咳嗽变异性哮喘与白三烯关系的研究进展

咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）是以咳嗽为唯一或主要临床表现的特殊类型的哮喘,其发病机制及病理生理与典型哮喘相似,两者均以持续气道炎症、气道高反应性和气道重构为特点,平均约有30％的CVA患儿最终发展为典型哮喘。白三烯（LTs）是体内重要的炎症介质,LTs及其拮抗剂在CVA的发病和治疗中起重要作用。在CVA的治疗对策中,早期干预具有重要临床意义,在众多合理、有效的指导与治疗选项中,LTs拮抗剂不失为一项有效、安全的选择。该文就CVA与LTs关系的研究进展作一综述。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘诊治探讨

典型的支气管哮喘临床诊断并不困难,在临床上还存在非典型表现的哮喘-咳嗽变异性哮喘(coughvariantasthma,CVA):是指以慢性咳嗽为主要或唯一临床表现的一种特殊类型哮喘,因无明显哮喘发作,以慢性咳嗽作为主要症状,与慢性支气管炎较难鉴别,造成诊断困难。患者多长期应用各种抗菌素及止咳药物,不但造成经济损失,而且药物的副作用对患者的身体造成损伤。现对咳嗽变异性哮喘的诊断进行探讨,以减少误诊和漏诊。1发病机制咳嗽变异性哮喘发病机理与哮喘相同,其病理生理改变都是以持续气道炎性反应与气道高反应为特点。有证据提示,气管上的咳嗽受…     

优质护理策略在咳嗽变异性哮喘治疗中的效果

<正>咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)本质为一种慢性的气道炎症,部分患者伴有胸闷的特征,由于患者缺乏典型的哮喘症状,临床诊断过程中常引起误诊,如不及时治疗一半以上的患者可能会发展成为典型的哮喘〔1〕。临床治疗CVA的方法很多,但往往忽视患者,特别是老年CVA患者的临床护理工作,本研究重点考察优质护理策略在CVA治疗中的效果。     

白三烯及其受体与咳嗽变异性哮喘

咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)是以慢性持续性干咳为主要或惟一临床表现的一种特殊类型的哮喘,其发病机制及病理生理表现与典型哮喘相似,均为多种炎症细胞和炎症介质参与的慢性气道炎症性疾病,并以可逆性气流受限和气道高反应性(AHR)为特征。在参与哮喘发病的各种炎症介质中,白三烯(LTs)     

骨膜蛋白在哮喘气道重塑中作用的研究进展

<正>支气管哮喘是一种以气道可逆性气流受限、肺部炎症及气道重塑为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,气道重塑是其重要的病理改变。目前治疗哮喘的主要药物仍是激素类,但临床试验显示即使早期给予足量的糖皮质治疗,仍然有部分哮喘患者发展为气道重塑最终导致气道气流受限,为此,在哮喘病人中寻求高度敏感指标是治疗哮喘的关键。本文主要综述骨膜蛋白在哮喘气道重塑中的作用研究进展。1 骨膜蛋白的功能有关骨膜蛋白的研究最多的是其在恶性肿瘤分化、转移的作用,如神经母细胞瘤     

问充质干细胞治疗支气管哮喘的进展

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是一种气道慢性炎症性疾病，伴随气道结构的改变，如上皮下纤维化、黏液分泌增多、平滑肌层增厚导致的气道重塑。这些病理改变导致中一重度的哮喘患者应用糖皮质激素治疗的效果不明显；哮喘也是一种免疫紊乱的变态反应性疾病，目前主要认为哮喘伴随着Th1／Th2细胞的平衡失调。间充质干细胞由于具有广泛的抗炎及免疫调节生物学特性，有望成为继糖皮质激素后一种新型的哮喘治疗方法。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘临床分析

目的探讨咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)的临床特征及诊治措施,以提高其诊断率,减少误诊误治。方法回顾性分析54例CVA患者的临床资料及治疗方法。结果本组病例均以慢性咳嗽为主要症状,临床表现不典型,误诊率高,确诊后经吸入糖皮质激素和β2-受体激动剂治疗有显效。结论 CVA是一种特殊类型的哮喘,临床表现不典型,极易被误诊,应提高对该病的认识,尽可能早期诊断,并给予规律治疗。     

健脾肃肺法对痰湿蕴肺型咳嗽变异性哮喘患者生活质量的影响

咳嗽变异型哮喘(Cough variant asthma,CVA)是一种特殊类型的哮喘,咳嗽是其唯一或主要临床表现,无明显喘息、气促等症状或体征,但有气道高反应性[1]。由于本病的临床症状不典型,在临床上漏诊、误诊率较高,患者常久病不愈,严重影响生活质量。笔者在常规西药基础上运用健脾肃肺法治疗CVA患者30例,并与常规西药治疗30例对照,观察本方对CVA患者生活质量的影响,现报告如下。     

射流雾化吸入10%氯化钠测定气道高反应性

气道高反应性是支气管哮喘的最典型病理生理特征和诊断标准之一，我们建立了一种操作简便、快捷、结果较可靠、便于广泛开展的气道高反应性测定方法，现介绍如下。对象按中华医学会哮喘“修正方案”确诊的临床缓解期支气管哮喘患者５２例，男２９例，女２３例，年龄３９±...     

咳嗽变异型哮喘2例报告

咳嗽变异型哮喘 (CVA)是一种以咳嗽为主要或唯一症状的哮喘 ,缺乏典型的喘息症状 ,它与典型的支气管哮喘一样均具有气道高反应性 ,但临床特点不尽相同。已知 CVA是一种包括嗜酸粒细胞参与的气道慢性炎症 ,与典型哮喘相似 ,但其气道炎症和临床病情程度相对较轻 ,因此 ,气道反应性测定对其早期确诊至关重要 ,临床上通常将咳嗽作为呼吸系统表现的唯一症状 ,持续时间大于三周 ,胸部影象学未见异常 ,未使用ACEI的慢性咳嗽 ,抗感染效果不佳 ,均应做肺功能及支气管激发试验检查。例 1　女性 ,4 2岁 ,因“咳嗽咳痰一月 ,加重伴气短半月”入院 ,…     

Cough and Asthma

Cough is the most common complaint for which patients seek medical attention. Cough variant asthma (CVA) is a form of asthma, which presents solely with cough. CVA is one of the most common causes of chronic cough. More importantly, 30 to 40% of adult patients with CVA, unless adequately treated, may progress to classic asthma. CVA shares a number of pathophysiological features with classic asthma such as atopy, airway hyper-responsiveness, eosinophilic airway inflammation and various features of airway remodeling. Inhaled corticosteroids remain the most important form of treatment of CVA as they improve cough and reduce the risk of progression to classic asthma most likely through their prevention of airway remodeling and chronic airflow obstruction.     

咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床特征及其与典型哮喘的关系

目的分析成年咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）患者的临床特征及其发展为哮喘的情况,探讨CVA进展为哮喘的危险因素。方法收集2002年1月至2010年1月于广州呼吸疾病研究所门诊就诊的CVA患者,记录患者的基本临床资料,包括咳嗽时相、咳嗽性质、诱发因素、伴随症状、过敏史、随访情况等。并行肺功能、支气管激发试验/PEF检测、诱导痰细胞学分类、皮肤过敏原点刺试验等检查。所有入选患者年龄≥18岁、符合我国《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南》中CVA的诊断标准。同时给予规律吸入中等剂量的布地奈德或等效剂量的吸入激素,至少治疗8周。通过门诊及电话随访,若患者出现胸闷、喘息等典型哮喘症状或出现哮鸣音则确认其进展为哮喘,分为单纯CVA组和发展为典型哮喘组（哮喘组）;比较两组患者一般资料及实验室检查情况。结果 91例CVA患者咳嗽时相以夜间或清晨为主的发生率为74.7%,伴变应性鼻炎病史的比例为46.2%;咳嗽的主要诱发因素包括：烟雾63.5%、冷空气51.4%、上呼吸道感染47.3%、灰尘37.8%、咽喉发痒36.5%;CVA患者有74.7%诱导痰中嗜酸粒细胞（EOS）比例〉2.5%。58例患者平均随访4.2（1~8.5）年,其中8例患者（8/58,13.8%）进展为典型哮喘,单纯CVA组患者使用吸入激素时间显著长于哮喘组[12（20）周vs 6（4）周,P〈0.05],8例哮喘组患者中仅1例规律吸入激素12周以上,而其他50例单纯CVA患者中有33例规律吸入激素大于12周,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。单纯CVA组各项肺功能指标、痰EOS%、外周血EOS%、皮肤过敏原点刺试验阳性率与哮喘组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 CVA主要以夜间或清晨咳嗽为临床特征,并有近一半患者合并过敏性鼻炎,长期规范吸入激素治疗可减少CVA患者进展为典型哮喘。     

Eosinophilic airway disorders associated with chronic cough

Chronic cough is a major clinical problem. The causes of chronic cough can be categorized into eosinophilic and noneosinophilic disorders, the former being comprised of asthma, cough variant asthma (CVA), atopic cough (AC) and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB).Cough is one of the major symptoms of asthma. Cough in asthma can be classified into three categories; 1) CVA: asthma presenting solely with coughing, 2) cough-predominant asthma: asthma predominantly presenting with coughing but also with dyspnea and/or wheezing, and 3) cough remaining after treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and β2-agonists in patients with classical asthma, despite control of other symptoms. There may be two subtypes in the last category; one is cough responsive to anti-mediator drugs such as leukotriene receptor antagonists and histamine H1 receptor antagonists, and the other is cough due to co-morbid conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux.CVA is one of the commonest causes of chronic isolated cough. It shares a number of pathophysiological features with classical asthma with wheezing such as atopy, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic airway inflammation and various features of airway remodeling. One third of adult patients may develop wheezing and progress to classical asthma. As established in classical asthma, ICS is considered the first-line treatment, which improves cough and may also reduce the risk of progression to classical asthma.AC proposed by Fujimura et al. presents with bronchodilator-resistant dry cough associated with an atopic constitution. It involves eosinophilic tracheobronchitis and cough hypersensitivity and responds to ICS treatment, while lacking in AHR and variable airflow obstruction. These features are shared by non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB). However, atopic cough does not involve bronchoalveolar eosinophilia, has no evidence of airway remodeling, and rarely progresses to classical asthma, unlike CVA and NAEB. Histamine H1 antagonists are effective in atopic cough, but their efficacy in NAEB is unknown. AHR of NAEB may improve with ICS within the normal range. Taken together, NAEB significantly overlaps with atopic cough, but might also include milder cases of CVA with very modest AHR. The similarity and difference of these related entities presenting with chronic cough and characterized by airway eosinophilia will be discussed.     

LTC4及其合成酶与咳嗽变异性哮喘气道重建的相关性研究

目的研究白三烯C4（LTC4）及其合成酶表达与咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）气道重建的相关性,探讨CVA的发病机制,为CVA的早期诊断提供理论依据。方法将40例入选患者分为支气管哮喘组、CVA组各20例,另择20例健康人作为对照组。采用ELISA技术检测静脉血中LTC4的含量;应用RT-PCR检测LTC4合成酶在多形核细胞和淋巴细胞中的表达。选择对照组6例、支气管哮喘组6例、CVA组12例分别进行纤维支气管镜检查,取右中叶支气管组织,进行常规石蜡切片,HE染色,光镜下观察并测量基底膜厚度。结果支气管哮喘组LTC4含量及基底膜厚度显著高于CVA组和对照组,CVA组高于对照组（P〈0.01或〈0.05）。各组基底膜厚度与静脉血LTC4含量之间存在相关性（P〈0.05）。LTC4合成酶在CVA组和支气管哮喘组患者中的表达明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。LTC4合成酶在多形核细胞中表达相对较强,在淋巴细胞中表达相对较弱。结论 CVA存在气道重建,静脉血中LTC4及其合成酶的表达可以作为CVA的快速诊断的指标之一。     

Methacholine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate challenges in preschool children with cough-variant and classic asthma

Bronchial challenge with different stimuli provides different information and may be used as an adjunct to understand the pathophysiology of cough variant asthma (CVA) in young children in whom the mechanism of disease is still unresolved. This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) is similar in preschool children with CVA and classic asthma. We examined airway response to methacholine and AMP in well-defined 3-6-year-old children with CVA (n = 18), classic persistent asthma (n = 31), and healthy controls (n = 10) by transcutaneous oxygen monitorization. The number of AMP responsive children was significantly lower in the group with CVA (38.9%) than classic persistent asthma (67.7%) (P = 0.049). Mean provocative concentration of AMP causing a 15% fall in transcutaneous oxygen tension (PC15PtcO2 AMP) in children with CVA and classic persistent asthma were 234.58 and 36.35 mg/ml, respectively (P = 0.001). None of the healthy children in the control group responded to AMP. The severity of methacholine responsiveness was found similar in CVA and classic persistent asthma groups (P = 0.738). Although both asthma groups showed a similar pattern in methacholine responsiveness, preschool children with CVA were found to differ from children with classic persistent asthma with regard to response profiles to AMP challenge which may point to different pathophysiologic mechanisms of CVA in the young age group.     

Narrative Review: how long should patients with cough variant asthma or non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis be treated?

The causes of chronic cough can be categorized into eosinophilic and noneosinophilic disorders, and approximately 30% to 50% of people with chronic cough have eosinophilic airway inflammation, the presence of which can be confirmed by sputum eosinophilia or elevated exhaled nitric-oxide levels. Cough variant asthma (CVA) is a phenotype of asthma which lacks wheezing or dyspnea, and consistently one of the most common causes of chronic cough worldwide. CVA and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) shares common feature such as chronic dry cough, eosinophilic inflammation, and development of chronic airflow obstruction (CAO) and asthma in a subset of patients. The distinctive characteristic of these conditions is the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness in CVA but not in NAEB. Coughing is responsive to bronchodilators such as beta-agonists in CVA, but such feature has not been clarified in NAEB. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are the first-line treatment, and leukotriene receptor antagonists are also effective, in patients with both CVA and NAEB. This review will give an outline of clinical and physiological features, and prognosis and its determinants of CVA and EBNA. Further, the rationale and evidence, despite limited, for the need of long-term treatment will be discussed. The development of airway remodeling due to mechanical stress to the airways exerted by long-standing coughing will also be discussed.     

维生素D调节支气管哮喘气道平滑肌的研究进展

气道平滑肌的过度增生、肥大及功能异常,可能是支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）的发病机制之一。新近研究发现,除了对骨骼和钙代谢有明确的作用,维生素D还可调节气道平滑肌的增殖、收缩,并在哮喘的免疫调节方面起着重要的调控作用,从而影响气道炎症、气道重塑等哮喘的病理生理过程。本文就维生素D调节哮喘气道平滑肌的研究进展作一综述。     

沙美特罗／丙酸氟替卡松对支气管哮喘患者转化生长因子β1／Smad通路的影响

目的观察沙美特罗／N酸氟替卡松对中重度持续支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）患者转化生长因子p1（transforminggrowthfactor—β1,TGF-β1）／Smad通路的影响。方法中重度持续哮喘患者30例,对照组20例。哮喘组给予规律吸入沙美特罗／N酸氟替卡松50／250／xg,2次／d,持续6个月。酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA法）定量测血清TGF-β1、Smad2表达,宝石能谱高分辨率CT（HRCT）扫描测量气道壁厚度／气道外径（T／D）、气道壁面积占气道总面积百分比（WA％）评估气道重塑程度。结果哮喘组（治疗前）血清TGF-β1（301．5±27．3）ng／L、Smad2（1182．1±50．6）ng／L与对照组TGF—β1（55．2±12．8）ng／L、Smad2（796．4±56．2）ng／L比较差异有统计学意义（t=8．52,t=5．90,P值均〈0.05）,哮喘组（治疗后）TGF-β1,（96．1±25．6）ng／L、Smad2（853．4±49．7）ng／L与哮喘组（治疗前）比较差异具有统计学意义（t=7．21,t=3．13,P值均〈O．05）,哮喘组（治疗后）血清Smad2与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=0．24,P〉o．05）;哮喘组（治疗前）T／D（23．66士4．06）％较对照组（19．79士3．37）％增加,差异有统计学意义（t=3．45,P〈O．05）,哮喘组（治疗前）wA％（69．24±6．03）‰值与对照组（51．67±4．55）％比较差异有统计学意义（t=3．77,P〈O．05）。规律吸入沙美特罗／丙酸氟替卡松6个月后,哮喘组（治疗后）T／D（20,43±3．00）％、WA％（58．40±3．85）％下降,与哮喘组（冶疗前）比较差异有统计学意义（t=2．96,t=3．05．P值均〈0．05）,哮喘组（治疗后）T／D与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=0．95,P〉0．05）,气道重塑减轻。结论哮喘患者气道重塑伴随血TGF-β1、Smad2蛋白的表达增加,规律吸入沙美特罗j丙酸氟替卡松可以通过减少血清TGF-β1、Smad2蛋白的表达,从而减轻哮喘患者气道重塑。调节TGF-β1／Smad通路可能是治疗哮喘气道重塑的新策略。