甘肃地区干血斑法孕中期产前筛查指标中位数系统建立

目的建立甘肃地区干血斑法孕中期产前筛查指标甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)和游离绒毛膜促性腺激素(free-beta human chorionic gonadotropin,Freeβ-HCG)中位数系统,为干血斑法在该地区人群孕中期的产前筛查风险评估提供实验室数据依支持。方法采用时间分辨荧光分析法检测11 257例妊娠15~20+6w妊娠女性干血斑样本中AFP和Freeβ-HCG的浓度,利用产筛风险评估软件(Life Cycle 3.2,LC3.0)的Medians Tool统计不同孕周AFP和Freeβ-HCG的人群中位数,并计算出MOM值。结果甘肃地区人群干血斑法孕中期产前筛查指标:AFP和Freeβ-HCG在各孕周的中位数均较Life Cycle 3.2内嵌值高。结论不同地区干血斑法孕中期产前筛查的中位数切割值可能存在差异,有必要建立本地区人群中位数系统。     

孕中期产前筛查与促甲状腺素相关性探讨

目的探讨孕中期产前筛查标志物（AFP、Free β-HCG）与促甲状腺素（TSH）之间的相关性。方法应用时间分辨荧光免疫分析法（DELFIA）检测40887例孕中期母血清中AFP和Free β-HCG，应用微粒子化学发光法（CLIA）检测其中106例孕中期母血清中TSH．结果AFP与TSH无相关性（t=0．4351，P=0．6644），Freeβ-HCG与TSH有显著相关性（t=2.8882，P=0．0024）。结论利用孕中期母血清产前筛查的信息，可以指导孕妇进行甲状腺功能的检查，来预防和改善妊娠结局，从而保护孕产妇的健康，降低围产期死亡率。     

双胎孕妇孕中期母血清产前筛查参数初探

目的回顾性研究宁波市近几年产前筛查结果,分析Wallac软件内嵌参数在双胎孕妇的适用性.方法测定方法采用时间分辨荧光法(DELFIA).结果宁波市双胎孕妇AFP、Fβ-HCG中位数与 Wallac软件内嵌参数源人群(31909例)AFP、Fβ-HCG分位数资料比较.采用t-检验(平均值的成对二样本分析),结果 AFP t值为5.6330(P=0.0012),Fβ-HCG t值为6.0281(P=0.0012),两者均存在显著性差异.结论双胎孕妇孕中期血清产前筛查用Wallac软件计算胎儿可能患NTD、21-三体、18-三体等疾病的风险率时,内嵌参数需作调整.重新建立了双胎孕妇各孕周的AFP、Fβ-HCG中位数值.     

宁波地区孕中期母血清产前筛查胎儿缺陷参数分析

目的回顾性研究宁波市近几年产前筛查结果,分析Wallac软件内嵌参数在宁波市的适用性.方法测定方法采用时间分辨荧光法(DELFIA).结果宁波市孕妇AFP值比Wallac软件内嵌参数源人群(欧洲高加索人)AFP平均水平要高出22.2%,Fβ-HCG值比Wallac软件内嵌参数源人群(欧洲高加索人)Fβ-HCG平均水平高出14.1%.结论 :宁波市孕妇孕中期血清产前筛查用Wallac软件计算胎儿可能患NTD、21-三体、18-三体等疾病的风险率时,内嵌参数需作调整.     

威海地区妊娠中期孕妇血清标志物中位数的建立

目的 探讨产前筛查27软件内置中位数的适用性,建立威海地区孕中期母体血清标志物水平中位数,并利用其对筛查性能和效率进行评估.方法 对威海地区24 400名孕105~146 d孕妇的血清进行甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)和游离β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotropin,β-hCG)进行检测,建立本地不同孕期孕妇AFP和游离β-hCG中位数的回归方程.进一步对中位数进行体重校正得到新的模型.结果 新模型比27软件内嵌模型的血清标记物AFP和游离β-hCG中位数分别高出6%和24%.经孕龄和体重校正后,威海地区人群模型与27软件内嵌模型计算的血清标记物中位数值倍数的差异有统计学意义.结论 建立威海地区各孕周中位数十分必要,对于提高产前筛查的效率具有重要意义.     

8341例孕妇产前筛查唐氏综合征的回顾性分析

目的 通过较大样本的人群血清学筛查,建立各孕周AFP、F-β-HCG的中位数,并探讨高危人群范围.方法对8341例孕14-21 6周孕妇,采用时间分辨荧光免疫系统进行血清标志物检测,通过特殊软件进行风险计算,得出高危孕妇,并对其进行产前诊断.并利用非线性加权回归模型计算并建立各孕周的AFP、F-β-HCG的中住数.结果筛查出唐氏综合征高危485例,筛查阳性率5.81%(485/8341),确诊唐氏患儿8例,假阴性病例1例.建立的各孕周AFP、F-β-HCG的中位数与原始筛查软件内嵌参考值比铰均有显著性差异.经修正后的中位数重新分析,9例唐氏患儿全部检出.结论建立适合各地区人群的唐氏综合征血清学筛查AFP、F-β-HCG的中位数值,对提高了筛查效率很有必要.     

早中孕整合筛查染色体疾病的方案临床价值

目的比较孕中期筛查方案与早中孕整合筛查方案的临床效果,探讨早中孕整合筛查方案的实用价值。方法孕早期应用超声测量胎儿颈项半透明层厚度（nuchal translucency,NT）,应用时间分辨荧光免疫方法（DELFIA）检测孕早期母血清标志物PAPP-A、Freeβ-HCG、孕中期母血清标志物AFP、Freeβ-HCG和uE3,分别采用孕中期三联筛查方案（AFP、Freeβ-HCG和uE3）和早中孕整合筛查方案（孕早期NT、PAPP-A和Freeβ-HCG,孕中期AFP、Freeβ-HCG和uE3）,利用Lifecycle3.0风险分析统计软件计算胎儿发生唐氏综合征（Down＇s syndrome,DS）和18三体综合征（Edwards syndrome,ES）的危险概率,并进行产前诊断及随访妊娠结局,筛查效果比对分析。结果 1437例孕妇采用孕中期筛查方案筛查阳性率为4.73%（68/1437）;采用早中孕整合筛查方案筛查阳性率为1.81%（26/1437）;孕中期筛查与早中孕整合筛查两种方案用配对资料χ2检验,χ2=26.7,P〈0.05,两种方法之间差异有显著意义;确诊4例胎儿核型异常,早中孕整合筛查全部检出,而孕中期筛查只检出2例,1例DS和1例ES的孕妇为中孕期筛查低风险而早中孕整合筛查高风险。结论早中孕整合筛查方案的临床效果优于孕中期筛查,筛查方案的改进能提高唐氏综合征和18三体综合征的检出率,降低假阳性率,从而有效干预出生缺陷。     

江苏地区孕中期唐氏综合征筛查母血清标志物中位倍数标化方法的探讨

目的 探讨我国唐氏综合征产前筛查时应用国外软件MultiCalc作内嵌参数估计的适用性.方法 通过构建血清指标中位浓度与孕龄间的回归关系,选取最优模型得到指标中位浓度.并对中位倍数(multiple of the median,MoM)与体重的关系进行探讨,选取最优模型得到体重调整后的MoM值.结果 在未经体重校正的条件下,江苏地区孕中期孕妇的甲胎蛋白(alpha fetal protein,AFP)平均水平比MultiCalc软件内嵌参数源人群(欧洲白人)AFP平均水平要高出16%,而游离β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotrophin,β-hCG)要高出14%.经过体重校正后,MultiCalc软件计算的表达成MoM值的AFP平均水平为0.99,游离β-hCG平均水平为1.02,而模型标化的血清标志物的MoM中位数均为1.00.结论 江苏地区孕中期妇女的血清指标平均水平与MultiCalc软件内嵌参数源人群没有差别,MultiCalc软件适合于江苏省孕妇的唐氏综合征筛查.     

1798例孕早中期整合筛查筛查效果分析

目的对比分析孕早中期整合筛查与孕中期三联产前筛查对检出胎儿染色体异常和神经管畸形的筛查效率,探讨整合筛查的临床价值,寻求更好的产前筛查模式。方法1798名孕早中期整合筛查孕妇孕早期（11w～13＋5w）检测血清标志物PAPP-A、Freeβ-HCG,同时B超测量胎儿颈项透明层厚度（NT）,于孕中期（15w～19＋6w）测定血清标志物AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3,同期4295名孕妇行孕中期三联筛查（检测母血清标志物AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3）,对筛查高风险孕妇进行后续产前诊断,并对妊娠结局进行随访,将两组筛查效果进行对比分析。结果整合筛查组高风险筛查高风险率1.06％,假阳性率0.95％,明显低于中期筛查组,两组差异有显著统计学意义。结论整合筛查组具有更低的假阳性率,避免了很多不必要的侵入性的产前诊断,是更有效的产前筛查模式。     

孕期血清学筛查唐氏综合征

目的通过较大样本的人群血清学筛查,确立各孕周的血清AFP、β-HCG的中位数;比较各年龄组的筛查唐氏综合征高危比例,探讨高危人群范围。方法:对孕14-22w之间的孕妇,应用全自动酶放大化学发光免疫检测系统检测血清中AFP、β-HCG值,并通过风险计算软件进行风险计算。结果对1825例孕妇进行产前筛查,共筛查出唐氏征高危101例,其中41例行羊水穿刺,39例染色体核型分析正常,1例证实为21三体,1例为47,XYY。其余60例追踪新生儿无染色体疾病。唐氏征高危的检出率为5．5％,假阳性率5．4％。未发现假阴性病例。通过统计学分析建立各孕周的β- HCG,AFP的中位数,建立的β-HCG中位数通过体重的校正与原始提供参考值比较差异有显著性(t=2．562,P= 0．034),建立的AFP中位数通过体重校正与原始提供参考值比较差异有极显著性(t=3．754,P=0．005)。筛查人群呈正态分布,而年龄小于25岁组无一例唐氏征筛查高危者,高危人群随着年龄增加,检出率随之增加。结论血清学唐氏征筛查是简单元创的筛查手段之一。随着年龄增加惠染色体疾病风险率增加,对于年龄大于35岁的孕妇应积极进行筛查。目前仍需要多中心大样本的研究以建立适合国人的唐氏征血清学筛查的AFP,β-HCG的中位数值。     

9969例孕中期孕妇产前筛查结果分析

目的分析孕中期母体血清hAFP、freeβ-HCG、uE3的变化及产前筛查的应用价值。方法采用时间分辨荧光免疫技术检测孕中期母体血清标志物hAFP、freeβ-HCG、uE3的含量,结合孕妇年龄、孕周、体重等因素用Risk2T软件进行风险评估,根据评估结果,将同孕周高、低风险孕妇的hAFP、freeβ-HCG、uE3含量进行统计分析;同时,建议高风险孕妇进一步确诊。结果低风险母体血清hAFP、uE3含量与孕周呈正相关,freeβ-HCG含量与孕周呈负相关;21-三体高风险母体血清hAFP、uE3含量明显低于低风险母体血清该指标含量,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;而freeβ-HCG含量明显高于低风险时该指标含量,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;18-三体高风险的母体血清hAFP、freeβ-HCG含量均低于低风险时该指标含量,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。9969例孕妇中,筛查出21-三体、18-三体及NTD高风险共288例,筛查阳性率2.9%;107例进行了产前诊断,共确诊19例,确诊率为17.8%,分别为：21-三体6例、18-三体2例,NTD 3例,其他异常儿8例。结论孕中期母体血清3项指标呈规律性变化,检测该指标可发现高风险孕妇;产前筛查结合产前诊断能有效降低出生缺陷率。     

Medians for second-trimester maternal serum markers: geographical differences and variation caused by median multiples-of-median equations

OBJECTIVES: To establish gestational age-specific mid-trimester normal medians for the prenatal serum markers alpha fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and unconjugated oestriol (uE3) for a Belgian population by using the Beckman Coulter Access chemiluminiscent immunoassays; to compare these data with data obtained from other geographical regions; to propose regression coefficients for regressed medians and analyse variation induced by different regression equations; to evaluate the effect of formulas used for gestation correction on estimating risk in Down's syndrome. DESIGN: Data derived from 862 fresh serum samples from women being screened for Down's syndrome pregnancy, composed of selected pregnancies deemed to be normal, were examined in a retrospective study. Regressed medians were calculated by using a first-degree logarithmic-linear fit of the raw data. Multiples-of-median (MoM) values estimated by using a simple logarithmic-linear equation were compared with those calculated with higher-degree polynomials chosen with a goodness-of-fit analysis. Model-specific variation was estimated and the effect on risk for Down's syndrome was evaluated. RESULTS: Regressed medians (Y) for Access serum markers AFP (IU/ml), HCG (IU/ml) and uE3 (nmol/l) for a Belgian population can be estimated with the equation Y = 10((A+BX)) with X = decimal weeks. The best fit was obtained with a third-degree and a second-degree polynomial for AFP and uE3, respectively. Differences between the medians and among the slopes of the geographical populations were found to be significant (analysis of covariance, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Belgian marker medians versus gestational time are found to show a pattern that is similar to that in the literature. The log-linear equation is observed to give a good fit and can be suggested as a tool for calculating median MoM values for Belgian laboratories that use Access biochemical prenatal markers.     

The contribution of maternal serum markers in the early prenatal diagnosis of molar pregnancies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of maternal serum markers in the early prenatal diagnosis of molar pregnancies. The ultrasound features, cytogenetic and histopathological findings of 10 cases of molar pregnancy diagnosed at 11-13 weeks of gestation were compared retrospectively with the maternal serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein (SP1). Free beta-HCG and intact HCG concentrations were very high [> or = 2.5 multiples of the median (MoM)] in all cases. AFP concentrations were extremely low in all cases of singleton complete moles (< or = 0.5 MoM) and were high in one case of twin complete mole, in one case of triploid partial mole and two cases of euploid partial mole (> or = 2.5 MoM). Serum PAPP-A and SP1 were high in complete moles. The combined use of ultrasound features, maternal serum proteins and fetal cytogenetic findings should enable the early differential diagnosis in utero and perinatal management of those molar pregnancies presenting with an anatomically normal fetus.     

Maternal serum beta-HCG and alpha-fetoprotein concentrations in singleton pregnancies following assisted reproduction

BACKGROUND: The reason for the elevated levels of HCG in assisted reproduction pregnancies remains unknown. Our hypothesis was that this increase is caused by the ovarian superovulation therapy. METHODS: We compared the beta-HCG and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) multiples of the median (MoM) in singleton pregnancies after IVF or ICSI with those achieved by frozen embryo transfer (FET) in spontaneous cycles. RESULTS: The HCG and AFP MoMs (plus minus SEMs) of 59 FET pregnancies were compared with 144 IVF (including 48 ICSI) pregnancies. The maternal HCG of pregnancies following ovarian stimulation was 1.31 plus minus 0.08 MoM compared with 1.35 plus minus 0.12 MoM in the unstimulated ones. The values for AFP were 1.06 plus minus 0.05 versus 1.11 plus minus 0.05 respectively. No significant differences could be observed between pregnancies following stimulated IVF/ICSI and unstimulated FET cycles. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that second trimester maternal serum HCG is also elevated in singleton pregnancies following spontaneous FET cycles. The increased maternal serum HCG in IVF pregnancies is thus not related to superovulation therapy. Because of the elevated maternal serum HCG levels, serum screening cannot be performed reliably in pregnancies following assisted reproduction technology. Ultrasonographic detection of the nuchal translucency is unaffected and should be used for this group of women undergoing assisted reproduction.     

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin in pregnancies conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and conventional in-vitro fertilization.

Data in the Caucasian population suggest that maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and unconjugated oestriol concentrations are reduced and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) concentrations are elevated in pregnancies conceived after in-vitro fertilization (IVF), leading to a higher than expected Down's syndrome screen-positive rate. There are no previous reports on the serum marker values in pregnancies conceived after intracytoplasmic injection (ICSI). Between 1996 and 1998, we measured maternal serum total HCG and AFP concentrations between 15 and 20 weeks gestation in 42 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies and 23 ICSI pregnancies with known normal outcome. The results were compared with that of 2799 naturally occurring singleton pregnancies who were known to have a normal outcome. Median AFP multiple of the median (MOM) in ICSI pregnancies was significantly reduced to 0.76 compared with both that of the controls and that of the IVF pregnancies. For the IVF pregnancies, median HCG MOM was elevated to 1.15, and median AFP MOM was reduced to 0.88 compared with the controls, but these differences were not statistically significant. In both the IVF and ICSI pregnancies the changes might result in a falsely high Down's syndrome risk. In particular, the reduced AFP concentration in ICSI pregnancies was substantial. If this preliminary finding is substantiated by other series, the appropriate adjustment needs to be made to allow for valid interpretation of the screen result and to avoid an unnecessarily high false positive rate.     

武汉地区2613例产前筛查高风险孕妇的产前诊断

目的评价羊水细胞染色体分析和产前无创基因检测对诊断胎儿染色体异常的临床应用价值。方法对43284例孕14—20^＋6周的孕妇采用化学发光法进行血清AFP、Free—ISHCG和uE3浓度的检测,结合孕周、体重、年龄等因素,通过风险评估软件进行风险评估。将筛查结果与B超、羊水染色体分析、新生儿检查结果对照。结果43284例孕妇中产前筛查高风险2613例。其中唐氏综合征高风险2178例,筛查阳性率为5．03％（2178／43284）,经产前无创基因检测和羊水染色体核型分析确诊19例唐氏综合征患儿;18-三体高风险者195例筛查阳性率为0．45％（195／43284）,经产前无创基因检测和羊水染色体分析确诊4例;神经管缺陷高危者240例,筛查阳性率为0．55％（240／43284）,经超声检查确诊为神经管缺陷胎儿56例。结论产前筛查和产前诊断可减少缺陷儿的出生,具有明显的经济效益和社会效益,是落实优生优育政策非常有效的技术手段。     

神经管缺陷产前筛查的AFP中位数倍数校正值的建立

目的 探讨和构建北京人群神经管缺陷(neural tube defect,NTD)产前筛查的血清标志物甲胎蛋白(α-fetoprotein,AFP)浓度中位数倍数(multiple of the median,MOM)的校正模型.方法 选取5668例孕中期孕妇,通过分析其AFP浓度与孕周和体重之间的相关性,分别进行回归...     

怀化市孕中期唐氏综合征的血清筛查和产前诊断分析

目的探讨孕中期采用甲胎蛋白(AFP)、游离β-绒毛膜促性腺激素(Free-β-HCG)、游离E3(uE3)联合筛查法在孕中期筛查唐氏综合征(DS)、神经管缺陷(NTD)及其他胎儿异常的可行性。方法应用时间分辨免疫荧光法检测孕妇血清中AFP、Free-β-HCG、uE3浓度,结合母龄、体重、孕周等个体参数,经过软件计算风险率;对高风险孕妇在知情的情况下,自愿选择进行染色体核型分析。结果 12 559例样本共筛查出高危孕妇862例,其中457例进行羊水染色体核型诊断;检出唐氏综合征儿16例,染色体结构异常27例,染色体多态11例。结论孕中期应用母血清三联法筛查,结合产前诊断是减少出生缺陷发生的有效手段之一。     

武汉地区20930例产前筛查结果分析

目的探讨孕中期二联法产前筛查对胎儿染色体异常及神经管缺陷的作用及不足。方法对武汉地区20930例孕14-20周的孕妇进行血清AFP和Free-βHCG浓度的检测,结合孕周、体重、年龄等因素,通过风险评估软件进行风险评估。再将结果与B超、羊水、新生儿检查结果对照。结果筛查染色体高风险有1064例,确诊染色体异常16例,已知染色体异常假阴性结果5例（漏筛）。筛查神经管缺陷高风险159例,通过B超确诊为神经管缺陷胎儿48例。结论在特定孕期对孕妇血清指标AFP、Free-βHCG检查,在一定程度上有利于降低先天性缺陷儿的出生率;同时由于二联法本身的局限性,存在较高漏筛率。