老年医疗保健相关性肺炎89例临床分析

目的分析老年医疗保健相关性肺炎（HCAP）的临床特点及预后不良的独立危险因素。方法采用队列研究方法,回顾性分析了89例老年HCAP的临床资料,对比存活病例与死亡病例在流行病学、临床表现、病原学及治疗方面的差异,logistic回归法分析老年HCAP预后不良的独立危险因素。结果89例老年HCAP患者分为存活组61例（68．5％）及死亡组28例（31．5％）。死亡组脑血管病及慢性肾病较存活组多见;死亡组呼吸频率≥30次／min、心率≥100次／min、收缩压〈90mmHg及神志改变的发生率均高于存活组,而发热、咳嗽及咳痰在两组间无显著差异;死亡组及存活组均以铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及鲍曼不动杆菌等耐药性强的细菌感染多见;死亡组经验性抗感染治疗失败率高于存活组;logistic回归分析显示呼吸频率≥30次／min、收缩压〈90mmHg、肺炎严重指数5级、慢性肾病及多肺叶、段炎症浸润为老年HCAP预后不良的独立危险因素。结论老年HCAP症状不典型、病原复杂、耐药性强、病情严重且治疗困难,应进一步加强老年HCAP的诊治研究。     

老年社区获得性肺炎怎样分类

2005年美国胸科学会／美国感染学会ATS／IDSA在成人医院获得性肺炎（hospitalacguired pneumonia，HAP）指南中引入“健康护理相关性肺炎”（healthcare associated-pneumonia，HCAP）的概念，将生活在护理院老年人罹患的肺炎归入HCAP。因为他们频繁或长期接受治疗和护理，处于感染多耐药（multiple resistance drug，MDR）病原菌的危险之中，需要象HAP一样给予广谱抗生素经验性治疗。     

老年卒中相关性肺炎病多重耐药菌特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨老年卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)多重耐药病原菌(MDR)特点及其危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院老年科2012年1月至2014年12月住院的132例老年SAP患者,了解痰液MDR构成情况及耐药性特点,并分析相关危险因素。结果在132例患者中,分离出65株MRD,其中革兰阴性菌占优势。排名前6位的依次是:铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、产气肠杆菌、粪肠球菌。单因素分析显示,年龄、卒中类型、意识水平、喂养方式、机械通气等因素与MDR感染有关(P<0.05),多因素回归分析显示,年龄、意识水平、机械通气是SAP患者发生MDR感染的危险因素。结论老年科病房SAP主要的MDR为革兰阴性杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌亦为重要的MDR。年龄、意识水平、机械通气是SAP发生MDR感染的危险因素。     

不同类型老年吸入性肺炎的病原学、抗生素应用及临床转归

目的 比较老年社区获得性吸入性肺炎(CAP)、医疗相关性吸入性肺炎(HCAP)及医院获得性吸入性肺炎(HAP,包括呼吸机相关性吸入性肺炎)三者病原学、抗生素应用及治疗转归的关系.方法 收集2005年1月一2010年12月北京二炮总医院呼吸科住院的216例老年吸人性肺炎患者病例,分析其病原学结果、抗生素应用的及治疗转归.结果 三种吸入性肺炎的病原学有显著差异,与CAP和HCAP相比,HAP患者G-杆菌的感染比例明显增多(P<0.001);抗生素应用方案有明显差异,CAP组病人未调整抗生素应用比率明显高于HCAP组与HAP组(P<0.001);抗生素应用策略不同,所致死亡率有明显差异,以升阶梯方案为最高,以降阶梯治疗为最低(P=0.03).结论 三种吸入性肺炎在感染病原菌种类、抗生素应用策略及治疗转归上有明显差异,应根据不同类型的老年吸入性肺炎特点合理经验性使用抗菌药物.     

老年卫生保健性肺炎多重耐药菌感染相关因素

目的分析老年卫生保健性肺炎(HCAP)患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染的相关因素。方法回顾性分析516例老年HCAP患者的临床资料,比较其中93例MDRO感染患者与423例非MDRO感染患者的差异,并进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 516例老年HCAP患者检出MDRO感染93例,MDRO感染率为21. 99%。单因素分析显示,年龄≥70岁、肺炎严重指数(PSI)分级高、90 d内住院天数≥15 d、入住ICU、30 d内抗菌药物使用时间7 d、30 d内联用抗菌药物≥3种、30 d内累计使用抗菌药物≥3种7个因素是HCAP患者MDRO感染的危险因素(P0. 05);多因素分析显示,30 d内联用抗菌药物(≥3种)、90 d内住院天数(≥15 d)、入住ICU、30 d内抗菌药物使用时间(7 d)、年龄≥70岁5个因素是老年HCAP患者MDRO感染的独立危险因素(P0. 05)。结论老年HCAP患者MDRO感染主要与环境MDRO定植交叉感染和抗菌药物的不合理应用有关。防控应首先减少不必要住院时间与入住ICU时间,减少MDRO的感染与定植;减少抗菌药物不合理的长期、反复及联合使用,根据微生物检测采取有针对性的抗感染方案。     

老年卫生保健相关性肺炎的临床分析

目的探讨及明确卫生保健相关性肺炎(HCAP)在老年患者的发病情况及临床特点。方法回顾性研究我院老年肺炎患者共146例的临床资料。结果 HCAP患者发病年龄、痰标本阳性率、革兰氏阴性杆菌(GNR)、多重耐药菌(MDR)以及耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MR-SA)的检出率、接受不恰当的初始抗生素比率、住院天数、病死率与CAP患者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HCAP是一特殊类型的肺炎,在老年人多发,因其病死率较高,需为临床医师给予进一步关注。     

乡镇级医院呼吸内科老年患者医院感染的相关因素及预防措施

目的 探讨乡镇级医院呼吸内科老年患者医院感染的相关因素及预防措施.方法 回顾性分析我院呼吸内科2012年1月-2013年3月发生医院感染的30例老年患者的临床资料,分析其主要原因和预防措施.结果 不同年龄、抗生素使用种类及住院时间患者间医院感染率比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 年龄、抗生素使用种类及住院时间是乡镇级医院呼吸内科老年患者发生医院感染的危险因素,必须加强对呼吸内科老年患者医院感染的防治工作,避免抗生素的滥用,提高相应的医疗水平,最大限度地降低医院感染的发生率.     

卫生保健相关性肺炎临床特点分析

目的探讨卫生保健相关性肺炎(HCAP)的临床特征以及病原学特点及预后。方法研究88例HCAP住院病例,总结临床特征和病原学特点及预后。结果 HCAP患者平均住院天数25天,病死率为14.7%。HCAP的发生构成中长期居住在养老院比例最高,占43.1%;合并症及并发症多,C反应蛋白高,呼吸衰竭多见。病原菌培养HCAP以革兰阴性菌为主,占52.5%,多重耐药(MDR)菌株占42.8%;结论 HCAP患者,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,MDR菌株比例高,抗生素应注意覆盖MDR菌株。重视CRP、血气分析检查,及时的抗感染、合并症及并发症的治疗有助于疾病恢复。     

老年脑卒中患者相关性肺炎危险因素及临床特点分析

目的探讨老年重症脑卒中患者脑卒中相关性肺炎的发生率及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2010年12月入住北京安贞医院神经内科重症监护病房、年龄≥60岁急性脑卒中患者148例,分为肺炎组90例,无肺炎组58例,分析脑卒中相关性肺炎的发生率、危险因素及病原学情况。结果脑卒中相关性肺炎发生率为60.8%。logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥80岁、吸烟、长期卧床、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分≥13分、格拉斯哥昏迷评分≤10分、吞咽障碍、机械通气、大脑中动脉主干梗死是脑卒中相关性肺炎的危险因素。肺炎组死亡33例(36.7%),无肺炎组死亡4例(6.9%),肺炎组病死率明显高于无肺炎组(P<0.01)。结论脑卒中相关性肺炎是脑卒中患者最严重的并发症之一,老年重症脑卒中患者更易发生肺部感染,直接导致病死率增加,临床医师应高度重视老年脑卒中患者肺炎的预防。     

老年血流感染患者的病原菌分布及死亡危险因素分析

目的 了解老年血流感染（BSI）的病原菌分布和临床特点,分析老年BSI患者死亡相关的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2020年12月在江西省赣州市兴国县人民医院的住院老年BSI患者的临床特点和死亡危险因素。结果 181例老年BSI患者共分离出197株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌120株（60.91%）,革兰阳性菌68株（34.52%）,真菌9株（4.57%）。最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌（33.50%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（14.21%）、金黄色葡萄球菌（11.68%）、粪肠球菌（4.06%）、表皮葡萄球菌（3.55%）和溶血葡萄球菌（3.55%）。呼吸道来源的病原菌最多（32.14%）,其次为泌尿道来源（27.86%）和导管相关来源（18.57%）．合并肿瘤是老年BSI患者独立预后危险因素（P=0.006）。结论 老年BSI患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是最常见的病原菌。合并肿瘤疾病是老年BSI危险因素。     

急诊高龄卫生保健相关性肺炎患者的临床特点分析

目的 :探讨急诊高龄卫生保健相关性肺炎(HCAP)患者的临床特征及预后。方法 :对2012年1月至2013年12月急诊病房收治的年龄>80岁的高龄肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较社区获得性肺炎(CAP)组与HCAP组患者的临床特征、病原学特点及预后。结果:165例高龄肺部感染患者中,HCAP组患者的平均住院天数[(19.9±12.3)d]显著长于CAP组[(14.6±7.4)d](P<0.05),且病死率显著高于后者(22.9%比7.3%,P<0.05)。2组患者症状不典型,有基础疾病者142例(86.1%)。2组患者均存在营养不良。HCAP组患者入院时的肺炎严重度指数(PSI)显著高于CAP组(125.2±27.1比116.8±25.8,P<0.05),PSI评分Ⅴ级的比例也显著高于后者(38.6%比23.2%,P     

Clinical characteristics and outcomes among older nursing home residents hospitalized with pneumonia

Background: Due to population aging, the number of cases of pneumonia in nursing homes in South Korea has been increasing. This study investigated the characteristics and clinical outcomes in nursing home residents with pneumonia admitted to a tertiary hospital.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients transferred to the tertiary hospital from nursing homes between August 2009 and October 2016. The in-hospital mortality, Pneumonia Severity Index, bacterial pathogens in sputum cultures, and antibiotic sensitivity profile were assessed.Results: The analysis included a total of 174 patients hospitalized with pneumonia. Their median age was 78 years, and 109 patients (62.6%) were male. 108 patients (62.1%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. The in-hospital mortality rate was 12.6% (22/174). Culture of a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen was an independent risk factor for mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 3.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–11.89). Male sex and a history of antibiotic use within the previous 3 months were independent risk factors for MDR pathogen isolation (OR: 3.32, 95% CI, 1.38–7.98 and OR: 3.93, 95% CI: 1.82–8.49, respectively).Conclusions: Detection of an MDR pathogen, rather than host factors such as old age, bedridden status, and comorbidities, was the most important risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with nursing home pneumonia. Patients with a history of antibiotic use within the previous 3 months had a higher probability of MDR pathogen identification. Identifying MDR pathogens is important in treating older nursing home residents with pneumonia.     

Effect of Antibiotic Guidelines on Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Nursing Home–Acquired Pneumonia

OBJECTIVES: To compare the 2003 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) guideline and the 2005 healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) guideline on time to clinical stability, length of hospital stay, and mortality in nursing home patients hospitalized for pneumonia.
DESIGN: Retrospective study.
SETTING: Three tertiary-care hospitals.
PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred thirty-four nursing home patients.
MEASUREMENTS: Patients were classified according to the antibiotic regimens they received based on the 2003 CAP guideline or the 2005 HCAP guideline. Time to clinical stability, time to switch therapy, and mortality were evaluated in an intention-to-treat analysis. A multivariate survival model using propensity analysis was used to adjust for heterogeneity between the two groups.
RESULTS: Of the 334 patients, 258 (77%) were treated according to the 2003 HCAP guideline. Time to clinical stability did not differ between those treated according to the 2003 CAP or the 2005 HCAP guidelines. Only the Pneumonia Severity Index ( P =.006) and multilobar involvement ( P =.005) were significantly associated with delay in achieving clinical stability. Adjusted in-hospital and 30-day mortality were comparable in both cohorts (odds ratio (OR)=0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.49–1.34, and OR=0.79, 95% CI=0.42–1.31, respectively), although time to switch therapy and length of stay were longer for those treated according to the 2005 HCAP guideline.
CONCLUSION: In hospitalized nursing home patients with pneumonia, treatment with an antibiotic regimen according to the 2003 CAP guideline achieved comparable time to clinical stability and in-hospital and 30-day mortality with a regimen based on the 2005 HCAP guideline.     

Predictors of Aspiration Pneumonia: How Important Is Dysphagia?

Aspiration pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly who are hospitalized or in nursing homes. Multiple risk factors for pneumonia have been identified, but no study has effectively compared the relative risk of factors in several different categories, including dysphagia. In this prospective outcomes study, 189 elderly subjects were recruited from the outpatient clinics, inpatient acute care wards, and the nursing home care center at the VA Medical Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. They were given a variety of assessments to determine oropharyngeal and esophageal swallowing and feeding status, functional status, medical status, and oral/dental status. The subjects were followed for up to 4 years for an outcome of verified aspiration pneumonia. Bivariate analyses identified several factors as significantly associated with pneumonia. Logistic regression analyses then identified the significant predictors of aspiration pneumonia. The best predictors, in one or more groups of subjects, were dependent for feeding, dependent for oral care, number of decayed teeth, tube feeding, more than one medical diagnosis, number of medications, and smoking. The role that each of the significant predictors might play was described in relation to the pathogenesis of aspiration pneumonia. Dysphagia was concluded to be an important risk for aspiration pneumonia, but generally not sufficient to cause pneumonia unless other risk factors are present as well. A dependency upon others for feeding emerged as the dominant risk factor, with an odds ratio of 19.98 in a logistic regression model that excluded tube-fed patients.     

医疗机构相关性肺炎病原学特征分析

目的 分析医疗机构相关性肺炎（HCAP）的病原菌特征,以提高其治疗效果.方法 回顾性收集我院284例住院肺炎患者资料,比较HCAP和社区获得性肺炎（CAP）病原菌感染情况.结果 284例肺炎患者（CAP组183例,HCAP组101例）共培养出病原菌487株;CAP组前五位病原菌为肺炎链球菌43株（32.6％）,肺炎支原体24株（18.2％）,流感嗜血杆菌19株（14.4％）,铜绿假单胞菌8株（6.1％）,金黄色葡萄球菌4株（3.0％）;HCAP组前五位病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌121株（34.1％）,金黄色葡萄球菌57株（16.1％）,鲍曼不动杆菌50株（14.1％）,肺炎克雷伯菌31株（8.7％）,大肠埃希菌25株（7.0％）;HCAP组培养出革兰阴性杆菌288（81.1％）株,革兰阳性球菌67（18.9％）株,革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌中又分别以铜绿假单胞菌[121株（42.0％）]和金黄色葡萄球菌[57株（85.1％）]最为常见.结论 HCAP病原菌种类不同于CAP,提高对HCAP病原菌种类的认识可为合理初始经验性抗生素治疗提供可靠的依据.     

Healthcare‐associated pneumonia: A US disease or relevant to the Asia Pacific,too?

The term ‘health care‐associated pneumonia’ (HCAP) was introduced by the American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America in 2005 to describe a distinct entity of pneumonia that resembles hospital‐acquired pneumonia rather than community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in terms of occurrence of drug‐resistant pathogens and mortality in patients that—while not hospitalized in the traditional sense—have been in recent contact with the health‐care system. It was proposed that HCAP should be treated empirically with therapy for drug‐resistant pathogens. Over the last few years, there has been increasing controversy over whether HCAP is a helpful definition, or leads to unnecessary and potentially problematic overtreatment. The term HCAP has been extensively criticized in Europe. While most studies have shown that HCAP is associated with more frequent drug‐resistant pathogens and higher mortality than CAP, there is no clear evidence that this is due to inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Therapy consistent with HCAP treatment guidelines has also not been found to improve mortality. Based on current evidence, we suggest broad‐spectrum antibiotic therapy to treat possible pathogens not usually covered in CAP be based on assessment of individual risk factors rather than applying a HCAP classification system in the Asia‐Pacific Region.     

老年患者急性心肾综合征的危险因素及预后分析

目的 对老年急性心肾综合征（acute cardiorenal syndrome,ACRS）患者的危险因素及预后进行分析.方法 回顾性分析312例住院期间发生急性心力衰竭（acute heart failure,AHF）的老年患者的临床资料[其中164例合并急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,ACRS）（ACRS组）,148例未合并AKI（非ACRS组）].结果 312例AHF患者中,13.1％住院期间死亡,Charlson并发症评分≥3分、住院期间发生ACRS和住院期间需要透析治疗是AHF患者死亡的危险因素（OR =4.723,P=0.041;OR =6.096,P=0.008;OR=18.743,P＜0.001）.52.56％的AHF患者发生ACRS,估算肾小球滤过滤（estimated glomerular filtration,eGFR）＜60 mL/（min· 1.73 m2）、使用利尿药是AHF患者住院期间发生ACRS的危险因素（OR=2.239,P=0.025;OR =2.555,P=0.001）;eGFR、血清白蛋白（Mbumin,ALB）是AHF患者住院期间发生ACRS的保护因素（OR=0.968,P＜0.001;OR=0.907,P=0.007）.23.2％的ACRS患者死亡,住院期间透析是ACRS患者住院期间死亡的危险因素（OR=10.407,P＜0.001）;使用β受体阻断药、使用利尿药是ACRS患者住院期间死亡的保护因素（OR=0.312,P=0.011;OR=0.345,P=0.040）.结论 老年患者ACRS发生率高、预后差.基础eGFR和ALB浓度降低以及使用利尿药可能使老年AHF患者发生ACRS的风险增加.并发症多、住院期间发生ACRS、住院期间需要透析治疗均是老年AHF患者不良预后的危险因素.