Diagnosis of brain neuropathology in utero

Summary The fetal brain can be evaluated very effectively with high-resolution real-time ultrasound equipment. This paper reviews normal fetal brain anatomy with specific emphasis on artifacts of ultrasound scanning of the brain. A review of the developmental abnormalities seen in utero include ventriculomegaly, anencephaly, encephalocele, meningomyelocele, Dandy-Walker syndrome, holoprosencephaly, craniosynostosis, microcephaly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. The destructive lesions reviewed include hydranencephaly, infection, intracranial hemorrhage, and mass lesion. Identification of these abnormalities can be extremely helpful in providing the patients with management options and providing the obstetrician with information which can help in obstetric and neonatal therapy.     

胎儿颅内实质性肿瘤的产前超声诊断

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿颅内实质性肿瘤的价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析13例经病理确诊的颅内实质性肿瘤胎儿的超声声像图特征,并追踪随访结果.结果 13例胎儿超声诊断结果中,11例与解剖病理结果相符,诊断符合率为84.6％,其中畸胎瘤4例、胶质细胞瘤1例、脉络丛乳头状瘤2例、结节性硬化症2例、脂肪瘤2例.1例神经节星形胶...     

超声多种探头联合应用在新生儿颅脑疾病中的诊断价值

目的:探讨超声多种探头联合应用在新生儿颅脑疾病诊断和随访中的价值。方法:利用心脏探头及高频线阵探头对300例小儿进行颅脑超声检查,除外15例无合并症的未成熟脑患儿,其余阳性病例或虽超声未有阳性发现但临床表现可疑者均行头颅CT检查对比结果并随访观察。结果:诊断新生儿颅脑疾病主要类型有颅内出血、缺氧缺血性脑病、未成熟脑、脑积水、外部性脑积水、头皮血肿、脑膨出,均经CT或随访证实。结论:多种超声探头联合应用于新生儿颅脑疾病,能最大程度显示颅脑各层结构,利于动态随访观察颅脑疾病的变化,指导临床治疗。     

Intraventricular Hemorrhage Caused by Lateral Ventricular Meningioma: A Case Report

Meningiomas causing intracranial hemorrhage are rare, and hemorrhage from a lateral ventricular meningioma seems to be even rarer. We report a case of trigonal meningioma in a 43-year-old woman who presented with intraventricular hemorrhage, and describe the CT, MRI and angiographic findings.     

腹腔内高压对颅脑创伤患者颅内压的影响

目的 探讨腹腔内高压对颅脑创伤患者颅内压的影响以及腹腔减压术的临床意义.方法对15例同时存在腹部和颅脑创伤的患者腹腔内压力和颅内压监测,比较腹腔减压术后颅内压的变化情况.结果 所有颅脑创伤合并腹部损伤的患者,在行腹腔减压术后,颅内高压均得到一定程度的改善,颅内压下降(15.2±3.6)mm Hg.结论腹腔内压力变化影响颅内压变化,对于颅脑创伤合并腹部损伤的患者,如出现颅内压升高征象,行腹腔减压术可能是一种有效的降低颅内压的于段.     

Efficacy of nonionic low-osmolar gadodiamide injection in animals with intracranial mass lesions.

Gadodiamide injection is a nonionic, low-osmolar formulation of a paramagnetic metal chelate complex consisting of gadodiamide and caldiamide sodium. The efficacy of gadodiamide injection as a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enhancement medium was evaluated by imaging intracranial 9L-glioma lesions induced in rats and naturally occurring lesions in dogs. T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo images were obtained before and after administration of gadodiamide injection at doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/kg. On the precontrast T1-weighted images, the intracranial lesions were not well seen, appearing isointense to normal brain parenchyma. Although the presence of disease was shown unequivocally on the T2-weighted images, the margins of the masses could not be delineated. Postcontrast T1-weighted images were characterized by marked enhancement of the tumor, with no change in signal intensity in the surrounding edematous brain tissue. Gadodiamide injection was efficacious in identifying areas of blood-brain barrier breakdown associated with intracranial masses.     

术中灰阶及彩色多普勒超声在颅内占位性病变切除术中的应用

目的评价灰阶及彩色多普勒超声技术在颅内占位性病变手术中的应用价值.资料与方法回顾性分析经头颅 CT、MRI 证实的26例颅内占位性病变患者的临床资料,对比患者术前 CT 或 MRI 与术中实时超声显示的病变范围、病变周围组织变化的差异;对其中17例脑内实体性占位病灶的矢状位、冠状位和轴位径线进行测量并计算体积,与术前影像学结果进行对比;通过术中超声指导手术切除占位病变,与术后 MRI 对比,总结手术全切率.结果术中超声对26例患者的病灶范围、周围脑组织变化情况及病变的血流分布情况均能有效显示,并与术前 CT 或 MRI 结果一致;且术中超声对实体性占位体积的测量结果与术前影像学结果相一致(t =1.757, P >0.05),术后经超声探查未发现术腔残留,与术后头颅 MRI 复查对比证实术中超声引导下的占位全切除率为93%.结论术中超声对颅内病灶定位的准确性与 CT、MRI 相当,并且能实时便捷地在术中应用,指导神经外科微创手术治疗.     

Antenatal Diagnosis of Iniencephaly: Sonographic and MR Correlation: A Case Report

Iniencephaly is an uncommon and fatal neural tube defect involving the occiput and inion, this occurs together with rachischisis of the cervical and thoracic spine, and retroflexion of the head. We report the ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of a case of iniencephaly with clubfeet and arthrogryposis. The diagnosis of iniencephaly is easy to make on ultrasound due to the typical star-gazing fetus. However, the details of the fetal brain and spinal cord may not be adequately delineated on US. We found MR imaging to be superior for depicting central nervous system abnormalities. MR imaging has evolved as an imaging modality and it is complementary to fetal US, yet US remains the screening modality of choice.     

多层螺旋CT和彩色多普勒超声对诊断新生儿颅脑损伤的有效性分析

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT和彩色多普勒超声对诊断新生儿颅脑损伤的有效性.方法 选取2019年10月至2020年10月收治的新生儿颅脑损伤患者60例,均接受多层螺旋CT和彩色多普勒超声检查,对比2种检查方式的有效率,观察2组检查方式的影像学表现,所有患儿均经MRI最终确诊为颅脑损伤.结果 多层螺旋CT对新生儿颅脑损伤诊断准确...     

颅内单发转移瘤的CT诊断及误诊分析

目的：探讨颅内单发转移瘤的CT表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析42例经手术病理证实或临床综合诊断确诊的颅内单发转移瘤CT表现。结果病灶位于皮质及皮质下区34例，小脑5例，松果体区2例，桥脑1例。 CT平扫表现为：囊实性23例，实性12例，囊性7例；增强扫描表现为4种类型：囊实形强化17例，不规则环形强化12例，结节形强化9例，均匀强化4例；38例瘤周水肿较明显。误诊为胶质瘤13例，脑膜瘤4例，生殖细胞瘤例2例，脑脓肿2例。结论颅内单发转移瘤多位于大脑灰白质交界区，CT表现多样，可表现为结节、环形及囊实性不规则形，多伴有明显水肿，水肿与周围组织分界较清晰，当缺乏原发病史时，易与颅内其他单发病变混淆，年龄、发生部位、边界、增强形态等有助于鉴别诊断。     

Contribution of MRI and MR angiography in early diagnosis of brain death

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the findings of MR imaging and MR angiography could accurately and early diagnose brain death in comatose patients. Thirty comatose patients were studied with MRI and MR arteriography. In 20 patients (group A) presenting with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) 3–6, the final clinical diagnosis was brain death. In ten comatose patients with a GCS 4–6 and no clinical signs of brain death (group B), the clinical follow-up did not reveal brain death in a period of 12 months. The MRI examination consisted of turbo fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2 turbo spin-echo pulse sequences. The MR arteriography was performed with a 3D inflow pulse sequence. In 12 patients with brain death and 5 patients with no signs of brain death, a 3D phase contrast MR venography was also applied. Magnetic resonance imaging in all patients showed variable edema with swelling of the cerebral gyri, small ventricular system, and basilar subarachnoid spaces. In group A, MRI in addition showed tonsillar herniation. In group A, MR arteriography revealed no arterial flow in the intracranial circulation, whereas MR venography showed in 9 patients no opacification of the sagittal and straight sinuses or visualization of intracranial veins. In contrast, MR angiography showed intact intracranial vessels in patients of group B. In conclusion, MR imaging and MR angiography may be reliable ancillary tests for use in early diagnosis of brain death and further work is required to validate its utility. Electronic Publication     

Fetal brain tumors: Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging

Congenital central nervous system tumors diagnosed during pregnancy are rare, and often have a poor prognosis. The most frequent type is the teratoma. Use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance image allows the suspicion of brain tumors during pregnancy. However, the definitive diagnosis is only confirmed after birth by histology. The purpose of this mini-review article is to describe the general clinical aspects of intracranial tumors and describe the main fetal brain tumors.     

Pulsatile brain movement and associated hydrodynamics studied by magnetic resonance phase imaging

Summary Brain tissue movements were studied in axial, sagittal and coronal planes in 15 healthy volunteers, using a gated spin echo MRI sequence. All movements had characteristics different from those of perfusion and diffusion. The highest velocities occurred during systole in the basal ganglia (maximum 1.0 mm/s) and brain stem (maximum 1.5 mm/s). The movements were directed caudally, medially and posteriorly in the basal ganglia, and caudally-anteriorly in the pons. Caudad and anterior motion increased towards the foramen magnum and towards the midline. The resultant movement occurred in a funnelshaped fashion as if the brain were pulled by the spinal cord. This may be explained by venting of brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the tentorial notch and foramen magnum. The intracranial volume is assumed to be always constant by the Monro-Kellie doctrine. The intracranial dynamics can be viewed as an interplay between the spatial requirements of four main components: arterial blood, capillary blood (brain volume), venous blood and CSF. These components could be characterized, and the expansion of the arteries and the brain differentiated, by applying the Monro-Kellie doctrine to every moment of the cardiac cycle. The arterial expansion causes a remoulding of the brain that enables its piston-like action. The arterial expansion creates the prerequisites for the expansion of the brain by venting CSF to the spinal canal. The expansion of the brain is, in turn, responsible for compression of the ventricular system and hence for the intraventricular flow of CSF.     

TBI后颅内感染的发生情况和危险因素

目的探讨颅脑损伤(TBI)术后颅内感染的发生率及发生颅内感染的危险因素。方法 2012年1月—2015年12月川北医学院附属医院神经外科收治1 349例TBI患者,道路交通伤542例,高处跌落332例,重物砸伤291例,其他原因184例。其中47例在术后出现颅内感染(感染组),男性31例,女性16例;年龄21~65岁,平均42.0岁;按照年龄、性别进行1∶2匹配的原则选取94例术后未发生颅内感染的TBI患者作为对照组,男性58例,女性36例;年龄20~65岁,平均40.7岁。分析TBI患者发生颅内感染的危险因素。结果 TBI患者手术后并发颅内感染主要与开放性创伤、受伤至手术时间、脑室外引流时间、术后白蛋白水平有关(OR=1.629、95%CI:1.284~4.429,OR=1.531、95%CI:1.227~4.302,OR=1.776、95%CI:1.363~5.728,OR=0.601、95%CI:0.275~0.930,P0.05),与患者入院时的GCS评分关系不显著(OR=0.581、95%CI:0.241~0.836,P0.05)。结论 TBI患者术后容易并发颅内感染,开放性创伤、受伤至手术时间、脑室外引流时间是TBI患者术后并发颅内感染的危险因素,术后白蛋白水平是患者并发颅内感染的保护性因素。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的病理及MR特征

目的:结合颅内海绵状血管瘤的病理特征,分析其MRI影像学表现.方法:搜集颅内海绵状血管瘤共53例,其中脑内型40例,脑外型13例,全部病例均行MRI检查.结果:脑内型海绵状血管瘤MRI大多表现为爆米花样或桑椹状的混杂信号灶,周边围以低信号环;脑外型T1WI表现为均匀低信号,T2WI为高信号,增强扫描明显强化.结论:不同类型的颅内海绵状血管瘤具有不同的病理学特点,导致其MRI表现的不同,其手术方案及预后亦有很大差异.利用MRI检查术前可做出准确诊断,从而指导手术方案的制订.     

颅内真菌感染的影像学表现与鉴别诊断

目的分析颅内真菌感染的影像学特点,便于作出正确影像学诊断。资料与方法10例颅内真菌感染中,真菌性肉芽肿8例,真菌性脑膜炎2例。结果颅内真菌性肉芽肿在CT上多呈混杂密度,可呈不规则、不连续性厚壁环,并有"晕征"。增强后环壁有不规则强化,肉芽肿呈结节状强化。可同时伴有鼻窦、颅底骨质破坏及钙化斑。MR示肉芽肿呈混杂T1WI信号,在T2WI上呈高信号,在高信号中间有等信号,以该等信号在增强时有明显强化为特点,有助于与颅内胶质瘤相鉴别。颅内真菌性脑膜炎广泛累及颅底或半球的脑膜,增强时见脑膜铸型强化,与常见结核性脑膜炎表现相似。结论颅内真菌性肉芽肿有一定的CT和MR表现特点,大多数能作出诊断,特别对伴鼻窦肉芽肿,颅底骨质破坏,病灶内有钙化者。真菌性脑膜炎虽有典型铸型强化,但难与结核性脑膜炎鉴别。     

脑胶质瘤CT误诊40例分析

本文分析了１８０例脑胶质瘤中ＣＴ误诊的４０例。从误诊病种的部位分布以及不常见表现与误诊病种的关系，逐层剖析了ＣＴ误诊因素。发现特定部位的胶质瘤有其特定的误诊病种，后者的出现频率亦不相等；而且误诊病种与胶质瘤的不常见表现有内在的关联。据此，作者制订了一套鉴别胶质瘤与其他病变的便捷式分析程序。     

Radiological study of the brain at various stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection: early development of brain atrophy

Summary One hundred and one persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), in whom other central nervous system infections or diseases were excluded, underwent brain CT and/or MRI at various stages of HIV-1 infection: 29 were asymptomatic (ASX), 35 had lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS), 17 had AIDS-related complex (ARC), and 20 had AIDS. A control group of 32 HIV-1-seronegative healthy persons underwent brain MRI. The most common finding was brain atrophy, found in 9% of controls, and 31% of ASX cases, 29% of LAS, 59% of ARC and 70% of AIDS. Even the difference between the ASX or LAS groups and controls was significant. The changes were bilateral and symmetrical, and they were more severe at later stages of infection. Infratentorial atrophy was seen in the early stages; supratentorial atrophy became more pronounced at ARC, and generalized atrophy was typical of AIDS. Non-specific small hyperintense foci were found on MRI in 13% of controls and 6–15% of the infected groups. Larger, diffuse, bilateral white matter infiltrates were detected in 4 demented patients with AIDS. Four patients with AIDS and 1 with LAS had focal hyperintense lesions in the internal capsules, lentiform nuclei or thalamus, often bilateral on MRI. One patient with AIDS, examined with CT only, had low density in the lentiform nucleus. Loss of brain parenchyma can occur at an early stage of HIV-1 infection, and the atrophic process becomes more intense at later stages (ARC and AIDS). Parenchymal infiltration, seen as hyperintense areas on MRI, is most often associated with severe clinical symptoms, in the later stages of the disease.     

Computed tomographic evaluation of therapeutically induced changes in primary and secondary brain tumors

Summary A prospective study was initiated to evaluate computed tomography as a method for monitoring therapeutically induced changes in brain tumors. Early postoperative scans may be misleading in the evaluation of residual tumor because of trauma to the blood-brain barrier during operation. The size of the dominant mass (17/25), enhancement (11/25), edema (11/25), and ventricular distorition (14/25) were decreased in many patients after radiation therapy. Occasional tumors increased in size during radiation therapy (3/25). Enlargement of the lateral ventricles developed in 9 of 25 patients. Computed tomography offers definite advantages over nuclide brain scans, angiography and other diagnostic studies for evaluating therapeutically induced changes in brain tumors.Presented at the Sixty-second Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, 111., November 14–19, 1976. Supported in part by a grant from Pfizer Medical Systems, Inc.     

脑转移瘤出血的CT和MRI诊断

目的：探讨脑转移瘤出血的CT、MRI表现特点。方法：经临床或病理证实的脑转移瘤出血51例，男41例，女10例，平均53.6岁，51例全部行CT平扫，其中17例同时行MR平扫，20例行增强CT，14例行增强MR扫描。结果：51例共130个脑转移瘤出血病灶，根据转移瘤内出血灶的形态分为结节肿块型（28例87个病灶）。环型（10例22个病灶）和灶样出血型（16例21个病灶），同一病例可同时存在不同形态的脑转移瘤出血病灶，出血灶在CT平扫时呈高密度，MRT1WI呈高信号，增强扫描各型脑转移瘤出血病灶呈不同程度和形态的强化。结论：脑转移瘤出血形态多样。结节肿块型脑转移瘤出血需要与单纯性脑出血鉴别，环型需要与脑脓肿鉴别，而灶样出血型主要应与各种脑原发恶必肿瘤相鉴别。