子与细胞黏附分子-1的表达及其对血管内皮功能的影响

目的 通过观察高脂血症大鼠NO、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)与血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)水平及调脂药物辛伐他汀对其表达的影响,探讨高脂血症在动脉粥样硬化早期对内皮功能的损伤机制.方法 将30只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、高脂血症组及辛伐他汀治疗组,分别检测3组大鼠血脂变化及NO、VEGF、VCAM-1水平.结果 与正常对照组比较,高脂血症组NO水平较低、VCAM-1表达较强且范围较广,黏附于内皮的白细胞数明显增多(P＜0.05);VEGF水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义;高脂血症组血NO2-/NO3-水平为(29.6±7.2)μmol/L,与正常对照组(38.0±9.9)μmol/L比较明显降低(P＜0.05);辛伐他汀组血NO2-/NO3-水平为(37.4±9.5)μmol/L,高于高脂血症组(P＜0.05),VEGF较高脂血症组明显增高(P＜0.05);血NO2-/NO3-与VEGF呈正相关(r=0.644,P＜0.05).血清NO浓度与VCAM-1表达强度及范围呈负相关(r分别为-0.676、-0.684,均为P＜0.05).结论 NO、VCAM-1参与高脂血症血管内皮的损害;辛伐他汀对内皮功能的改善,可能是通过提高NO水平、减少内皮细胞VCAM-1的表达及促进VEGF的分泌而实现的.     

细胞间黏附分子1、血管细胞黏附分子1促进兔动脉粥样硬化斑块内血管新生

目的　探讨细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM-1）、血管细胞黏附分子1（VCAM-1）与兔动脉粥样硬化斑块内血管新生的相关性。方法　25只纯种雄性新西兰大白兔给予球囊拉伤及1%胆固醇饲料喂养建立腹主动脉动脉粥样硬化模型,分别于建模后第4、6、8、10、12周末随机选取5只实验兔行安乐死,取腹主动脉组织脱水,包埋制石蜡切片。石蜡切片进行HE染色以及免疫组织化学染色,分析小鼠抗兔巨噬细胞抗体11、ICAM-1、VCAM-1、血小板内皮细胞黏附分子1的表达。结果　从4周到12周,斑块体积逐渐增大,巨噬细胞数量、ICAM-1与VCAM-1的表达量也逐渐增加。通过HE染色与血小板内皮细胞黏附分子1标记,第8周斑块内可见新生血管出现,并且新生血管的数量在第10周与第12周逐渐增多。相关性分析显示ICAM-1与VCAM-1的表达与斑块内的血管新生密切相关。结论　ICAM-1、VCAM-1与斑块内血管新生密切相关,它们促进了动脉粥样硬化斑块的进展和不稳定。     

载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化早期血管外膜血管细胞黏附分子1和细胞间黏附分子1的表达

目的探讨血管外膜血管细胞黏附分子1和细胞间黏附分子1在动脉粥样硬化病灶形成及发展中的作用。方法 6周龄载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠和野生型C57BL/6小鼠,高脂饮食喂养2、4和8周,选取升主动脉制备连续切片,部分切片行Movat染色,观察组织形态学变化并测量外膜厚度的变化;部分切片用免疫组织化学法观察不同阶段血管外膜及内膜血管细胞黏附分子1和细胞间黏附分子1表达的动态变化。结果 6周龄载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠和各个时间点的C57BL/6小鼠均未观察到内膜损伤的任何迹象,主动脉外膜厚度亦无显著变化,外膜均无血管细胞黏附分子1的表达;高脂喂养2周后,载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠血管外膜厚度增加,但在内膜仍无肉眼可见病灶,此时外膜血管细胞黏附分子1呈现弱阳性表达;高脂喂养4周和8周后,载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠血管外膜厚度逐渐增加,内膜出现泡沫细胞,纤维斑块,外膜及内膜损伤处血管细胞黏附分子1表达增强。载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠随着高脂喂养时间延长,主动脉外膜及内膜细胞间黏附分子1的表达也增加,但C57BL/6小鼠血管外膜细胞间黏附分子1表达量少且稳定,各时间点之间无明显差异。结论载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠随着高脂喂养时间延长血管外膜血管细胞黏附分子1和细胞间黏附分子1的表达增加。     

腺相关病毒介导血管抑素对血管内皮生长因子和细胞间黏附分子1表达的影响

目的探讨腺相关病毒介导血管抑素(rAAV-AS)基因对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)表达的影响,以探讨rAAV-AS抗糖尿病动脉粥样硬化作用。方法选择体外培养的HUVECs传至第5代,随机分为6组:正常组、高糖组、高糖+rAAV-010~6 v.g./cell组、高糖+rAAV-AS10~4 v.g./cell组、高糖+rAAV-AS10~5 v.g./cell组、高糖+rAAV-AS10~6 v.g./cell组。分别检测rAAV-AS干预后24、48、72 h HUVECs凋亡及VEGF、ICAM-1的表达。结果与正常组比较,高糖组和高糖+rAAV-010~6 v.g./cell组不同时间HUVECs增殖明显,VEGF和ICAM-1表达明显升高(P<0.05);与高糖组比较,高糖+rAAV-AS10~4 v.g./cell组、高糖+rAAV-AS10~ 5v.g./cell组、高糖+rAAV-AS10~6 V.g./cell组增殖明显降低,VEGF和ICAM-1表达明显降低,并呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。结论 rAAV-AS对糖尿病大血管病变具有保护作用,其可能机制为下调内皮细胞中VEGF和ICAM-1的表达,从而减少内皮细胞增殖,抑制炎性反应。     

系统性硬化患者内皮祖细胞连接黏附分子-A表达

目的研究系统性硬化(SSc)患者外周血内皮祖细胞连接黏附分子-A(JAM-A)表达情况。方法收集13例SSc患者及13例对照组新鲜EDTA抗凝血2ml,采用流式细胞仪方法检测,用PerCP-CY5.5、PE、Alexa Fluor 647和FITC标记CD34、CD133、CD309和JAM-A。内皮祖细胞定义为CD34、CD133、CD309(VEGFR-2,KDR)均阳性的细胞。结果内皮祖细胞表达JAM-A,SSc患者内皮祖细胞中JAM-A表达较正常对照减少(分别为0.0775±0.0385和0.1567±0.1223,P<0.05),SSc患者内皮祖细胞数量亦较对照组少(分别为0.0817±0.0403和0.1746±0.1419,P<0.05)。结论 SSc患者内皮祖细胞中JAM-A的减少是由于患者内皮祖细胞数目减少所致。SSc患者存在血管生成障碍,JAM-A表达异常,并且在SSc发病机制中起一定作用。     

动脉粥样硬化兔血清中血管细胞黏附分子-1的表达及其与血脂相关性的研究

目的观察动脉粥样硬化（AS）兔血清中血管细胞黏附分子-1（VCAM-1）的表达及其与血脂的相关性,探讨VCAM-1与AS的关系.方法雄性大耳白兔随机分成正常饮食组和高脂饮食组,每组8只,饲养16 w.于0 w、8 w、16 w分别取耳缘静脉血,检测血清中胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平及VCAM-1的表达;16 w后处死动物,取兔主动脉进行病理学检查,确认AS模型的建立.结果正常饮食组动脉壁无异常改变;高脂饮食组AS斑块病变形成.正常饮食组0 w、8 w、16 w血清中TC、LDL及VCAM-1水平无显著差异（P＞0.01）;高脂饮食组8 w后血清中TC、LDL及VCAM-1水平较0 w显著增加（P＜0.01）,16 w较8 w增加更为明显（P＜0.01）.结论AS的发生伴有VCAM-1的过度表达,其表达量与血清TC、LDL呈正相关.     

甲状腺疾病患者可溶性粘附分子的变化

利用酶联免疫法对168例Graves′病患者、36例桥本氏甲状腺炎患者、32例亚急性甲状腺炎患者和35例单纯性甲状腺肿患者和26例正常人测定血清中可溶性细胞间粘附分子（sICAM-1）和可溶性血管粘附分子（sVCAM-1）含量。结果以上五组sICAM-1依次为1105.1±106.7ng／ml、950.23±310.5ng／ml、786.23±462.4ng／ml、296.2±148.15ng／ml、342.5±250.2ng／ml。sVCAM-1依次为1760.6±403.7ng／ml、1231.7±110.6ng／ml;113.2±143.59ng／ml;941.3±95.4ng／ml;661.19±320.78ng／ml。说明不同的甲状腺疾病患者,其血清中粘附分子含量变化不同,并具有临床价值。     

Secondary prevention with fluvastatin decreases levels of adhesion molecules, neopterin and C-reactive protein

Background: Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors results in an earlier reduction of morbidity and mortality than expected from trials using conventional cholesterol-lowering therapies. Possible explanations for this effect include stimulation of angiogenesis, improvement of endothelial function, plaque stabilisation, inhibition of coagulation and/or thrombocyte aggregation and inhibition of the inflammatory response associated with atherosclerosis. Methods: We investigated whether statins exert their effects by inhibition of endothelial activation, inflammation and/or monocyte/macrophage activation by measuring plasma levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules, neopterin and C-reactive protein upon treatment with fluvastatin for a period of 12 months in patients with established atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolaemia. Results: Blood samples were taken at baseline and at 3 and 12 months after starting treatment with fluvastatin 80 mg daily. Upon treatment, a reduction of s-ICAM-1 (956.3±123.6 vs. 745.4±127.4 vs. 674.9±70.8 ng/ml, P<0.05) and s-E-selectin (58.6±6.7 vs. 47.0±6.1 vs. 44.9±3.2 ng/ml, P<0.01) was observed. In addition, levels of neopterin decreased, albeit transiently (7.1±0.7 vs. 6.0±0.5 vs. 6.5±0.8 nmol/l, P=0.02), suggesting a reduction in monocyte/macrophage activity. Moreover, we found a decrease in levels of C-reactive protein during follow-up (5.21±2.0 vs. 3.18±0.7 vs. 1.95±0.3 mg/l, P<0.05), compatible with a reduction in inflammatory activity. Conclusion: We conclude that statins have a combined beneficial effect on monocyte/macrophage activity, endothelial function and systemic inflammatory activity.     

Reduced plaque formation induced by rosiglitazone in an STZ-diabetes mouse model of atherosclerosis is associated with downregulation of adhesion molecules

Adhesion molecules have been implicated in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, which is highly prevalent in people with diabetes. Adhesion molecules can mediate adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium. Furthermore, P-selectin expressed on platelets is able to mediate the adhesion of leukocytes to platelets. In this study, we examine the in-vivo and in-vitro effects of rosiglitazone with particular emphasis on three important adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and P-selectin). In the aorta of STZ-diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE KO) mice, rosiglitazone significantly reduced both total and arch plaque area. The mechanism for this appeared to be reduced macrophage infiltration into the atherosclerotic plaque which was also associated with reduced mRNA levels for VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and P-selectin in the aorta. In-vitro studies revealed reduced cell adhesion of monocytic cells (THP-1) to fibrinogen and endothelial cells (HUVEC) after incubation with rosiglitazone. Furthermore, the reduction in leukocyte adhesion also correlated with significant reductions in mRNA levels for VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and P-selectin indicating that reduced macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques may occur as a result of a direct effect of rosiglitazone on adhesion molecules in both monocytes and endothelial cells. Thus, we have shown that rosiglitazone appears to have direct anti-atherosclerotic effects in an animal model of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis which are at least partly due to effects on VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and P-selectin expression which leads to decreased leukocyte adhesion and macrophage infiltration.     

EPA and DHA attenuate ox-LDL-induced expression of adhesion molecules in human coronary artery endothelial cells via protein kinase B pathway

Uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) by endothelial cells is a critical step for the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Adhesion molecules are inflammatory makers, which are upregulated by ox-LDL and play a pivotal role in atherogenesis. A number of studies suggest that fish and its constituents can reduce inflammation and decrease atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that fish oil constituents namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may reduce expression of adhesion molecules induced by ox-LDL. Cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were incubated with ox-LDL for 24 h. Parallel groups of cells were pretreated with DHA or EPA (10 or 50 microM) overnight before incubation with ox-LDL. Ox-LDL markedly increased the expression of P-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (both protein and mRNA) in HCAECs, and enhanced the adhesion of monocytes to the cultured HCAECs. Both EPA and DHA decreased ox-LDL-induced upregulation of expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1, and the enhanced adhesion of monocytes to HCAECs. To determine the role of protein kinase B (PKB) as an intracellular-signaling pathway, HCAECs were treated with the PKB upstream inhibitor wortmannin (100 nM) or transfected with plasmids encoding dominant-negative mutants of PKB (PKB-DN) before treatment with DHA. Ox-LDL alone downregulated the activity of PKB; DHA attenuated this effect of ox-LDL, and both wortmannin and PKB-DN blocked the effect of DHA. The present study in human coronary endothelial cells suggests that both EPA and DHA attenuate ox-LDL-induced expression of adhesion molecules, and the adhesion of monocytes to HCAECs by modulation of PKB activation. These effects may be important mechanisms of anti-atherosclerotic effects of fish and fish oils.     

氟致体外培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞损伤的实验观察

目的 观察不同剂量的氟对体外培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)的影响.方法 在HUVEC培养液中加入不同剂量的氟化钠(NaF),分别为0(对照)100、400、700、1000、2000 μmol/L,每组设6个复孔,连续培养48 h,收集细胞培养液与细胞.瑞氏-吉姆萨染色观察细胞形态,吖啶橙荧光染色测定细胞凋亡,四唑氮蓝(MT T)比色法检测细胞活性;分光光度法检测细胞培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)活性;RT-PCR法检测细胞iNOS mRNA和eNOS mRNA表达水平;双抗体夹心ELISA法检测细胞培养液中细胞黏附因子(ICAM-1)、血管黏附因子(VCAM-1)水平.结果 随染氟剂量增加,HUVEC细胞数量减少,结构改变;400～2000μmol/L NaF组SOD活性[(6.627±0.213)、(6.668±0.152)、(5.935±0.122)、(4.755±0.182)kU/L]较对照组[(7.457±0.398)kU/L]降低(P＜0.05或＜0.01),GSH-Px活性[(481.284±43.785)、(492.223±16.474)、(382.762±25.167)、(293.687±24.881)kU/L]较对照组[(585.078±47.323)kU/L]降低(P＜0.05或＜0.01),MDA水平[(0.609±0.011)、(0.646±0.016)、(0.852±0.013)、(1.188±0.045)nmol/L]较对照组[(0.512±0.027)nmol/L]升高(P＜0.05或＜0.01);iNOS活性[(3.604±0.115)、(3.615±0.075)、(3.848±0.103)、(4.275±0.079)kU/L]较对照组[(2.798±0.136)kU/L]增强(P均＜0.01),iNOS mRNA表达增强,eNOS活性[(5.539±0.079)、(5.503±0.064)、(5.226±0.142)、(4.809±0.107)kU/L]较对照组[(5.996±0.155)kU/L]减弱(P＜0.05或＜0.01),eNOSmRNA表达减弱;ICAM-1水平[(0.852±0.102)、(0.886±0.061)、(0.961±0.158)、(1.418±0.167)μg/L]较对照组[(0.687±0.046)μg/L]升高(P＜0.05或＜0.01),VCAM-1水平[(2.719±0.197)、(2.946±0.167)、(3.173±0.225)、(3.613±0.153)μg/L]较对照组[(2.375±0.067)μg/L]升高(P均＜0.01).结论 高剂量氟降低抗氧化酶活性,使一氧化氮代谢紊乱,细胞因子异常表达,以此抑制血管内皮细胞生长、结构改变并致细胞凋亡,为高氟致血管内皮损伤的重要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effect of different concentrations of fluoride on cultured human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells(HUVEC). Methods Different doses of sodium fluoride (NaF) were added to HUVEC culture medium, fluoride concentrations were 0(control), 100,400,700,1000,2000 μmol/L, respectively,6 re-set hole in each group. After continuous culture for 48 h, cells and culture medium were collected. Cell morphology was studied by Wright-Giemsa staining; cells apoptosis was determined by acridine orange fluorescence staining; cell activity was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay; superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity, malonaldehyde(MDA) content, induced nitricoxide synthase(iNOS), and endothelia nitricoxide synthase(eNOS) activity in cell culture medium were determined by spectrophotometry; cell iNOS mRNA and eNOS mRNA expression were detected by RT-PCR; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels were detected by double antibody sandwich ELISA method.Results With increased dose of fluoride, HUVEC cells decreased, the structure changed. In 400 - 2000 μmol/L group, the SOD activity[(6.627 ± 0.213), (6.668 ± 0.152), (5.935 ± 0.122), (4.755 ± 0.182)kU/L] was lower than those of the control group[(7.457 ± 0.398)kU/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], GSH-Px activity[(481.284 ± 43.785),(492.223 ± 16.474), (382.762 ± 25.167), (293.687 ± 24.881 )kU/L] was also lower than those of the control group [(585.078 ± 47.323)kU/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], MDA level[(0.609 ± 0.011 ), (0.646 ± 0.016), (0.852 ± 0.013),(1.188 ± 0.045)nmol/L] was higher than those of the control group[(0.512 ± 0.027)nmol/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01];iNOS activity[(3.604 ± 0.115), (3.615 ± 0.075), (3.848 ± 0.103), (4.275 ± 0.079)kU/L] also was higher than those of the control group[(2.798 ± 0. 136)kU/L, all P ＜ 0.01], iNOS mRNA expression increased, eNOS activity [(5.539 ± 0.079), (5.503 ± 0.064), (5.226 ± 0.142), (4.809 ± 0. 107)kU/L] decreased compared to those of control group[(5.996 ± 0.155)kU/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], eNOS mRNA expression decreased; ICAM-1 levels [(0.852 ± 0. 102), (0.886 ± 0.061 ), (0.961 ± 0.158), (1.418 ± 0. 167)μg/L] increased compared to those of the control group[(0.687 ± 0.046)μg/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], VCAM-1 levels[(2.719 ± 0.197), (2.946 ± 0.167),(3.173 ± 0.225 ), (3.613 ± 0. 153 ) μg/L] was higher than those of the control group [(2.375 ± 0.067 ) μg/L, all P ＜0.01]. Conclusions High concentrations of fluoride reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which leads to metabolic disorders of nitric oxide and abnormal cytokines expression, thereby inhibiting vascular endothelial cell growth, structural change and induced apoptosis. This is an important factor in high fluoride-induced vascular endothelial injury.     

Vascular homeostasis,adhesion molecules,and macrovascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by fasting hyperglycaemia and the development of chronic vascular complications. While microvascular disease has been strongly related to glycaemic control, the major cause of mortality in diabetes is due to macrovascular disease affecting the cardiac and cerebrovascular circulations, which appear to have a more complex pathogenesis. Diabetes is associated with a 3–5-fold increase in death from myocardial infarction and similar figures pertain to stroke. The processes involved in atherothrombotic disease are complex and include variation in lipid metabolism, vascular responses, cell/cell interactions, and in the fluid and cellular phases of coagulation and fibrinolysis. The complex interactions between all of these processes are crucially altered by the metabolic milieu that characterizes diabetes mellitus, tipping the delicate balance towards atheroma formation, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. This article will review these mechanisms and the effects of diabetes in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biologically modified LDL increases the adhesive properties of endothelial cells

Adhesion of monocytes to the arterial endothelium is an important early event in atherosclerosis. Several lines of evidence have suggested that oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall may initiate the inflammatory-like process that generally is present in atherosclerotic lesions. In vitro, oxidition of LDL can be obtained both by exposure to divalent ions, such as CU²⁺, or by incubation with different cell types, including monocytes and endothelial cells. The present study was designed to investigate the possible influence of oxidized LDL on the adhesive properties of endothelial cells. We report here that Cu ²⁺-oxidized LDL is as effective as interleukin 1β in stimulating the ability of cultured human endothelial cells to bind U937 monocytic cells. The stimulation was inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that de novo protein synthesis is required. Biologically modified LDL, obtained by incubation with human peripheral blood monocytes, also enhanced the adhesiveness of endothelial cells. This effect was not due to an increased secretion of interleukin 1β from the monocytes exposed to LDL. Treatment of endothelial cells for 24 h with native LDL was also found to increase the adhesion of U937 cells. Exposure of endothelial cells to LDL for 24 h resulted in an oxidative modification of LDL. Furthermore, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene inhibited both the endothelial-dependent oxidation of LDL as well as the increased adhesion of U937 cells, suggesting a coupling between these two processes. The results indicate that LDL, modified by exposure to monocytes or endothelial cells in the arterial wall, may increase the adhesive properties of the endothelium.     

Alterations in cell adhesion molecules and other biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in patients with metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is considered a hyperinsulinemic and inflammatory state closely associated to endothelial dysfunction causing an increased incidence of ischemic cardiovascular events and high mortality. The main objective of the present study was to determine whether leukocitary and soluble cell adhesion molecules were altered in patients with metabolic syndrome in comparison with control subjects. Cell adhesion molecules, mainly of leukocitary location, have been not previously evaluated in specifically designed cross-sectional studies involving male patients with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, other circulating markers of different candidate atherogenic risk parameters were also studied and the potential existence of a progressive relation between the number of metabolic syndrome components and the above mentioned biomarkers was analyzed. Thirty one male patients with metabolic syndrome (ATPIII definition) and 56 male control subjects were studied. We evaluated different markers of insulin resistance, inflammation and atherosclerosis, as well as protective factors. Patients with metabolic syndrome showed (a) hypoadiponectinemia (4551 ± 2302 ng/ml vs. 5865 ± 2548 ng/ml, respectively; p < 0.05), (b) an atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein profile, (c) altered HDL chemical composition accompanied by higher cholesteryl ester-triglyceride interchange carried out by CETP, (d) diminished Lp-PLA₂ activity (6.5 ± 1.9 vs. 7.3 ± 2.2, p < 0.05, respectively), antioxidant enzyme related with LDL oxidation, which was positively associated with QUICKI and negatively with VCAM-1 and lymphocyte CD18, and (e) high soluble (VCAM-1: 17 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 4 ng/ml, respectively; p < 0.0005) and leukocyte adhesion molecule expression (monocyte CD54: 52 ± 15 vs. 45 ± 12 arbitrary units, respectively; p < 0.0005; and lymphocyte CD49d: 312 ± 56 vs. 284 ± 64 arbitrary units, respectively; p < 0.05). The increment in leukocyte and soluble cell adhesion molecules, crucial for leukocyte interaction with the endothelium and migration into the artery wall, in combination with the other disorders described above reinforce the presence of a clinical status with high propensity to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.     

The effect of apheresis on adhesion molecules

The adhesion molecules on the leukocytes and the endothelial cells mediate interaction between their cells. The plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules increase in patients with ischemic heart disease, atherosclerotic aortic disease. Hypercholesterolemia is one of risk factors for atherosclerosis, and it is considered that the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells is related to the development of atherosclerosis. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis has been applied to patients with hypercholesterolemia. LDL apheresis may have an effect on adhesion molecules in patients with hypercholesterolemia.     

糖基化终末产物上调人胰岛微血管内皮细胞黏附分子的表达和白细胞黏附

目的 研究糖基化终末产物（AGEs）对人胰岛微血管内皮细胞（HIMVEC）黏附分子表达和白细胞黏附的影响.方法 HIMVEC细胞在200 mg/L的AGEs刺激后,用细胞基础的酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）和Western blotting法检测细胞表面黏附分子的表达;并与BCECF标记的白细胞共培养检测与白细胞的黏附能力.采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Western blotting分别检测HIMVEC细胞上AGEs受体（RAGE）、蛋白激酶Cβ（PKC β）和蛋白激酶A（PKA）的mRNA表达情况.随后给予PKC β抑制剂LY333531或PKA激活剂8-Br-cAMP,观察对HIMVEC黏附分子表达的影响及和白细胞黏附的影响.两组间比较采用t检验进行分析.结果 与对照组相比,AGEs处理后HIMVEC表达P选择素、E选择素和血管细胞黏附分子1（VCAM-1）均上调（分别为1.10 ±0.13比0.64±0.14,0.83 ±0.06比0.47 ±0.05,0.87 ±0.09比0.43±0.07,t =4.93、9.40、7.61,均P＜0.05）,并且与白细胞的黏附较对照组明显增加（54 ±4比23 ±3,t=12.69,P＜0.05）.与AGEs组比较,RAGE抗体组P选择素、E选择素和VCAM-1的表达明显降低,组间差异具有统计学意义（t=5.69、6.89、5.43,均P＜0.05）.RAGE抗体组白细胞黏附明显少于AGEs组（54±4比31 ±4,t=8.22,P＜0.05）.与对照组相比,AGEs处理HIMVEC 4 h和18h,在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平均检测到RAGE和PKCβ的表达上调,但PKA的表达下调（t=10.94、7.76、21.82、5.85、10.96、11.47,均P＜0.05）.与AGEs组相比,在AGEs处理时给予PKCβ抑制剂LY333531或PKA激活剂8-Br-cAMP,均可降低HIMVEC上P选择素、E选择素和VCAM-1的表达水平（=7.60、6.60、6.25、11.58、4.08、3.47,均P＜0.05）,并减少白细胞的黏附（t=7.67、8.89,均P＜0.05）.结论 AGEs通过RAGE受体上调PKCβ和下调PKA增加HIMVEC上黏附分子的表达,促进白细胞的黏附,可能是糖尿病状态下胰岛中白细胞浸润的机制之一.