靶向B细胞成熟抗原在多发性骨髓瘤中的治疗进展

过去20年,多发性骨髓瘤（multiple myeloma,MM）的治疗取得了较大的进展,患者的生存时间获得显著延长,但多数患者最终仍会复发或变为难治性,MM仍然无法治愈。B细胞成熟抗原（B cell maturation antigen,BCMA）的表达仅限于一些B细胞谱系,在MM细胞上广泛表达,是MM的一个理想靶抗原。多种靶向BCMA的治疗,包括嵌合抗原受体（chimeric antigen receptor,CAR）T 细胞、双特异性抗体（bispecific antibodies,BsAbs）和抗体-药物偶联物（antibod-drug conjugate,ADC）,在复发/难治性MM患者中取得显著的临床反应。本文综述了近年来MM靶向BCMA治疗的研究进展。      

靶向B细胞成熟抗原的嵌合抗原受体T细胞治疗自体造血干细胞移植后复发多发性骨髓瘤3例并文献复习

目的探讨靶向B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA)的嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)治疗自体造血干细胞移植后复发多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2019年7月至2022年1月解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院收治的接受靶向BCMA的CAR-T治疗自体造血干细胞移植后复发MM的3例患者临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果3例MM患者移植后复发时骨髓浆细胞分别为23.5%、6.5%、34.5%。经过靶向BCMA的CAR-T治疗,3例均达到完全缓解(CR),均出现细胞因子释放综合征(CRS),其中1例为1级CRS,2例为2级CRS。3例患者输注CAR-T后,CAR-T均出现扩增及细胞因子的变化。1例在CAR-T治疗后30个月时疾病再次复发,2例仍处于持续CR状态。结论靶向BCMA的CAR-T对自体造血干细胞移植后复发的MM患者具有较好疗效和安全性。     

CAR-T细胞治疗多发性骨髓瘤优化策略

多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM)是第二大最常见的血液系统恶性肿瘤,尽管现代疗法使患者症状得到了显著改善,整体生存率明显提高,但多数患者仍然复发并死亡。嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor T,CAR-T)细胞疗法在多种肿瘤治疗特别是血液系统肿瘤治疗中显示出明显疗效,为复发/难治性MM的治疗带来希望。本文主要从CAR-T细胞结构设计、活性优化、安全性控制等方面来阐述CAR-T细胞治疗MM的优化策略新进展。     

BCMA CAR-T细胞治疗的耐药机制及优化策略研究

嵌合抗原受体T细胞（chimeric antigen receptor T cells,CAR-T）疗法在血液系统肿瘤治疗中已展示出卓越成效。BCMA抗原在骨髓瘤细胞表面普遍表达,是合适高效的CAR-T治疗靶抗原。尤其是对于复发/难治性多发性骨髓瘤患者,BCMA CAR-T细胞治疗缓解率高,多数患者在输注1年后仍可在体内检测到CAR-T细胞。但是耐药与疾病复发仍是目前临床管理中面对的关键问题。本文将从多发性骨髓瘤细胞免疫逃逸、CAR-T产品因素、既往治疗方案及肿瘤免疫微环境的抑制等几个方面来探讨BCMA CAR-T细胞疗法的应答响应因素及耐药诱导机制,并提出可能的优化策略,以期为未来探索提供参考意义。     

来那度胺联合抗B细胞成熟抗原嵌合抗原受体T细胞治疗复发难治多发性骨髓瘤一例并文献复习

目的:探讨来那度胺联合抗B细胞成熟抗原（BCMA）嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T）治疗复发难治多发性骨髓瘤（RRMM）的临床效果。方法:回顾分析河南省中医院2020年1月收治的1例接受来那度胺联合抗BCMA CAR-T治疗的RRMM患者临床资料,分析其临床特点及诊治情况,并复习相关文献。结果:患者为51岁男性,2015年10月确诊IgD-λ型多发性骨髓瘤（MM）,接受包括免疫调节剂和蛋白酶体抑制剂等方案化疗10个疗程后缓解,随后接受自体造血干细胞移植;移植后14个月MM复发,采用多种化疗方案及鼠源和人源抗BCMA CAR-T治疗,病情持续进展。用氟达拉滨和环磷酰胺预处理后,-1天服用来那度胺,次日输注人源抗BCMA CAR-T,输注后发生3级细胞因子释放综合征（CRS）,对症治疗后缓解。抗BCMA CAR-T治疗后14 d原发病评估达非常好的部分缓解（VGPR）,至截稿前已维持VGPR 3个多月。结论:来那度胺联合抗BCMA CAR-T治疗RRMM是可行的和有效的。     

多发性骨髓瘤免疫治疗进展

嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)和新型靶向治疗等生物免疫疗法的临床应用开辟了多发性骨髓瘤(MM)治疗的新领域。靶向B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA)、同种异体CAR-T、抗体偶联药物(ADC)及靶向BCMA的双特异性抗体在多项临床研究中获得了令人瞩目的疗效及较好的安全性。文章结合第62届美国血液学会(ASH)年会的相关报道对MM免疫治疗进展进行介绍。     

靶向B细胞成熟抗原的嵌合抗原受体T细胞治疗多发性骨髓瘤研究进展

以嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)疗法为代表的细胞治疗在多发性骨髓瘤(MM)治疗领域取得了很多突破进展, 尤其是靶向B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA)的自体CAR-T、双特异性CAR-T和通用型CAR-T等在多项MM的临床研究中均获得了良好疗效, 第63届美国血液学会年会上更新了多项相关临床研究数据, 结果令人鼓舞。     

靶向B细胞成熟抗原的嵌合抗原受体T细胞的构建及其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤

[摘要] 目的：探索通过嵌合抗原受体（chimeric antigen receptor,CAR）-T 细胞靶向B 细胞成熟抗原（B cell maturation antigen,BCMA）以治疗多发性骨髓瘤（multiple myeloma,MM）的方法。方法：构建基于鼠源BCMA scFv 的CAR-BCMA分子,包装为慢病毒载体并感染健康人T 细胞构建CAR-BCMA-T 细胞;构建BCMA阳性细胞系A549-BCMA、A549-BCMAOFP和K562-BCMA作为靶细胞。将CAR-BCMA-T细胞与构建的靶细胞和人骨髓瘤细胞U266 共孵育,CCK-8 法和流式细胞术检测其对BCMA阳性肿瘤细胞的杀伤能力。构建MM患者来源CAR-BCMA-T细胞并检测其杀伤靶细胞A549-BCMA的能力,并采用ELISA和流式细胞术检测CAR-BCMA-T细胞IFN-γ 的释放水平。结果：健康人来源的CAR-BCMA-T经过11 d 培养扩增300 倍,阳性率达到43%;成功构建BCMA阳性靶细胞。在5:1 效靶比下,CAR-BCMA-T对A549-BCMA、K562-BCMA和U266 细胞的杀伤率分别在80%、60%和80%左右,显著高于对BCMA阴性细胞的杀伤率,且杀伤力与靶细胞的BCMA表达强度相关。在效靶比20:1 时,MM患者来源CAR-BCMA-T细胞对靶细胞A549-BCMA的杀伤率达到95%以上,并且大量分泌IFN-γ。结论：本研究成功构建了健康人及MM患者来源的靶向BCMA的CAR-T细胞,其能够有效特异杀伤BCMA阳性的肿瘤细胞。     

嵌合抗原受体T细胞治疗多发性骨髓瘤研究进展

靶向B细胞成熟抗原(BCMA)的嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)免疫疗法已经在复发难治多发性骨髓瘤中显示出显著疗效。随着CAR-T疗法的快速发展, 靶向BCMA的CAR-T疗法不断优化, 新靶点、双靶点和通用型CAR-T等新产品相继出现, 第64届美国血液学会年会上更新了多项相关临床研究数据。     

原发性浆细胞白血病治疗进展

原发性浆细胞白血病（primary plasma cell leukemia，pPCL）是一种罕见、高度侵袭性的浆细胞恶性肿瘤。目前pPCL缺乏标准治疗方案，其整体治疗策略可以参照高危多发性骨髓瘤（multiple myeloma，MM）的思路。近年来，蛋白酶体抑制剂、免疫调节剂以及单克隆抗体、嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法（chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy，CAR-T）、抗体偶联药物等靶向药物、免疫治疗与干细胞移植的联合大幅提高了MM的疗效，同时为pPCL的治疗提供了新的选择。本文就近年来相关进展进行综述。      

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) remains a significant clinical challenge, despite a wide array of approved therapeutic agents. Immunotherapy offers an advantage in this setting. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T-cells have transformed care for patients with hematologic malignancies. CAR-T cells targeting CD-19 B-cell lymphoma cells have shown prominent activity in lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Recently, the CAR-T cell platform for MM demonstrated therapeutic benefit. Hence, it is rapidly progressing. The most commonly tested target for MM is the B-cell maturation antigen. Complexities involved in the generation and use of CAR-T cells for MM include the identification of appropriate target antigens that are specific, and tumor type restricted, in addition to the optimization of CAR constructs to mitigate toxicities including cytokine release syndrome. CAR-T cells hold immense promise as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of MM. In this article, we provide an updated review of clinical trials of MM-specific CAR-T cells.     

托珠单抗治疗CAR-T细胞治疗难治复发多发性骨髓瘤后细胞因子释放综合征的疗效

目的:观察托珠单抗治疗嵌合抗原受体修饰的T(CAR-T)细胞治疗难治复发多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)后细胞因子释放综合征(cytokine release syndrome,CRS)的疗效.方法:以2016年2月至2017年2月西安交通大学第二附属医院血液内科住院的24例CAR-T细胞治疗难治复发MM患者为研究对象,对发生2级以上的CRS患者给予4～8 mg/(kg·d)的托珠单抗治疗,观察其疗效及毒副作用、细胞因子、超敏C反应蛋白(HsCRP)等的变化.结果:24例患者中有21例患者发生了CRS,依据CRS分级标准:1、2级各7例,3级5例,4级2例.CRS患者均表现持续高热,细胞因子及HsCRP明显升高,其中IL-6升高最为显著.14例2级以上CRS患者经托珠单抗治疗后,临床症状明显缓解、体温迅速下降,细胞因子、HsCRP含量逐渐恢复正常,无明显毒副作用发生.结论:托珠单抗在CRS治疗中疗效明显、无明显毒副作用,保证了难治复发MM患者CAR-T治疗的安全性.     

B-cell maturation antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells for multiple myeloma: Clinical experience and future perspectives

Despite major advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), it remains a largely incurable disease with long-term control often dependent on continuous therapy. More effective, better tolerated treatments are therefore required to achieve durable remissions and to improve the quality of life of MM patients. Adoptive immunotherapy employing T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is currently among the most promising treatment approaches in cancer. Within the target portfolio for MM immunotherapy, B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is among the most widely studied target antigens. BCMA is consistently expressed on MM cells and, importantly, is not expressed in critical healthy tissue. For this reason, it is an ideal target for MM immunotherapy. Several clinical trials evaluating different BCMA-targeting CAR constructs have been initiated and early results are very promising. However, in this rapidly developing clinical landscape, the ultimate role of BCMA-specific CAR-T cell therapy remains unclear. In this review, we will summarize currently available clinical data on BCMA-directed CAR-T cells and discuss potential future perspective for this promising treatment approach in MM.     

血液肿瘤CAR-T细胞治疗的现状与挑战

过继性细胞免疫疗法（adoptive cellular immunotherapy,ACI）是药物开发中一种全新模式,目前已具备在肿瘤疾病中带来临床益处的明确证据。其中嵌合抗原受体修饰的T细胞（chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells,CAR-T）疗法利用基因工程技术重编程T细胞,使其具备非主要组织相容性抗原复合物（major histocompability complex,MHC）限制性的靶向结合并杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力,并在急性B淋巴细胞性白血病（B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia,B-ALL）、非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,NHL）、多发性骨髓瘤（multiple myeloma,MM）患者中展现出显著的缓解率,为难治复发性血液肿瘤疾病提供了治愈希望,因此多项商品化CAR-T产品也获批应用于临床,开拓了肿瘤免疫治疗的新时代。然而,细胞因子释放综合征（cytokine release syndrome,CRS）、免疫效应细胞相关神经毒性综合征（immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome,ICANS）和其他并发症的发生是其应用的安全性挑战,并且部分患者发生CAR-T治疗无效或复发,需要提出优化CAR-T细胞疗法的新策略,在不同水平强化肿瘤清除作用,以确保安全性和有效性。本文对血液肿瘤领域的CAR-T细胞疗法临床研究进展进行综述,并归纳了下一代CAR-T细胞疗法面临的主要挑战,为拓展CAR-T细胞基础研究及临床转化研究方向提供思路。      

Novel chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells targeting the malignant mesothelioma-specific antigen sialylated HEG1

The selection of highly specific target antigens is critical for the development of clinically efficient and safe chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). In search of diagnostic marker for malignant mesothelioma (MM), we have established SKM9-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) which recognizes a MM-specific molecule, sialylated Protein HEG homolog 1 (HEG1), with high specificity and sensitivity. In this study, to develop a novel therapeutic approach against MM, we generated SKM9-2 mAb-derived CARs that included the CD28 (SKM-28z) or 4-1BB (SKM-BBz) costimulatory domain. SKM-28z CAR-T cells showed continuous growth and enhanced Tim-3, LAG-3, and PD-1 expression in vitro, which might be induced by tonic signaling caused by self-activation; however, these phenotypes were not observed in SKM-BBz CAR-T cells. In addition, SKM-BBz CAR-T cells exhibited slightly stronger in vitro killing activity against MM cell lines than SKM-28z CAR-T cells. More importantly, only SKM-BBz CAR-T cells, but not SKM-28z CAR-T cells, significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a MM cell line xenograft mouse model. Gene expression profiling and reporter assays revealed differential signaling pathway activation; in particular, SKM-BBz CAR-T cells exhibited enhanced NF-kB signaling and reduced NFAT activation. In addition, SKM-BBz CAR-T cells showed upregulation of early memory markers, such as TCF7 and CCR7, as well as downregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as BAK1 and BID, which may be associated with phenotypical and functional differences between SKM-BBz and SKM-28z CAR-T cells. In conclusion, we developed novel SKM9-2-derived CAR-T cells with the 4-1BB costimulatory domain, which could provide a promising therapeutic approach against refractory MM.     

Immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for lymphoma: predictive biomarkers and clinical outcomes

BackgroundCD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (CAR-T) has emerged as effective for relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (R/R LBCL). The neurologic toxicity seen with CAR-T, referred to as immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), is poorly understood. To better elucidate the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and correlative biomarkers of ICANS, we review here a single-center analysis of ICANS after CAR T-cell therapy in R/R LBCL.MethodsPatients (n = 45) with R/R LBCL treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) were identified. Data regarding treatment course, clinical outcomes, and correlative studies were collected. Patients were monitored and graded for ICANS via CARTOX-10 scoring and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.03 criteria, respectively.ResultsTwenty-five (56%) patients developed ICANS, 18 (72%) of whom had severe (CTCAE grades 3–4) ICANS. Median time to development of ICANS was 5 days (range, 3–11). Elevated pre-infusion (day 0 [D0]) fibrinogen (517 vs 403 mg/dL, upper limit of normal [ULN] 438 mg/dL, P = 0.01) and D0 lactate dehydrogenase (618 vs 506 units/L, ULN 618 units/L, P = 0.04) were associated with ICANS. A larger drop in fibrinogen was associated with ICANS (393 vs 200, P < 0.01). Development of ICANS of any grade had no effect on complete remission (CR), progression-free survival (PFS), or overall survival (OS). Duration and total dose of steroid treatment administered for ICANS did not influence CR, PFS, or OS.ConclusionsICANS after CAR-T with axi-cel for R/R LBCL was seen in about half of patients, the majority of which were high grade. Contrary to previous reports, neither development of ICANS nor its treatment were associated with inferior CR, PFS, or OS. The novel finding of high D0 fibrinogen level can identify patients at higher risk for ICANS.     

Successful application of PD-1 knockdown CLL-1 CAR-T therapy in two AML patients with post-transplant relapse and failure of anti-CD38 CAR-T cell treatment

Patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) often show resistance to chemotherapy and have dismal outcomes. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new treatment strategies to address this problem. With tremendous achievement of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy against B-cell malignancies, many efforts have been devoted to developing CAR-T therapy for R/R AML but with limited success, in part owing to a lack of specific targets. C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1) is highly expressed on AML blasts with no expression on normal hematopoietic stem cells, which makes it an ideal target of immunotherapy for AML. Here, we report 2 R/R AML patients who relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and failed multiline salvage therapies including anti-CD38 CAR-T therapy, but were successfully treated with PD-1 silenced anti-CLL-1 CAR-T therapy. Both patients achieved molecular complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery at 28 days of evaluation after CLL-1 CAR-T cell infusion. Cytokine release syndrome in cases 1 and 2 were grade 1 and 2, respectively. At the last follow-up, cases 1 and 2 had maintained continuous remission for 8 and 3 months, respectively. Our results demonstrated that CLL-1 CAR-T cells might be an effective and safe salvage therapy for AML patients with posttransplant relapse.