Psychosocial factors, disease status, and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective

To explore the interrelationships between the psychosocial and illness factors that determine the disease status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to identify how each factor is associated with quality of life (QOL).

Methods

The study group comprised 120 RA outpatients who completed a series of health examinations and questionnaires. Disease severity, functional disability, counts of swollen and/or tender joints, duration of RA, frequency of arthritis surgery, and C-reactive protein level were assessed by rheumatologists. Self-report inventories completed by the patients were used to assess perceived degree of pain, fatigue (visual analogue scales), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and social support (Social Support Questionnaire). Mental and physical components of health-related QOL were evaluated using the Short-Form 36 Health Survey.

Results

After z-transformation of the data, a principal axis factor analysis was conducted. A four-factor structure was identified in which the components reflected psychosocial factors, disease activity, current symptoms, and physical functional status, respectively. There was no significant association between psychosocial factors and disease activity, while the other components were moderately correlated with each other. Multiple regression analysis revealed that physical QOL was determined by current symptoms and physical functions. Mental QOL was determined by psychosocial factors, current symptoms, and physical functions.

Conclusion

Disease activity was independent from psychosocial factors and failed to reflect the perceived physical and mental QOL of RA patients. Clinicians should therefore evaluate psychosocial factors, as well as subjective disease status, to improve the QOL of patients with RA.     

Styles of emotion regulation and their associations with perceived health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis face the challenge of adjusting to adverse health consequences and accompanying emotions. Styles of emotion regulation may affect health.Purpose: The objective is to examine associations between styles of emotion regulation and perceived health, consisting of psychological well-being, social functioning, physical functioning, and disease activity.Methods: Principal component analysis was used to summarize styles of emotion regulation of 335 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Relationships between emotion regulation and perceived health were examined with structural equation modeling.Results: Four styles of emotion regulation were identified: ambiguity, control, orientation, and expression. Ambiguity and control were mutually correlated, as were orientation and expression. Styles of emotion regulation were not uniquely related to perceived physical functioning and disease activity. Emotional ambiguity and orientation were related to poorer, whereas expression and control were related to more favorable psychological well-being and social functioning.Conclusions: Our cross-sectional study suggests that emotion regulation is not of direct importance for perceived somatic health of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but it may be of importance for psychological well-being and social functioning, and perhaps through this route for somatic health. The more conscious and controlled aspects of control and expression are positively related to psychosocial health, and the more unconscious automatic aspects of ambiguity and orientation are negatively related. Changing emotion regulation will potentially affect psychosocial health. It would be worthwhile to verify this possibility in prospective research. This study was financially supported by the Dutch Arthritis Association. We thank all rheumatologists and rheumatology nurses of the Arthritis Research Foundation Utrecht (SRU) for recruitment of participants. We also thank Bert Garssen and the reviewers and editor of this journal for their valuable comments and suggestions on previous drafts of the article.     

脑卒中患者的人格特征、应付方式和社会支持状况的调查研究

目的 调查脑卒中患者的人格特征、在不同情况下采用的应付方式和社会支持状况.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、应付方式问卷(CSQ)和社会支持评定量表(SSS)对68例脑卒中患者和68名正常对照者进行测评.结果 脑卒中组的内外倾向性分(E分)和情绪稳定性分(N分)(11.98±4.79,12.98±4.73)明显高于正常对照组(9.46±4.18,9.60±4.70)(均P＜0.01);脑卒中组自责和退避分量表的得分(3.49±1.29,5.68±1.63)均高于正常对照组(2.17±1.12,4.23±1.27),求助分量表的得分(3.07±2.31)低于正常对照组(5.29±2.03),差异有极显著性(均P＜0.01);脑卒中组社会支持总分(36.68±4.97)、客观支持评分(8.02±2.93)和对社会支持的利用度评分(6.74±2.13)显著低于正常对照组(41.22±3.41,9.88±2.76,8.38±1.82),差异有显著性(均P＜0.05).结论 脑卒中患者的人格具有外倾性和不稳定性;多采用不成熟的应付方式;脑卒中患者缺乏社会支持.     

Burden,perceived health status,and mood among caregivers of Parkinson's disease patients

The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of the caregivers of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to analyze the association between these characteristics and caregiver burden, perceived health and mood status, and identify their predictors. A multicenter, nationwide, observational, cross‐sectional study that included 289 patient–caregiver pairs was conducted. Caregiver self‐assessments were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), EuroQol (EQ), and Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory (ZCBI). Most caregivers in the study were women aged 60 years or thereabouts. Over two thirds were gainfully employed or housewives, 75% were patients' spouses, and the majority (96.5%) had been permanently taking care of the patient for 6 ± 5.4 years. Less than 5% of patients were in the most advanced stages of disease, and direct costs were 6,350 euros per patient per year. Caregivers had more mood disorders and worse health‐related quality of life (HRQol; EQ‐Tariff) than did the general population. Caregiver HADS and EuroQol scores displayed a weak correlation (r_S = 0.01–0.28) with patient‐related variables (disease duration, HY, SCOPA‐Motor, SCOPA‐AUT, HADS, PPRS, and CISI‐PD) whereas the ZCBI correlated moderately (r_S = 0.27–0.47). Among caregivers, the EQ‐Tariff was significantly lower and the HADS‐Anxiety scores significantly higher for women. ZCBI and HADS‐depression, though not EuroQol and HADS‐anxiety, scores significantly increased with increasing PD severity levels. Caregivers' affective status proved the most important factor influencing their burden and perceived health, whereas patient‐related variables influenced caregiver burden and mood but not health status. In PD, prevalence of affective disorders among patients' caregivers is high and influences both burden and HRQoL. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society     

孤独症谱系障碍患儿家长病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性分析

背景 孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）发病率呈上升趋势,ASD患儿的治疗和训练过程漫长,给患儿家庭带来沉重的负担,导致家长容易产生病耻感,目前缺少ASD患儿家长病耻感相关的调查研究。目的 探讨ASD患儿家长病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性,为降低该群体的病耻感水平并采取针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法 以2021年1月-2022年5月乌鲁木齐市某三甲医院儿童保健门诊收治的ASD患儿的家长为研究对象。采用一般资料问卷、连带病耻感量表（ASS）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）进行调查,采用Pearson相关分析考查病耻感与应对方式和社会支持的相关性。结果 ASD患儿家长ASS总评分为（52.40±11.22）分。相关分析结果显示,ASD患儿家长ASS总评分与SCSQ消极应对维度评分呈正相关（r=0.787,P<0.01）,与SCSQ积极应对维度评分和SSRS总评分均呈负相关（r=-0.565、-0.795,P均<0.01）。回归分析结果显示,ASD患儿家长病耻感受应对方式和社会支持的影响（?R²=0.768,F=114.931,P<0.01）,可解释总变异的76.80%。结论 ASD患儿家长病耻感处于中等偏高水平,家长的应对方式和社会支持是影响病耻感的重要因素。     

Psychological features and coping styles in patients with chronic pain

Aims:  It is said that psychological factors play a crucial role in the development, continuation or amplification of chronic pain. The purpose of the present study was to examine psychological features and coping styles related to chronic pain.
Methods:  Sixty-three patients with persistent pain over 3 months (average age of 59.3 years; 22 men and 41 women) were recruited as subjects from December 2005 to March 2007. As for chronic pain, the duration of pain and the intensity of pain, applied using the Visual Analogue Scale, were evaluated in each patient. In addition, their psychological features were examined with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and their coping styles were examined using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS).
Results:  The duration of pain was not significantly correlated with values of the POMS or CISS. The intensity of pain according to the Visual Analogue Scale was significantly correlated with the tension–anxiety, anger–hostility and fatigue scales of the POMS. Also, the intensity of pain showed negative correlations with the avoidance-oriented coping scale of the CISS.
Conclusions:  Understanding psychological features and coping styles are critical when we determine the proper treatment for chronic pain.     

乐山市驻村扶贫干部心理健康状况与应对方式相关分析

目的 分析乐山市驻村扶贫干部心理健康状况及其与应对方式的关系,为改善驻村扶贫干部的心理健康状况和处理问题的方式提供参考.方法 采用整群随机抽样法抽取乐山市11个区县中的6个,并对6个区县共700名驻村扶贫干部进行问卷测评.采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和应对方式问卷(CSQ)评定其心理健康状况和应对方式.结果 ①共2...     

Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis among patients with schizophrenia, affective psychosis and neurosis

The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of hospital care with the diagnosis rheumatoid arthritis (RA) among patients with schizophrenia, affective psychosis and neurosis compared with that among hospitalized patients in general. By means of the in-patient register of Stockholm County, a cohort was formed comprising all patients discharged with the diagnoses schizophrenia, affective psychosis and neurosis in Stockholm County during 1971, and a sample of all patients discharged for any diagnosis during the same year. We followed the groups in the in-patient register through 1981 in order to identify hospital episodes with the diagnosis RA. Observed and expected incidences of RA in hospital care were obtained using all hospitalized patients as a reference group. For schizophrenia and affective psychosis the incidence of RA was around half the expected, whereas for neurosis it was close to the expected incidence. With reservation for small numbers of observed cases, the results support the hypothesis of a reduced incidence of RA among patients with schizophrenia. The finding regarding affective psychosis was based on a smaller number of cases and merits further investigations.     

精神分裂症患者应对方式、父母教养方式及防御方式的性别差异

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者应对方式、父母教养方式及防御方式的性别差异。方法:采用应付方式问卷(CSQ)、父母教养方式问卷(EBMU)及防御方式问卷(DSQ)对96例男性与75例女性精神分裂症患者进行评估。结果:应付方式:男性患者使用幻想少于女性(F=2.77,P0.05),使用自责、退避多于女性(F=3.76,F=2.76;P均0.05)。父母教养方式:父亲对儿子采取拒绝否认大于女儿(F=4.82,P0.01);母亲对儿子采取拒绝否认小于女儿(F=2.87,P0.05)。防御方式:男性患者采用退缩、反作用形成、消耗倾向多于女性,采用幻想、躯体化、期望少于女性(P均0.05)。结论:不同性别精神分裂症患者的应对方式、父母教养方式及防御方式不同,心理干预应有性别针对性。     

Parenting styles,perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction

AimThe aim of this study is to investigate parental attitudes, perceived social support, emotion regulation and the accompanying psychiatric disorders seen in adolescents who, having been diagnosed with Internet Addiction (IA), were referred to an outpatient child and adolescent psychiatric clinic.MethodsOf 176 adolescents aged 12–17, 40 were included in the study group. These scored 80 or higher on Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and met Young's diagnostic criteria for IA based on psychiatric interviews. Forty adolescents who matched them in terms of age, gender and socio-economic level were included in the control group. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-PL), the Parenting Style Scale (PSS), the Lum Emotional Availabilty of Parents (LEAP), the Social Support Appraisals Scale for Children (SSAS-C), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) were applied.ResultsThe results showed that the parents of adolescents with IA were more frequently inadequate in acceptance/involvement, supervision/monitoring and they had less emotional availability. The adolescents with IA had less perceived social support, greater difficulty in the identification and verbal expression of their feelings and emotion regulation. Lower parental strictness/supervision, higher alexithymia and the existence of an anxiety disorder were found to be significant predictors of IA. Internet addicted adolescents with comorbid major depressive disorder had higher levels of alexithymia and lower levels of emotional availability in their parents.ConclusionIt can be concluded that strategies for the prevention and treatment of IA in adolescents should focus on improving the quality of parenting parent-adolescent relationships, enhancing perceived social support and emotion regulation while reducing the associated psychiatric symptoms in adolescents.     

Correlates of coping with perceived discriminatory experiences among African American adolescents

This study examined the relation of background and race-related factors to the use of approach and avoidance strategies to cope with perceived discriminatory experiences among a sample of African American adolescents of relative affluence ( n = 71). Results showed that gender, family structure, socioeconomic status (SES), perceived control over discriminatory experiences, discrimination distress, and racism-related socialization were significant correlates of coping with perceived discriminatory experiences. Results concerning gender, perceived control, and stress arousal were consistent with findings from the general adolescent stress and coping literature. Results concerning family structure, SES, and socialization suggest that certain factors may be very important for the positive adjustment of African American adolescents in the face of race-related adversity.     

Personality profiles and coping styles in migraine patients with fibromyalgia comorbidity

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) is frequently associated with migraine. In this study we aimed to compare personality profiles and coping styles across 23 migraine without aura patients sharing FM comorbidity (MWA-FM), 28 migraine without aura patients without FM symptoms (MWA) and 51 age- and sex-matched controls, by means of Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced (COPE), and to correlate main results with clinical features. The “Energy” personality factor was significantly reduced in patients presenting with FM symptoms, compared to both migraine without aura patients and controls. A low score in “Dynamism” sub-item with a high score in denial coping style was able to distinguish MWA from MW-FM groups with an accuracy of 82.35% (Wilks lambda = 0.98; chi-square = 8.99, DF = 1, p = 0.005). In particular, lower “Dynamism” scores corresponded to a major expression of allodynia, fatigue, anxiety, depression, headache frequency and poor quality of sleep and life.     

伴有自杀意念抑郁症患者人格与应对方式的研究

目的:探讨伴自杀意念的抑郁症患者人格与应对方式及两者的相关性。方法:采用一般情况调查表和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HRSD)、自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)及简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)对93例抑郁症患者进行调查和评估。结果:根据SIOSS评分93例抑郁症患者分为自杀意念组(SIOSS≥12分,57例)和非自杀意念组(SIOSS12分,36例);自杀意念组EPQ精神质(P)、神经质(N)分显著高于非自杀意念组(P均0.05);外向-内向(E)、掩饰因子(L)分显著低于非自杀意念组(P均0.05);SCSQ积极应对分显著低于非自杀意念组(P0.05)。EPQ-P、N与SCSQ-积极应对评分呈负相关;EPQ-E与积极应对评分呈正相关(P均0.05)。结论:伴自杀意念的抑郁症患者人格特征为情绪不稳定,性格内向,积极应对方式较少,这可能影响他们采取极端方式解决问题。     

Path analysis of relationship among personality,perceived stress,coping, social support,and psychological outcomes

AIM: To provide a structural model of the relationship between personality traits, perceived stress, coping strategies, social support, and psychological outcomes in the general population. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study in which the study group was selected using multistage cluster and convenience sampling among a population of 4 million. For data collection, a total of 4763 individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, personality traits, life events, coping with stress, social support, and psychological outcomes such as anxiety and depression. To evaluate the comprehensive relationship between the variables, a path model was fitted. RESULTS: The standard electronic modules showed that personality traits and perceived stress are important determinants of psychological outcomes. Social support and coping strategies were demonstrated to reduce the increasing cumulative positive effects of neuroticism and perceived stress on the psychological outcomes and enhance the protective effect of extraversion through decreasing the positive effect of perceived stress on the psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Personal resources play an important role in reduction and prevention of anxiety and depression. In order to improve the psychological health, it is necessary to train and reinforce the adaptive coping strategies and social support, and thus, to moderate negative personality traits.     

酒依赖患者应对方式与家庭环境的关系

目的:探讨酒依赖患者应对方式与家庭环境的相关性。方法:对58例酒依赖患者(研究组)和60名无嗜酒史的当地市民(对照组)进行应对方式问卷(CSQ)和中文版的家庭环境量表(FES)调查,分析酒依赖患者应对方式与家庭环境因素的关系。结果:研究组CSQ中退避、幻想和自责因子分显著高于对照组(t=2.41,t=3.22,t=4.15;P0.05或P0.01);FES中亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性、道德宗教观、组织性评分显著低于对照组,矛盾性和控制性评分显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。研究组FES中亲密度、情感表达、独立性、成功性评分与CSQ解决问题评分呈正相关,情感表达评分与求助评分呈正相关,娱乐性评分与自责评分呈负相关(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:酒依赖患者应用不成熟的应对方式,不良家庭环境是其影响因素。