儿童扁桃体切除术后出血率及出血程度分级的初步探讨

目的　统计儿童扁桃体切除术后出血率,根据Windfuhr分级法衡量儿童扁桃体术后出血的程度。方法 统计2010年3月～2013年3月在深圳市儿童医院行扁桃体切 除或扁桃体加腺样体切除患儿资料,统计术后出血发生率。结果　1672例患儿扁桃体切除术后出血16例,出血率为0.96%。女童术后出血率1.8%明显高于男童出血率0.53%,差异有统计学意义（χ 2=5.545,P <0.05）;原发性出血6例,继发性出血10例。出血程度1级9例,2级7例。结论 儿童扁桃体切除术后出血率很低,遇有活动性出血者应手气管插管全麻下止血。     

低温等离子刀扁桃体腺样体切除术后出血原因及预防的探讨

目的探讨应用低温等离子刀行儿童扁桃体及腺样体切除术后出血的原因及预防。方法回顾分析2010年11月～2013年2月188例患儿应用低温等离子刀行扁桃体及腺样体切除术,年龄19个月～12岁,平均（5.3±3.1）岁,其中单纯行扁桃体切除60例,同时行扁桃体及腺样体切除69例,单纯行腺样体切除59例。结果 4例发生术后出血,其中3例为术后7～10 d,1例为术后24 h内,均为扁桃体切除术后出血,无腺样体切除术后出血病例。结论患儿自身因素及术者的操作水平是导致术后出血的重要原因,术前及术后宣教及护理、术中充分止血及较高的手术技巧是减少术后出血的关键。     

扁桃体切除术后出血风险的多因素分析

目的探讨扁桃体切除术后再出血的发生率,并评价与术后再出血相关的风险因素。方法分析我院2003年至2013年692名住院行扁桃体切除术的患者。其中发生术后出血者根据出血严重程度分三类:I:无创止血治疗后即可控制的极少量出血;II:需要局麻下止血的再出血;III:需要全麻下止血的再出血。采用logistic回归模型评价的风险因素指标包括:性别、年龄(成人和儿童)、扁桃体切除术术式、手术时间、结扎类型、术后抗生素使用时间等。结果 692例患者中有80例发生术后出血,其中原发性和继发性出血分别占1.6%和10%。18例患者发生第三类再出血,再次手术的整体风险为2.6%,并且多于手术后5至6天高发,而且男性成年患者中发生率更高。多因素logistic回归分析显示,成年患者和男性患者都是再出血发生的独立风险因素,也是第三类再出血发生的独立风险因素。结论男性患者和成年患者是再出血发生的独立风险因素,也是第三类再出血发生的独立风险因素。     

等离子扁桃体切除术后出血相关因素的研究

目的　研究等离子扁桃体切除术后出血的相关风险因素,为临床实践提供指导。方法　回顾性分析479例等离子扁桃体切除术患者的临床资料,其中38例患者术后出血（出血组）,441例无出血（非出血组）。对两组患者年龄、性别、手术季节、病种、术后发热情况、术前中性粒细胞数量、术前APTT情况、术前血小板数量以及出血侧别和出血侧扁桃体的肿大程度进行统计学分析,探讨扁桃体术后出血可能的风险因素。结果　38例患者发生术后继发性出血,术后出血率为7.93%,卡方检验及二项Logistic回归分析均提示年龄、术后发热与术后出血显著相关（P 均<0.05）。结论　扁桃体切除术后出血是一常见并发症,年龄及术后发热是其危险因素。     

扁桃体术后封闭术腔的止血方法效果分析

目的 探讨扁桃体切除术后有效的止血方法.方法 总结我院2006年5月-2010年9月286例全麻下行扁桃体切除术患者的临床资料,所有患者均行扁桃体剥离术,其中男性182例,女性104例,年龄6-55岁,扁桃体切除后全层间断缝合法封闭扁桃体窝146例,棉球压迫止血45例,电凝止血95例.结果 全层间断缝合法封闭扁桃体窝术后24小时无一例出血,棉球压迫止血术后24小时出血6例,电凝止血术后24小时出血2例.结论 以全层间断缝合法封闭扁桃体窝对预防扁桃体切除术后出血效果较好,术后恢复更快,并对防止术腔感染、保持扁桃体窝的形态有积极意义.     

电凝法扁桃体切除术180例

目的 探讨电凝法扁桃体切除术的可行性。方法 对180例接受电凝法扁桃体切除术（A法）、35例接受低温等离子射频扁桃体切除术（B法）的患者资料进行回顾性研究。结果 所有患者手术顺利完成,术中出血量实施A法组约5～50mL,平均10mL; B法组约5～200mL,平均为50mL。1例B法组的患者出现术后扁桃体窝出血,两组均没有出现术后扁桃体窝感染或咽旁间隙感染患者。结论 电凝法扁桃体切除术术中出血较少,可使手术更易完成。术后出血机会减少,不会增加术后并发症的发生。     

ZT粘涂胶治疗扁桃体切除术后出血的临床观察

我科扁桃体切除术后出血率为8．7％（229／2632）．为寻找简易有效的止血方法，于1993年3月至1995年3月用ZT粘涂胶处理扁桃体切除术后出血178例，效果良好，报告如下．一、方法取净扁桃体南内凝血块，查明出血部位，先用干棉球压迫啻时止皿；后用干燥的小吸管吸ZT胶直接滴在创面上，这用明胶海绵涂薄，5～7秒钟即形成柔软而富有弹性的聚合体与组织粘合。用量为Icm21滴（约0．0259）。二、临床观察随机分下列3组，观察48小时中再出血例数．1．第一组为扁桃体切除术126例，其中63例创面涂ZT胶，无一例出血（0／63，0％）；另63例接传统法局…     

扁桃体周围脓肿行扁桃体切除术的术后出血分析

目的　比较扁桃体周围脓肿患者采用两种不同治疗方法,再行扁桃体切除术的术后出血差异。方法　回顾性分析2009年9月~2019年9月福建医科大学第二临床医学院收治的579例扁桃体周围脓肿行全麻下扁桃体切除术治疗的患者,分为脓肿期手术（观察组）297例和常规择期手术（对照组）282例,比较两组患者扁桃体切除术后出血发生率及术后出血量情况。结果　相较于对照组,观察组患者手术有助于减少扁桃体切除术后原发性出血率,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.59,P <0.05）,继发性出血率,差异无统计学意义χ2=0.26,P >0.05）。结论　扁桃体周围脓肿患者在脓肿期行扁桃体切除术可以有效减少扁桃体切除术后原发性出血概率。     

扁桃体术后出血的原因分析

目的：探讨扁桃体术后出血的常见原因,并提出相应的预防措施。方法：选取扁桃体切除术患者1192例,根据其是否发生术后出血分为两组,对两组患者的基本资料和治疗情况进行统计学分析。结果：扁桃体术后出血者中成年、男性患者,合并高血压、肝脏疾病,术前长期服用阿司匹林,术前长期使用肾上腺皮质激素,局部麻醉,术中采取纱球压迫止血,术后剧烈咳嗽,不合理进食,以及围手术期存在焦虑情绪的患者所占比例明显高于未发生出血者,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而患者是否合并糖尿病对其术后出血影响不大（P〉0．05）。经Logistic回归分析,焦虑,合并高血压、肝脏疾病,使用纱球压迫止血,术后剧烈咳嗽以及不合理饮食都是患者发生扁桃体出血的原因（P〈0．05）。结论：扁桃体术后出血与多方面的因素密切相关,在临床工作中应给予针对性的预防。     

手术结束前升高血压对减少低温等离子扁桃体切除术后出血的疗效观察

目的　比较手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔与常规检查扁桃体术腔两种方法对扁桃体切除术后出血的影响。方法　对我院2008年1月～2016年1月行全麻下低温 等离子扁桃体切除术的患者1069例,采用回顾性临床病例对照研究方法,分为手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔组546例（治疗组）与常规检查扁桃体术腔组523例（对照组）,比较两组的术后出血发生率、术后出血量等。结果　治疗组原发性出血6例,发生率1.10%,继发性出血9例,发生率1.65%。对照组原发性出血17例,发生率3.25%,继发性出血5例,发生率0.96%。扁桃体切除后手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔,可减低术后原发性出血概率,而与术后继发性出血无明显相关。结论　手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔能有效减少低温等离子扁桃体切除术后原发性出血发生概率。     

两种扁桃体切除方法的临床观察

目的比较两种不同扁桃体切除及止血方法的优缺点。方法将诊治的90例扁桃体切除术患者随机分为等离子手术组（A组）和传统手术组（B组）,每组各45例,所有手术均由同一术者完成。等离子手术组用低温等离子法切除扁桃体并止血;传统手术组则采用常规扁桃体剥离并用双极电凝止血。记录切除双侧扁桃体所需时间和出血量;术后第1天起每日记录患者咽部疼痛评分情况,连续10 d;术后第10天观察并记录扁桃体窝内的白膜状况。结果A、B两组手术总时间分别为（18.0±1.6）min、（43.5±3.4）min,术中总出血量分别为（9.3±1.3）ml、（53.8±5.5）ml,两组间差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组患者术后1周内疼痛指数差异比较具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,1周后疼痛指数比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;A、B两组术后出血发生病例数分别为3例、4例,出血发生率比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后比较,A、B两组白膜与扁桃体窝面积比分别为（43.8±6.6）%、（40.5±5.1）%,两组之间差异无统计学意义,但等离子组白膜较为清洁。结论与传统扁桃体剥离法比较,低温等离子法切除扁桃体具有手术损伤小、术中出血少、术后疼痛轻、恢复好等优点,可作为扁桃体切除手术的首选。     

Post-tonsillectomy bleeding: an evaluation of risk factors

While tonsillectomy is usually a safe operation, it is always accompanied by the risk of immediate postoperative bleeding. Despite continued efforts to eliminate this problem, it remains a persistent risk. In reviewing 775 consecutive cases of tonsillectomy, immediate postoperative bleeding occurred in 21 (2.7%). Diagnostic, demographic, hematologic, hemodynamic and surgical management factors were evaluated. The role of local anesthesia for tonsillectomy was also examined. Postoperative bleeders were more likely to have abnormal preoperative clotting studies, greater elevations of their mean postoperative blood pressures, and unusual surgical indications. Local anesthetic cases were shorter, had less intraoperative bleeding and were not associated with greater postoperative bleeding. We conclude that local anesthesia is safe and efficient and that identifiable factors are associated with primary post-tonsillectomy bleeding. An awareness of these factors can help identify potential postoperative bleeders.     

冷、热止血法与扁桃体切除术后疼痛关系的比较研究

目的观察电凝器喷凝止血法（热止血法）和压迫缝扎止血法（冷止血法）与扁桃体切除术后疼痛的相关性。方法行扁桃体摘除术的慢性扁桃体炎患者100例，分为2组，术中分别采用冷止血法和热止血法进行创面止血。分别记录术中出血量，术后每天观察进食情况以记录正常进食时间；采用McGill疼痛量表法，于术后第3天进行疼痛评分并作组问比较分析。结果热止血法组病例的术中平均出血量及术后进食时间分别为10．26±0．69ml和H2．52±0．42d，而冷止血法组病例则分别为12．52±0．45ml及2．12±0．63d（P〈0．05）；比较术后疼痛持续时间，热止血法组病例有3个指标明显大于冷止血法组，仅1个指标明显短于后者（均P〈0．05），其余指标组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论热止血法手术操作较安全，术中出血量较少，但术后疼痛较明显。因而，应根据患者术中的具体情况灵活选择止血方法。     

Analysis of postoperative hemorrhage after adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children in own material

Hypertophy of pharyngeal tonsil and palatine tonsils is the most common cause of nasal obstruction in children. When the obstruction of the nasopharynx causes recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract, chronic otitis media secretoria or sleep apnoea, then adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy is indicated. The purpose of the study was analysis of postoperative hemorrhage after adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy. The influent of frequent infections of upper respiratory tract, disorders of blood clotting, chronic diseases, seasons of the year, operation time and general anesthesia on postoperative hemorrhage was estimated. A group of 1184 children after adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy was studied. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in 59 children (4.98%). Early bleeding was frequently occurred after adenotonsillectomy and late bleeding after adenoidectomy. There was relationship between the time of general anesthesia and incidences of postoperative bleeding. Food or inhalation allergy, recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract and male sex are risk factors of postoperative hemorrhage after adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy.     

Effect of modern fibrin glue on bleeding after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

We performed a prospective randomized study in 179 patients to examine the second-generation surgical fibrin sealant Quixil as an effective substitute for different types of electrocautery in tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. We compared the rates of hemorrhagic complications in a group with bipolar or needle point electrocautery and in a group in whom fibrin glue was used to stop intraoperative bleeding and to prevent postoperative bleeding. The operations were performed under general anesthesia in typical fashion with sharp dissection. For the control group, hemostasis was achieved by bipolar or needle point electrocautery. For the fibrin glue group, hemostasis was achieved by spraying Quixil fibrin glue approximately 0.5 mL to each tonsillar fossa and 0.5 mL to the nasopharynx (in adenoidectomy). The results were excellent in all the patients of the fibrin glue group, with complete hemostasis and resolution of the major symptoms. In this group, the intraoperative blood loss averaged 15 mL in tonsillectomy and 9 mL in adenoidectomy. There were no cases of postoperative hemorrhage or any other complications. The electrocautery group required a longer time for healing, and its intraoperative blood loss (tonsillectomy) averaged 29 to 33 mL. The incidence of posttonsillectomy bleeding in this group was 4.35% (4 patients). Three patients (3.26%) had primary hemorrhage (bleeding that occurs within the first 24 hours of surgery), and 1 patient (1.09%) had secondary hemorrhage (bleeding that occurs after the first 24 hours). We conclude that Quixil fibrin glue application to the operative sites in tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy provides effective hemostasis and sealing with good systemic and local compatibility. With the help of Quixil, we minimized surgical trauma and achievedabsolute hemostasis at the same time. We found this fibrin glue to be a more convenient and effective hemostatic sealant than bipolar or needle point coagulation.     

Postoperative bleeding after diathermy and dissection tonsillectomy

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence and pattern of bleeding after tonsillectomy performed by either cold dissection or diathermy. DESIGN: A prospective, nonrandomized cohort study of postoperative hemorrhage after tonsillectomy. METHODS: Monthly reporting of the number of tonsillectomies and postoperative bleeds from otolaryngologists working in rural areas of Victoria, Australia over a 2.5 year period. Criteria for bleeding were either 1) repeat anesthesia and surgery because of hemorrhage (including return to theater from the recovery room), or 2) readmission to hospital because of bleeding, or 3) blood transfusion to replace blood loss. Main outcome measures were the incidence, volume, and time course of postoperative hemorrhage. RESULTS: The number of bilateral tonsillectomies with removal by cold-blunt dissection was 3,087. In this group, there were 57 (1.85%) bleeds. The number of bilateral tonsillectomies with removal by diathermy dissection was 1,557. In this group, there were 37 (2.38%) bleeds. If cold dissection is taken as the "control" and diathermy tonsillectomy as the "treatment" group, the relative risk of bleeding after diathermy tonsillectomy is 1.30 (95% confidence interval 0.88-1.93). The pattern of bleeding after each technique differs significantly over time, with more reactionary bleeds in the dissection group and more bleeds between 4 to 7 postoperative days after diathermy. When bleeding occurred, it was in excess of 500 mL in 16% of dissection cases and 43% of diathermy tonsillectomies. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the risk of bleeding after each technique did not reach statistical significance, but the temporal pattern of hemorrhage differed, and more bleeds exceeding 500 mL were seen in the diathermy group.     

Hemorrhage after tonsillectomy. Analysis of 229 cases

Background. In Germany a hospital stay of 6 days following tonsillectomy is recommended. Our retrospective study aimed to evaluate the incidence of hemorrhage following tonsillectomy with regard to the safety of a shorter hospital stay. Patients and methods. 5474 patients of our clinic who underwent tonsillectomy between 1988 and 1998 were enrolled in our study. Additionally, 65 patients with hemorrhage following tonsillectomy elsewhere were included. Results. Postoperative hemorrhage occured in 145 (2,65%) of our patients, 7 patients underwent recurrent treatment, in 97% suture ligation was sufficient. Primary bleeding (<24 h) occured in 79,7% of our patients. A 42-month old boy died at home due to massive bleeding 6 days following surgery. In this particular case, we strictly recommended postpone dismission because the boy had recurrent episodes of bleeding the days before. Postoperative hemorrhage after tonsillectomy performed elsewhere had to be treated in most cases 7–8 days postoperatively. Suture ligation of bleeding vessels was not sufficient in 21% and ligature of the external carotid artery mandatory. In these cases we usually found signs of deep necrosis. Conclusion. Due to the risk of life-threatening bleeding tonsillectomy should be performed as an inpatient procedure. The time of hospital stay should be related to the results obtained by self-evaluation and definition of risk factors. Readmission of patients with hemorrhage after dismission should be recommended. The follow-up has to be extended as long as the healing process continues.     

Tonsillectomy under local anesthesia: a safe and effective alternative

Tonsillectomy using local anesthesia (local tonsillectomy) is a safe and effective alternative to general anesthesia in the healthy cooperative teenage or adult patient. This retrospective analysis involved 64 local tonsillectomies performed over the past 7 years in a minor operating room using only local anesthesia with intravenous sedation. Operations were performed by residents in training as well as by experienced head and neck surgeons. Blood loss, morbidity, complications, and patient satisfaction were reviewed and compared with tonsillectomies done under general anesthesia. The average blood loss was 42 mL in the local tonsillectomy group with no cases of postoperative hemorrhage, compared with 198 mL in the general anesthesia group with two cases of postoperative hemorrhage. There was one major complication related to postoperative antibiotic use in the local anesthesia group, and follow-up interviews revealed that patients were satisfied with the procedure and would recommend and choose local anesthesia again. We conclude that local tonsillectomies have high patient acceptance and are associated with minimal morbidity and complications. Furthermore, they are cost-effective.