呼出气冷凝液检测在呼吸系统疾病中的应用

呼出气冷凝液（ exhaled breath condensate, EBC） 分析是一种新兴的呼吸系统疾病检测手段,通过检测冷凝水中的生化标记物以评价气道炎症或氧化应激水平,由于其具有无创、方便、可重复等特点．被认为具有良好的发展前景。目前EBC检测在慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、肺癌、间质性肺疾病等多种呼吸系统疾病的诊断、监测及疗效评价中均有相关的研究报道,本文拟对近年来的研究进展作一简要综述。     

呼出气冷凝液中VEGF的检测在肺部疾病中的研究进展

呼出气冷凝液（EBC）检测是一种用来检测呼吸道生物标记物的新技术,具有无创、操作简单、可重复进行等特点。血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）是反映肺部疾病炎症反应及氧化应激变化的标志物之一。现就EBC的收集、VEGF相关生物学特性及在肺部疾病中检测EBC中VEGF水平的临床研究进展进行综述。     

呼出气冷凝液成分检测在COPD中的应用

呼出气冷凝液(exhaled breath condensate,EBC)检查为近年来新开展的一种无创的呼吸道疾病炎症状态检测方法。通过对EBC检测,可了解气道内衬液中抗氧化物,可溶性标记物等多种生化分子的变化。目前,EBC检测在欧洲已经应用于了解COPD、哮喘、囊性纤维化、吸烟损害、支气管扩张以及急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)等呼吸系统疾病时肺内、气道内出现的氧化应激状态和酸碱状态、炎症状态变化。吕晓东等[1]在呼出气冷凝液中NO的检测发现哮喘与COPD有显著差异,本文就EBC收集原理和方法及在COPD中应用作一介绍。1呼出气冷凝液的收…     

呼出气冷凝液在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的研究进展

呼出气冷凝液(exhaled breath condensate,EBC)检测作为一种新的研究肺部疾病的方法,具有无创、简便易行、实时监测、重复性好、患者易耐受等优点.对COPD患者EBC中反映气道炎症、氧化应激状态的生物标记物进行研究有助于COPD的诊断及对药物治疗反应的评估和患者预后的评价.而且EBC中异常炎症介质的研究可能为COPD发病机制开启新思路并发现新的治疗靶点.     

呼出气冷凝液检测在呼吸系统疾病中的应用

呼出气冷凝液(exhaled breath condensate，EBC)检查为新的呼吸道炎症状态检测方法。气道内衬液体中抗氧化物、可溶性标记物等多种生化分子，平静呼吸时可随气体呼出，遇冷则随水蒸气凝结而进入EBC。EBC中某些成分的显著异常，可反映哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺间质疾病等肺内及气道内氧化应激、炎症状态的变化及程度。EBC与传统方法如诱导痰、支气管镜肺泡灌洗液等相比，具有实时、无创、简单、可多次重复等特点，结果也有可比性。目前EBC检测尚属探索阶段，但随着检测技术的提高和了解的深入，EBC检测在未来会有广泛的前景。     

呼出气冷凝液生物标记物在OSAS中的研究进展

呼出气冷凝液(exhaled breath condensate,EBC)检测是近年来发展的研究呼吸道疾病的一种无创方法,具有简便易行、实时监测、重复性好、患者易耐受等优点.对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患者EBC中反映气道炎症、氧化应激状态的生物标记物进行研究将有助于OSAS的诊断、严重程度的评估及治疗效果的评价.这些异常分子的研究可能为OSAS发病机制和诊治提供新的思路和治疗方法.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼出气冷凝液中生物标记物的研究进展

呼出气冷凝液(exhaled breath condensate,EBC)检测作为一种新的研究肺部疾病的方法,具有无创、简便易行、实时监测、重复性好、患者易耐受等优点.对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者EBC中反映气道炎症、氧化应激状态的生物标...     

呼出气冷凝液检测在呼吸系统疾病中的应用

呼出气冷凝液 (exhaledbreathcondensate,EBC)检查为新的呼吸道炎症状态检测方法。气道内衬液体中抗氧化物、可溶性标记物等多种生化分子 ,平静呼吸时可随气体呼出 ,遇冷则随水蒸气凝结而进入EBC。EBC中某些成分的显著异常 ,可反映哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺间质疾病等肺内及气道内氧化应激、炎症状态的变化及程度。EBC与传统方法如诱导痰、支气管镜肺泡灌洗液等相比 ,具有实时、无创、简单、可多次重复等特点 ,结果也有可比性。目前EBC检测尚属探索阶段 ,但随着检测技术的提高和了解的深入 ,EBC检测在未来会有广泛的前景     

呼出气冷凝液中PH检测的临床意义

气道PH值是反映气道酸化的核心指标，目前研究表明在多种气道炎症疾病中，PH值是明显降低的。气道酸化导致支气管收缩，损伤纤毛运动，增加气道黏液粘度及诱导气道上皮损伤，改变炎症细胞的聚集和功能，触发咳嗽等。呼出气冷凝液（exhaled breath condensate，EBC）检测是通过对下呼吸道衬液中炎症因子的检测以了解气道的氧化应激及炎症反应，而对PIt值的检测，能直接反映肺炎症性疾病的气道酸化程度。本文就将EBC中PH值的测定在呼吸疾病中的运用作一综述。     

肿瘤坏死因子与呼吸系统疾病

肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）是一种主要由激活的巨噬细胞所分泌的细胞因子。具有广泛的生物活性，主要表现为抗肿瘤活性，免疫调节活性，也是引起组织细菌损害的主要介质，并与呼吸系统疾病的发生发展有着密切的关系。本文重点综述ＴＮＦ在几种常见的肺部疾病的关系和临床诊断价值。     

Proteomics as a Method for Early Detection of Cancer: A Review of Proteomics,Exhaled Breath Condensate,and Lung Cancer Screening

The study of expressed proteins in neoplasia is undergoing a revolution with the advent of proteomic analysis. Unlike genomic studies where individual changes may have no functional significance, protein expression is closely aligned with cellular activity. This perspective will review proteomics as a method of detecting markers of neoplasia with a particular emphasis on lung cancer and the potential to sample the lung by exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC collection is a simple, new, and noninvasive technique, which allows sampling of lower respiratory tract fluid. EBC enables the study of a wide variety of biological markers from low molecular weight mediators to macromolecules, such as proteins, in a range of pulmonary diseases. EBC may be applied to the detection of lung cancer where it could be a tool in early diagnosis. This perspective will explore the potential of applying proteomics to the EBC from lung cancer patients as an example of detecting potential biomarkers of disease and progression.     

Proteomics as a method for early detection of cancer: a review of proteomics, exhaled breath condensate, and lung cancer screening

The study of expressed proteins in neoplasia is undergoing a revolution with the advent of proteomic analysis. Unlike genomic studies where individual changes may have no functional significance, protein expression is closely aligned with cellular activity. This perspective will review proteomics as a method of detecting markers of neoplasia with a particular emphasis on lung cancer and the potential to sample the lung by exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC collection is a simple, new, and noninvasive technique, which allows sampling of lower respiratory tract fluid. EBC enables the study of a wide variety of biological markers from low molecular weight mediators to macromolecules, such as proteins, in a range of pulmonary diseases. EBC may be applied to the detection of lung cancer where it could be a tool in early diagnosis. This perspective will explore the potential of applying proteomics to the EBC from lung cancer patients as an example of detecting potential biomarkers of disease and progression.     

Clinical use of exhaled biomarkers in COPD

Exhaled breath analysis holds great promise as a diagnostic and investigative tool in COPD and is a new and rapidly expanding field of research in pulmonary disease. Generally speaking, exhaled breath analysis focuses on two areas: measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and the detection of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). ENO measurement may not be as useful in COPD as in other pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, due to the lower levels of ENO found in COPD, although this is an area of ongoing research. Analysis of EBC for proinflammatory biomarkers is an area of great promise but its true value will not be realized until methods of collecting and analyzing EBC have been standardized. Once this is done, biomarkers detected in EBC may assist in the diagnosis of COPD, identification of preclinical disease, phenotyping of COPD patients, evaluation of response to therapies and defining the prognosis of individual patients. Identification of novel inflammatory mediators in EBC may cast new light on the pathogenesis of COPD and identify new therapeutic targets, which are badly needed in this disease.     

Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate: a review of collection, processing and analysis

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a potential rich source for countless biomarkers that can provide valuable information about respiratory as well as systemic diseases. EBC has been studied in a variety of diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Although numerous biomarkers have been discovered and studied in EBC, the methods of collection and biomarker detection have not been fully standardized. While leaving standardization methods up to individual labs for the present time is optimal for the continued discovery of new biomarkers in EBC, this decreases the reproducibility and generalizability of the findings. In this review we will discuss specific biomarkers studied in specific diseases as well as some of the related technical issues including collection, processing and analysis.     

Reproducibility of exhaled breath condensate pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Increasingly, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is being used to sample airway fluid from the lower respiratory tract. EBC pH may be a biomarker of airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, the reproducibility of EBC pH in COPD was investigated. A total of 36 COPD patients and 12 healthy nonsmoking subjects participated in several investigations: duration of argon deaeration, within-sample variability, effect of freezing, leaving samples at room temperature, nose-peg use, within- (WD) and between-day (BD) variability. Analysis of repeated measurements was performed using the Bland-Altman method with limits of agreement (LOA; mean difference+/-2 SD). Wider LOA indicate greater variability. EBC pH became significantly higher with argon deaeration for < or =5 min. Variability during sample analysis was minimal; LOA of within-sample variability, freezing for 3 months and leaving at room temperature for 3 h were -0.29-0.45, -0.37-0.42 and -0.13-0.09, respectively. In contrast, variability due to nose-peg use (LOA -1.46-1.99), WD (LOA -1.50-2.48) and BD variability (LOA -2.52-3.02) were higher in COPD. In healthy nonsmoking subjects, nose-peg use (LOA -0.27-0.23), WD (LOA -0.33-0.40) and BD variability (LOA -0.46-0.44) were more reproducible. In conclusion, the variability of exhaled breath condensate pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients is mainly due to changes in airway pH over time, which are not seen in healthy nonsmoking subjects. Reasons for these fluctuations in exhaled breath condensate pH are unclear and require further investigation.     

EBC中8-isoPG测定在不同肺部疾病中的临床意义

目的研究ARDS、OSAHS和AECOPD患者的EBC中8-isoPG浓度变化及临床意义。对象和方法选择江苏省南通大学第二附属医院的ARDS、OSAHS和AECOPD患者,收集ARDS患者入院第一天、OSAHS患者晨起、AECOPD患者以及健康对照组的EBC;采用ELISA法检测EBC中的8-isoPG浓度。结果 1.ARDS组、OSAHS组、AECOPD组和健康对照组EBC中8-isoPG浓度为[(52.19±11.51 ng/L)、(14.93±1.39 ng/L)、(6.74±3.38 ng/L)、(3.21±0.97 ng/L)];2.ARDS、OSAHS、AECO-PD患者EBC中8-isoPG均高于健康对照组,三者EBC中8-isoPG浓度顺序排列为:ARDS组>OSAHS组>AECOPD组(P<0.01)。结论 EBC中8-isoPG可以反应多种肺部疾病的炎症及氧化应激程度。