经胸实时三维超声心动图评价不同程度缺血性二尖瓣反流患者的二尖瓣构型

目的应用经胸实时三维超声心动图定量评价不同反流程度的缺血性二尖瓣构型改变情况,并分析各参数与反流量的相关性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法收集缺血性二尖瓣反流的患者92例为病例组,根据反流程度分为轻度组(34例)、中度组(31例)、重度组(27例)3个亚组,同时选取40例健康者为对照组。各组均行常规超声心动图检查与经胸实时三维超声检查。二维超声参数包括:左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、前后乳头肌分别到二尖瓣前瓣环之间的距离(APM-AMA、LPM-AMA)、乳头肌间距离(IPMD)。三维超声参数包括:瓣环前后径(DAP)、瓣环前外侧至后内侧直径(AL-PM)、非平面角度(NPA)、幕状区高度(HTent)、瓣环三维面积(A3D)、瓣环周长(AC)、前叶面积(A Ant)、后叶面积(A Post)、幕状区体积(VTent)。比较各组各参数之间的差异及相关性。结果轻度组LVEDV、LVESV、NPA均大于对照组,中、重度组IPMD、PPM-AMA、DAP、ALPM、AC、A3D、A Ant、A Post、HTent、VTent大于对照组,中、重度组LVEF小于对照组,重度组APM-AMA均大于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。VTent与EROA相关性最强(r=0.64,P<0.05),IPMD与VTent有较强的相关性(r=0.58,P<0.05)。结论经胸实时三维超声心动图可以评估不同反流程度的缺血性二尖瓣反流构型,中度及以上反流二尖瓣构型会发生明显改变,VTent与EROA相关性最强,IPMD与VTent有较强的相关性,该结果有益于外科对于IMR治疗策略的制定。     

RT3DE评价延迟PCI对急性心肌梗死患者心功能的影响

目的应用实时三维超声心动图(RT3DE)评价延迟经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者左心室功能的影响。方法选择首次AMI住院患者56例,根据是否行延迟PCI治疗,将患者分为PCI治疗组(30例)和药物治疗组(26例)。所有患者于治疗前和治疗后3个月、6个月分别进行RT3DE检查,对采集的三维超声图像进行脱机处理,得出左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)及左心室射血分数(LVEF),比较两组患者左心功能的差异。结果PCI治疗组治疗后3个月、6个月较术前LVEDV、LVESV降低(P0.05),LVEF提高(P0.05)。药物治疗组治疗3个月、6个月时,各指标差异均无统计学意义。治疗后3个月及6个月时PCI治疗组与药物治疗组比较,LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论延迟PCI能明显改善AMI后左室重构,提高左心功能,改善患者预后。RT3DE可准确、方便的评价AMI患者左室整体心功能。     

急性心肌梗死后二尖瓣反流的超声与临床研究

本文采用彩色多普勒超声心动图对急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者的二尖瓣反流（ＭＲ）进行了观察，研究其与心前区收缩期杂音及心功能的关系。结果显示，ＡＭＩ后ＭＲ的发生率为３４％，下壁梗死较前壁梗死ＭＲ发生率高（分别为４１．７％和２５．９％），但无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。并发ＭＲ的ＡＭＩ患者，５３．１％无心前区收缩期杂音，左心功能ｋｉｌｌｉｐ氏分级≥Ⅱ级者明显多于无ＭＲ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。舒张期二尖瓣血流频谱不能正确反映ＭＲ患者的左室舒张功能。本研究表明，ＭＲ的出现是ＡＭＩ患者并发或加重心力衰竭的重要因素之一。     

急性心肌梗死患者新发心房颤动与功能性二尖瓣反流的相关性研究

目的 评价急性心肌梗死患者新发的心房颤动(NOAF)与功能性二尖瓣反流(FMR)的相关性.方法 入选2019年1月至2020年5月于佛山市第一人民医院心血管内科收治的497例急性心肌梗死患者,住院期间采用床旁心电监测联合遥测心电监护的双系统监测患者是否发生NOAF,采用二维超声及彩色多普勒观察二尖瓣的反流情况,根据反流...     

二尖瓣反流对急性心肌梗死预后的意义

目的　探讨二尖瓣反流 (MR)对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者预后的意义。方法　对 142例 AMI患者住院早期(7天内 )进行超声心动图检查 ,以彩色多普勒定量测定其 MR。并对 MR组及无 MR组的临床资料、超声心动图指标及预后进行对比分析。结果　 142例 AMI患者无 MR90例 (6 3.38%) ,轻度 MR43例 (30 .2 8%) ,中、重度 MR9例 (6 .34 %)。 MR组较无 MR组患者年龄更大、既往心肌梗死患病率及高血压患病率更高 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。 MR组脉冲多普勒 E峰、E/A显著高于无 MR组 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。 MR组 30天及 1年死亡率均显著高于无 MR组 (P<0 .0 5和 P<0 .0 1)。结论　超声心动图证实的 MR对 AMI患者的预后具有预测价值。     

急性心肌梗死合并二尖瓣反流的外科治疗

目的:初步探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并二尖瓣反流(MR)的外科治疗方法。方法:2008年8月至2011年8月,收治AMI合并MR患者34例。男性25例,女性9例;年龄42～75岁,平均(61.5±10.4)岁。EuroScore评分4～12分,平均5.8分。所有患者均经冠状动脉造影证实,为冠状动脉多支病变无法行介入治疗。心功能平均3.1级(NYHA),心源性休克2例,术前主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)3例。体表超声Doppler检查,根据反流面积及缩流径宽度,将MR分为1+～4+级,其中1+～2+级12例,3+级16例,4+级6例;根据反流部位及室壁运动情况结合冠状动脉造影进行Carpentier二尖瓣反流功能分型:Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲb型22例;根据左心室舒张末期径线及射血分数(LVEF),判断心肌梗死对心脏结构造成的损伤程度,34例左心室舒张末径37～70 mm,平均(51±7.8)mm,其中>65 mm 6例。综合MR分型、分级及左心室径线决定是否同期行二尖瓣手术。本组采用以下标准:(1)CarpentierⅠ型患者,如MR达到4+级;(2)Carpentier II型,MR为3+～4+级患者;(3)CarpentierⅢb型、MR为4+级同时左心室舒张末径>65 mm患者,同期矫正二尖瓣反流。余均采用单纯冠状动脉搭桥手术。本组单纯冠状动脉搭桥手术28例,冠状动脉搭桥合并二尖瓣成型或替换6例。随访时间1～36个月,平均(20.5±8)个月。结果:全组死亡2例(5.9%),其中围手术期死亡1例,术后1年死亡1例。搭桥根数平均为2.3根/例。完全再血管化27例(79.1%),不完全血管化7例(21.9%)。心功能分级平均1.06级(NYHA)。二尖瓣反流随访结果:28例单纯冠状动脉搭桥组,12例MR完全消失或微量,13例MR为3+级患者手术后减少为微量到少量,MR矫正成功率为89.3%;3例MR无改善或恶化,均为不完全血管化患者。冠状动脉搭桥合并二尖瓣成型或替换组,围手术期死亡1例,1例术后为MR 2+级,4例MR消失。结论:通过综合分析MR分型、分级及左心室舒张末期径线,决定对于急性心肌梗死合并二尖瓣反流的患者是否同期矫正二尖瓣反流,可获得满意的临床疗效。完全再血管化是手术的关键。体外循环辅助下不停跳搭桥,是心肌损伤最小化的前提下,保证完全再血管化的重要手段。     

缺血性二尖瓣反流外科治疗

缺血性二尖瓣反流（ischemic mitral regurgitation,IMR）也称为功能性二尖瓣反流或继发性二尖瓣反流。是冠心病常见的并发症之一。二尖瓣反流的发生会加速左心室重构和功能障碍,最终导致不可逆的心力衰竭。尽管在医学和外科治疗方面取得了一定的进展,但IMR的患者与因其他原因而出现二尖瓣关闭不全的患者相比生存率较差。在外科治疗方面,此类患者尤其是中度及重度IMR患者治疗方式的选择仍存在很大争议。本文将从二尖瓣反流机制、不同程度IMR患者的外科治疗以及介入治疗的进展等方面进行阐述。     

二尖瓣几何结构与左室乳头肌功能不全二尖瓣反流机制的相关性

目的利用超声心动图技术探讨二尖瓣几何结构与左室乳头肌功能不全二尖瓣反流机制的相关性。方法选取冠心病陈旧性下后壁心肌梗死合并乳头肌功能不全的患者和健康志愿者共92例,分为正常对照组38例(A组),冠心病合并乳头肌功能不全组54例(B组),二尖瓣外科成形术后组26例(C组,随机选自B组患者)。采用超声心动图测量二尖瓣前叶、后叶与二尖瓣环之间的几何角度,彩色多普勒血流成像系统评估二尖瓣反流程度,计算得到二尖瓣有效反流口面积,分析其相关性。结果 B组患者二尖瓣前后叶与二尖瓣环之间的角度较A组、C组患者明显增大(P0.01),且二尖瓣前后叶与二尖瓣环之间的角度与反流程度呈正相关;C组患者二尖瓣反流量明显低于B组患者(P0.01),与A组患者之间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论冠心病引发左室乳头肌功能不全合并二尖瓣反流程度与二尖瓣前后叶及环间的几何角度密切相关;二尖瓣外科修补术可通过改善二尖瓣几何结构减轻反流程度。     

术前经胸超声心动图术中经食管超声心动图对二尖瓣反流的分级对比

目的:通过术前经胸超声心动图(POTTE)与术中体外循环前经食管超声心动图(IOTEE)对二尖瓣反流(MR)分级的对比,评价2种检查结果有无差异、原因及影响因素。方法:回顾性调查研究200例MR手术患者,对比POTTE与IOTEE的MR分级诊断。结果:2者结果一致者143例(占71.5%,Kappa=0.56,r=0.71,P<0.01)。与POTTE相比,IOTEE分级加重者19例(9.5%),多见于瓣膜器质性损害和偏心性反流;IOTEE分级减轻者38例(19%),多见于功能性相对关闭不全和中心性反流。在无～微量及严重MR者,2种检查结果较一致;而在少、中量MR,2者差异较大。IOTEE时有外科意义(中～严重)MR由132例(66%)减至111例(56%),有减轻MR分级倾向。与术前相比,麻醉后患者循环改变明显(P<0.01)。结论:多数MR患者,POTTE与IOTEE分级诊断结果一致,但这2种检查不能相互替代。POTTE分级结果更能反映生理负荷下MR严重程度。IOTEE有确诊作用,但分级MR时需参考术前循环指标。     

实时三维超声在退行性二尖瓣反流中的研究进展

<正>以二尖瓣(mitral valve,MV)脱垂为特征的退行性二尖瓣反流(degenerative mitral regurgitation,DMR)是器质性MV疾病中最常见的类型,影响了全球约1.7%的人口^[1]。尽管DMR发病率很高,但对定量DMR瓣环和瓣叶动力学及对MV反流机制和严重程度的影响尚未得到足够的重视。到目前为止还没有标准化的DMR动物模型,二维超声心动图对MV三维结构的成像也还不够不完善^[2]。即使是熟练的外科医生,也只能对手术时停跳的心脏进行评估,而无法对MV进行详细的测量,也不允许进行MV动力学评估。在这种情况下,三维超声心动图为心脏周期中整个MV装置成像提供了新的可能性^[3]。结合特定的定量软件,     

Mitral valve remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction and ischemic mitral regurgitation

We have studied alterations of mitral valve geometry and quantitative parameters of mitral regurgitation in 130 patients with acute myocardial infarction in acute and subacute stages of the disease. Quantitative data of mitral regurgitation have been assessed using two quantitative Doppler techniques--proximal isovelocity surface area method (PISA-method) and quantitative Doppler technique (Q-DE-method). As a result of the research we have received data showing that in patients with acute myocardial infarction and ischemic mitral regurgitation mitral valve remodeling occurs with deformation of mitral structures inducing mitral regurgitation. We have observed correlation between degree of ischemic mitral regurgitation and structural valve alteration in patients with acute myocardial infarction.     

Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for assessment of mitral valve functional anatomy in patients with prolapse-related regurgitation

The aim of the study was to evaluate the additional diagnostic value of real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3D-TEE) for surgically recognized mitral valve (MV) prolapse anatomy compared to 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D-TTE), 2D-transesophageal echocardiography (2D-TEE), and real-time 3D-transthoracic echocardiography (RT3D-TTE). We preoperatively analyzed 222 consecutive patients undergoing repair for prolapse-related mitral regurgitation using RT3D-TEE, 2D-TEE, RT3D-TTE, and 2D-TTE. Multiplanar reconstruction was added to volume-rendered RT3D-TEE for quantitative prolapse recognition. The echocardiographic data were compared to the surgical findings. Per-patient analysis of RT3D-TEE identified prolapse in 204 patients more accurately (92%) than 2D-TEE (78%), RT3D-TTE (80%), and 2D-TTE (54%). Even among those 60 patients with complex prolapse (>1 segment localization or commissural lesions), RT3D-TEE correctly identified 58 (96.5%) compared to 42 (70%), 31 (52%), and 21 (35%) detected by 2D-TEE, RT3D-TTE, and 2D-TTE (p < 0.0001). Multiplanar reconstruction enabled RT3D-TEE to differentiate dominant (≥5-mm displacement) and secondary (2 to <5-mm displacement) prolapsed segments in agreement with surgically recognized dominant lesions (100%), but with a low predictive value (34%) for secondary lesions. In addition, owing to the identification of clefts and subclefts (indentations of MV tissue that extended ≥50% or <50% of the total leaflet height, respectively), RT3D-TEE accurately characterized the MV anatomy, including that which deviated from the standard nomenclature. In conclusion, RT3D-TEE provided more accurate mapping of MV prolapse than 2D imaging and RT3D-TTE, adding quantitative recognition of dominant and secondary lesions and MV anatomy details.     

急性心肌梗死早期伴发二尖瓣关闭不全对患者预后影响

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者伴发二尖瓣关闭不全(MR)的临床意义及预后。方法:将2年来我院收治的AMI患者145例分为MR组与no-MR组;根据梗死部位分为前壁AMI组与下壁AMI组,前、下壁各组又根据是否伴发MR分为:前壁MR组与前壁no-MR,下壁MR组与下壁no-MR组4个亚组。观察各组的临床情况与心血管事件。结果:MR组63例,占43.4%,与no-MR组相比,其年龄、左心室射血分数、终点心血管事件及随访期间心血管事件均差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。亚组间相比,前壁AMI-MR组与下壁AMI-MR组与相应的no-MR组比较终点心血管事件差异具有统计学意义,且该2组间随访期间临床心血管事件差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);下壁AMI-MR组与no-MR组2组间的终点心血管事件差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:AMI患者伴发MR提示预后不良,AMI患者伴有MR与梗死部位有关,且其部位与预后密切相关。     

Value of mitral valve tenting volume determined by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with functional mitral regurgitation

This study sought to evaluate mitral valve tenting volume (TnV) as a clinical parameter using real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in patients with functional mitral regurgitation (MR). In 27 patients with functional MR and 4 controls without mitral disease, real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic images were obtained to measure TnV frame by frame from presystole to end-systole. The maximal and minimal TnVs during systole were identified in each patient, and mitral annular areas and tenting heights were also measured. Using 2-dimensional echocardiography, tenting area (TnA) was measured from the apical long-axis, apical 4-chamber, and apical 2-chamber views. The regurgitant orifice area was measured by the proximal isovelocity surface area method. Maximal and minimal TnVs occurred at the time of 2 +/- 6% and 78 +/- 6% of whole systolic duration, respectively, and the systolic percentage change of TnV was related to that of tenting height but not to that of mitral annular area. TnA on the long-axis images was significantly larger than that on the 4- and 2-chamber images (2.5 +/- 1.4 vs 1.7 +/- 1.3 and 1.9 +/- 1.4 cm(2), respectively, p <0.001). Regurgitant orifice area was significantly correlated with maximal TnV (r = 0.90), minimal TnV (r = 0.86), and TnA on the long-axis (r = 0.79), 4-chamber (r = 0.75), and 2-chamber (r = 0.73) images. Among minimal TnV and 3 TnAs, minimal TnV was the only independent determinant of regurgitant orifice area (p <0.001). Minimal TnV >or=3.90 ml identified significant functional MR with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 100%. In conclusion, TnV derived from real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography is a preferable novel single index for assessing mitral valve tethering in functional MR to TnA that is dependent on the location of 2-dimensional planes.     

Frequency of acute myocardial infarction in valve repairs versus valve replacement for pure mitral regurgitation

Three hundred thirty-five consecutive isolated mitral valve operations for mitral regurgitation in patients with no significant coronary artery disease were reviewed over a 26-month period for the presence of a perioperative acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Of 224 patients undergoing mitral valve repair 12 (5.4%) had electrocardiographic and cardiac enzyme evidence of perioperative AMI develop. Of 111 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement none had perioperative AMI develop as determined by electrocardiographic and enzyme criteria (p = 0.01). All 12 infarctions after valve repair involved the inferior wall by electrocardiographic or echocardiographic criteria. Although no patient had significant clinical difficulty in recovery, 7 of the 12 patients (58%) were left with Q waves upon hospital discharge. The etiology of the AMI is believed to be air emboli introduced at the time of testing valve competence during left ventricular insufflation under pressure. Changes in surgical technique may reduce or eliminate this complication.     

Prognostic significance of mild mitral regurgitation by color Doppler echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction

Mitral regurgitation (MR) complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with increased mortality. The prognostic significance of only mild MR detected by echocardiography in patients with AMI is unknown. This study assessed the long-term risk associated with mild MR detected by color Doppler echocardiography within the first 48 hours of admission in 417 consecutive patients with AMI. No MR was detected in 271 patients (65%), mild MR was seen in 121 patients (29%), and moderate or severe MR was noted in 25 patients (6%). One-year mortality rates were 4.8%, 12.4%, and 24%, respectively (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that mild MR was independently associated with increased 1-year mortality (p<0.05) after adjustment for age, gender, previous myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, Killip grade > or =2 on admission, and left ventricular ejection fraction < or =40%. The hazard ratio for 1-year mortality was 2.31 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 5.20) for mild MR and 2.85 (95% confidence interval 0.95 to 8.51) for moderate or severe MR. Thus, mild MR detected by color Doppler echocardiography within the first 2 days of admission in patients with AMI is a significant independent risk predictor for 1-year all-cause mortality.