双蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣在双侧乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建中的应用

双侧乳腺癌同时进行双侧乳腺切除，术后胸部缺损严重，使患者身心遭受双重打击，极大影响其生活质量。随着自体组织移植乳房重建手术的日益成熟和发展，乳腺癌患者要求乳房重建者日渐增多。本科于2004年4月至2007年8月对3例双侧乳腺癌改良根治术后患者采用双蒂下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap，TRAM）行即刻双侧乳房重建，均获得成功，重建乳房效果满意。现报告如下。     

单中心乳腺癌术后乳房重建的影响因素

背景与目的：乳腺癌手术方式的选择受到诸多因素影响，本研究旨在分析乳腺癌患者选择乳房重建手术的影响因素，重点探讨居住地距离与乳房重建的关系。方法：回顾性分析了1999年1月—2015年12月复旦大学附属肿瘤医院收治的因单侧或双侧0～Ⅱ期乳腺癌行全乳切除术的女性患者临床资料，分析居住地距离与乳房重建比例的关系。结果：非上海患者选择全乳切除术后乳房重建比例高于上海患者(6.1% vs 4.5%，P<0.001)。居住地距离影响乳房重建比例(P=0.035)。单因素分析显示，居住地距离越远，选择乳房重建手术比例越高，而年龄、体质量指数(body mass index，BMI)、TNM分期与乳房重建的选择呈负相关(P均<0.001)。多因素分析显示，年龄增长、BMI增加、TNM分期较晚是拒绝行乳房重建的独立影响因素(P均<0.001)，而居住地距离不是乳房重建的独立影响因素(P>0.05)，且与具体乳房重建方式无交互作用。年龄与居住地距离呈负相关(P<0.001)。结论：乳腺癌患者的居住地距离与乳房重建比例呈线性相关；年龄、BMI和疾病分期是影响乳房重建的主要因素。     

保留乳头的乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建术

目的探讨保留乳头的乳腺癌改良根治术Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建的可行性。方法早期乳腺癌极少侵犯皮肤、乳头的特点,保留乳头行皮下切除 腋窝淋巴清扫,Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建。结果对15例早期乳腺癌患者,行上述手术治疗,术后外观良好,双侧乳房对称。1例出现乳头坏死。术后随访10~41个月,所有病例均无局部复发或远处转移。结论对于早期乳腺癌,行保留乳头的乳腺癌改良根治术、Ⅰ期假体植入乳房重建,具有操作方便、效果明显,是安全可行的手术方法。     

乳腺癌术后乳房重建术式的选择

目的探讨如何选择乳腺癌手术后乳房重建的手术方法及效果分析。方法根据患者乳腺癌手术的具体方法及个体差异，选择转移下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣或联合假体乳房重建158例。结果转移下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房重建93例，其中即刻乳房重建65例（满意率为95．38％），延期乳房重建28例（满意率为92．86％）。背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合假体乳房重建59例，满意率为96．61％。腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣乳房重建3例，满意率为100％。假体植入乳房重建3例，满意率为100％。结论乳腺癌手术后选择适当乳房重建的手术方法十分重要；根据个体差异选择不同乳房重建术式，使重建的乳房更加逼真，达到令人满意的效果。     

24例保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的临床经验

目的:探讨保留乳头、乳晕及部分乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻采用不同的方法乳房重建的可行性。方法:筛选出病理符合要求的24例早期乳腺癌患者,行保留乳头、乳晕及部分皮肤的改良根治术,根据患者的要求,结合其身体、心理、经济等状况,特别是乳房的大小和需要切除的尺寸,选择适合该患者的手术方式即刻行乳房重建,采用硅胶充填假体置入乳房重建9 例,腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房重建3 例,背阔肌肌皮瓣和硅胶填充假体联合重建12例。术后根据客观标准和主观标准评价重建效果。结果:24例乳腺癌患者术后即刻乳房再造术后外观良好,双侧乳房基本对称。客观评价效果优良和尚好者23例（95.83%）,主观评价优良和尚好者24例（100%）,1 例术后部分乳头坏死、脱落。1 例术后出现血肿,于术后3 个月消失。术后给予常规化疗,随访5～48个月,除1 例患者术后2 年死于原发性肝癌,均无局部复发或远处转移。结论:对于早期乳腺癌行保留乳头、乳晕及部分乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻采用不同方法乳房再造,具有经济、整形效果好、显著减少患者乳房缺失造成的心理影响、提高生存质量等优点。术后不影响乳腺癌的辅助治疗和远期疗效,能同时满足肿瘤治疗和形体美容两个方面的要求,正逐渐被广大乳腺癌患者所接受。      

乳腺癌乳房整形外科应用现状与进展

 乳腺癌术后乳房重建已成为乳腺癌综合治疗不可或缺的一部分,旨在不影响乳腺癌预后的基础上,提高患者生活质量。虽然中国乳腺癌乳房整形外科起步较早,但近几年才逐渐进入快速发展时期,且与发达国家仍存在较大差距。乳腺癌术后乳房重建整形技术主要包括肿瘤保乳整形技术以及全乳切除术后乳房重建,而乳房重建又可分为自体皮瓣重建及植入物重建。同时,脂肪移植、生物材料等重建辅助技术也在快速发展。国内首个较为全面细致的乳房重建指南,乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建专家共识将于今年发布,对乳房整形重建问题进行全面探讨和分析。在遵循乳房重建共识和指南的基础上,积极完善专科医生培训体系,建立更广泛深入的学科合作,从而促进我国乳腺癌术后乳房整形与重建技术的发展。       

放射治疗对乳腺癌术后乳房重建的影响

放射治疗在乳腺癌术后的治疗中扮演着重要的角色,乳房重建在乳腺癌术后的治疗中也逐渐被患者接受,放射治疗对乳房重建的影响成为放疗科、乳腺外科和整形外科医生共同关注的问题.本文介绍乳腺癌患者乳房重建的技术和时机选择,以及放射治疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响,同时分析乳房重建对放射治疗技术设计的要求以及在不同放射治疗背景下最合适的乳房重建术.     

组织扩张器在乳腺癌术后乳房重建中的应用现状

乳腺癌的治疗已经从传统的根治术发展到了现今的保乳及乳房重建治疗。假体置入在乳腺癌即刻乳房重建中得到广泛应用,但部分患者术后需行放射治疗,增加了假体包膜挛缩的发生率,同时二期乳房再造患者形成胸壁瘢痕组织,影响假体置入乳房再造效果。软组织扩张器的应用很好地解决了上述问题,作者就软组织扩张器在乳腺癌术后乳房重建中的应用现状进行综述。     

乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建方法及进展

近年来 ,对于乳腺癌的治疗不仅致力于提高乳腺癌患者的生存率 ,而且要重视手术治疗后的整复效果。对于早期乳腺癌患者 ,可采取保乳手术 ;对于肿瘤较大而需切除乳腺者 ,另 1种常用的治疗手段是根治性手术后做乳房重建 ,包括假体的植入及应用自身组织重建乳房。 2 0 0 0年 9月 ,美国国立医学研究所(ＮＩＨ )报道了对 135 0 0名接受假体植入的妇女进行的平均长达 12 .9年的随访结果 :假体植入不会增加妇女患乳腺癌的可能性。假体植入是乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建的 1种方式 ,这一发现无疑会坚定肿瘤外科医生开展乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建的信心。我…     

乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建方式及进展

乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建能使患者在一定程度上恢复身体外形,减轻心理压力,恢复自信,提高术后生活质量。乳腺癌根治术后乳房重建已为越来越多的患者所接受。本文将从乳房重建的安全,重建手术方式,放疗对乳房重建的影响,时间选择等方面进行综述。     

同时性双侧乳腺癌保乳术后放疗技术和近期疗效分析

目的 探讨同时性双侧乳腺癌整体等中心切线野混合调强技术的剂量特点及疗效。方法 纳入14例同时性双侧乳腺癌保乳术后双侧全乳±瘤床加量放疗患者。采用等中心切线野混合调强技术进行双乳整体放疗(50Gy分25次或43.5Gy分15次)。分析计划的覆盖度、均匀性及临床近期疗效。结果 全组患者放疗计划总野数为8~11个,其中调强野为4~7个。全乳计划靶区均达95%,平均瘤床覆盖度在X线同步补量组分别为(95.54±1.33)%(左)及(94.19±1.03)%(右),在电子线序贯补量组为(90.25±8.79)%(左)及(85.28±8.35)%(右)。平均双肺V20为(16.69±3.90)%,平均心脏Dmean为5.48Gy。全组3例出现2级急性皮肤反应,无≥2级的放射性肺炎发生。中位随访至30.1个月时,11例美容效果为优,无一复发。结论 双乳腺癌保乳术后采用整体等中心切线野混合调强技术安全可靠。     

Chronic postsurgical pain following breast reconstruction: a commentary and critique

In line with other major surgeries including breast cancer surgery (BCS), recent studies suggest a striking rate of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) following breast reconstruction. This commentary will critically examine evidence for the degree to which the prevalence of CPSP following breast reconstruction is directly attributable to reconstructive surgery. The discussion will trace similarities and distinctions between breast reconstruction and BCS in considering the risk for CPSP, and describe recent advances in the definition of CPSP, highlighting methodological limitations in the general investigation of CPSP, which also characterize the study of CPSP more specifically for breast reconstruction outcome. A convenience sample of relevant studies examining CPSP following breast reconstruction reveals inadequate evidence to support a serious concern for reconstruction-induced CPSP and further that these studies fail to adhere to recommended methodological standards to effectively isolate surgery as the etiology of persistent pain reported by women following reconstructive surgery. Suggestions for future exploration of problematic chronic pain after breast reconstruction are considered.     

乳腺癌术后乳房重建手术与放疗间关系——基于中国110家医院横断面调查研究

目的 调查目前我国乳房重建手术开展现状,以及国内医生对放疗与乳房重建手术之间关系看法。方法 选取全国范围内110家乳腺癌年手术量>200例的医疗机构,以问卷调查形式开展研究,调查内容包括手术医师及其所在科室和医院的基本情况、2017年乳腺癌手术开展情况、各类型重建手术开展情况以及对放疗和重建手术关系的具体看法。结果 110家单位参与调研,96家(87.3%)单位已开展重建手术,植入物重建占总重建手术量的65.7%,自体重建占20.1%。对于可能需要术后放疗的患者,受访医院首选的手术方式为植入物重建,对于明确需要术后放疗和全乳切除术后接受过放疗的患者,首选自体组织重建。术后放疗是即刻乳房重建的阻碍因素,多数医院认为放疗对手术的影响不大。延期-即刻乳房重建的开展比例达到66%,86%的医院首选在放疗结束半年后更换假体。保乳术后复发的患者也可进行即刻重建,首选的手术方式为植入物重建。结论 我国乳房重建的比例开展较低,医生技术掌握仍有欠缺,在面对与放疗的冲突时,国内专科医生的选择与指南和共识尚存在出入,提示需要对医生进行更专业的培训,以进一步推动国内乳房重建事业的发展。     

Recent advances in surgical techniques for breast reconstruction

Although the number of patients with breast cancer continues to rise worldwide, survival rates for these patients have significantly improved. As a result, breast cancer survivors are living longer, and quality of life after treatment is of increasing importance. Breast reconstruction is an important component that affects quality of life after breast cancer surgery. With the development of silicone gel implants in the 1960s, autologous tissue transfer in the 1970s, and tissue expanders in the 1980s, breast reconstruction has advanced over the decades. Furthermore, the advent of perforator flaps and introduction of fat grafting have rendered breast reconstruction a less invasive and more versatile procedure. This review provides an overview of recent advances in breast reconstruction techniques.

     

Minimally invasive surgery for breast cancer

Breast conservation surgery has become a standard operation as a minimally invasive surgery for breast cancer in Japan. Now sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), day surgery, and endoscopy assisted surgery are being introduced as more minimally invasive surgeries for breast cancer. When blue dye and/or isotope are injected into the peri-tumoral breast gland, the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) can be detected easily, and node negative patients can be selected with certainty. When no metastasis is found in SLN by frozen section, T1N0 breast cancer patients can be treated without lymph node dissection. Using this technique, day surgery for patients who have clinically node-negative small breast cancer (less than 1.5 cm in diameter) is performed under local anesthesia. We have developed an endoscopy assisted conservation surgery for breast cancer. Using endoscopy, partial or total glandectomy with radical axillary lymph node dissection is performed via a 5 cm skin incision on the middle axillary line. When the amount of glandectomy is over one third, we perform immediate reconstruction using the latissimus dorsi. These minimally invasive surgeries for breast cancer will result in a better quality of life for breast cancer patients.     

Complications following bilateral prophylactic mastectomy

BACKGROUND: Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy significantly decreases breast cancer risk, but complications of the procedure have only been described in single-site studies. We describe the frequency and type of complications in women who underwent bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in a multisite community-based cohort. METHODS: Women aged 18-80 years undergoing bilateral prophylactic mastectomy without a personal history of breast cancer at one of six health plans were eligible. We identified women from automated data sources, then reviewed hospital data, ambulatory notes, and other chart elements to confirm eligibility and obtain all charted information about complications and surgeries performed after prophylactic mastectomy, including reconstructive procedures. Reconstructions were characterized by type (implant vs. tissue graft). Complications were noted for a 1-year period after any surgical procedure. RESULTS: We identified 269 women with prophylactic mastectomy who were followed for a mean of 7.4 years. Their mean age was 44.9 years. Nearly 80% undertook reconstruction, most with prosthetic implants. One or more complications occurred in 64%. The most common complications were pain (35% of women), infection (17%), and seroma (17%). Women with no reconstruction had fewer complications (mean of .93) than women who had implant (2.0) or tissue graft (2.4) reconstruction procedures (differences from no reconstruction: 1.07 [95% confidence interval = 0.36 to 1.77] and 1.50 [95% confidence interval = 0.44 to 2.56] respectively). Delay of reconstruction after mastectomy was associated with a borderline-significant higher risk of complications (80.6%) compared to simultaneous reconstruction (64.0%, P = .055). CONCLUSION: We found that almost two-thirds of women undergoing bilateral prophylactic mastectomy had at least one complication following surgery. Further work should be done to minimize and to understand the effect of complications of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy.     

Results of single-stage reconstructive surgery in breast cancer patients (a report of 1143 cases)

Our experience with 1143 single-stage surgeries in breast cancer patients undergoing skin-sparing mastectomies and breast-conserving surgery is presented. Both patients' tissues and silicone implants were used for reconstruction purposes. Latissimus dorsi muscle in combination with endoprothesis was used in 592 patients. The lowest local recurrence rate was reported in the skin-sparing mastectomy group, obviously due to a greater amount of tissues dissected.     

Recent advances in microvascular autologous breast reconstruction after ablative tumor surgery

Breast cancer is a ubiquitous disease and one of the leading causes of death in women in western societies. With overall increasing survival rates, the number of patients who need post-mastectomy reconstruction is on the rise. Especially since its psychological benefits have been broadly recognized, breast reconstruction has become a key component of breast cancer treatment. Evolving from the early beginnings of breast reconstruction with synthetic implants in the 1960s, microsurgical tissue transfer is on the way to become the gold standard for post oncology restoration of the breast. Particularly since the advent of perforator based free flap surgery, free tissue transfer has become as safe option for breast reconstruction with low morbidity. The lower abdominal skin and subcutaneous fat tissue typically offer enough volume to create an aesthetically satisfying breast mound. Nowadays, the most commonly used flap from this donor site is the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap. If the lower abdomen is not available as a donor site, the gluteal area and thigh provide a number of flaps suitable for breast reconstruction. If the required breast volume is small, and there is enough tissue available on the upper medial thigh, then a transverse upper gracilis flap may be a practicable method to reconstruct the breast. In case of a higher amount of required volume, a gluteal artery perforator flap is the best choice. However, what is crucial in addition to selecting the best flap option for the individual patient is the timing of the operation. In patients with confirmed post-mastectomy radiation therapy, it is advisable to perform microvascular breast reconstruction only in a delayed fashion.