PD-1/PD-L1治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）/程序性死亡配体-1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）信号通路与肿瘤免疫逃逸密切相关,针对PD-1/PD-L1通路的免疫检查点抑制剂为非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者提供了一种新的治疗选择,并且显示出良好的疗效和安全性。本文对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗NSCLC的临床研究进展进行综述。      

晚期胃癌免疫检查点PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合治疗的研究进展

胃癌是最为常见的恶性肿瘤之一，在中国其发病率和死亡率均较高，大多数胃癌初诊即已为晚期，预后较差，目前治疗现状仍不理想。免疫逃逸是肿瘤发生发展的一主要机制，细胞程序性死亡受体-1（programmed death-1，PD-1）及细胞程序性死亡配体（programmed death-ligand 1，PD-L1）是导致免疫逃逸的重要分子，PD-1与PD-L1结合是肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸的重要发病机制之一，特异性阻断二者结合，可达到杀灭肿瘤细胞的目的。PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂可明显改善晚期胃癌患者预后，并且PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗、靶向治疗、放疗等可进一步提高疗效。本文就PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合治疗在晚期胃癌中的治疗进展进行综述。      

PD-1/PD-L1在小细胞肺癌中的临床研究进展

小细胞肺癌（small cell lung cancer，SCLC）恶性程度高，具有强侵袭性、快速增长及早期转移等特点。初始治疗对化疗和放疗较敏感，但易复发且预后差。免疫检测点抑制剂程序性死亡分子-1（programmed death-1，PD-1）和程序性死亡分子1配体（pro? grammed death-ligand 1，PD-L1）拮抗剂，通过激活T细胞对肿瘤细胞的免疫应答，在SCLC的临床研究中均获得了很好的疗效，有望成为治疗SCLC的主要手段。本文旨在阐述PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在SCLC治疗中的研究进展，同时，比较肿瘤突变负荷（tumor mutation burden，TMB）与PD-L1表达作为生物标记物在SCLC的作用。      

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在外周T细胞淋巴瘤治疗中的研究进展#br#

外周T细胞淋巴瘤（peripheral T-cell lymphoma, PTCL）是一组高度异质性和侵袭性的非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,NHL）。在目前化疗为主的治疗下,PTCL患者通常预后差,复发率高,因此需要积极探索新药来改善预后。肿瘤微环境（tumor microenvironment,TME）在多种肿瘤中发挥重要作用,程序性死亡［蛋白］-1（programmed death-1,PD-1）/程序性死亡［蛋白］配体-1（programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1）信号通路是参与肿瘤免疫逃逸的重要途径之一,针对PD-1/PD-L1通路的抑制剂在多种肿瘤中疗效显著,在PTCL的治疗上也有广阔的应用前景。研究表明在PTCL多种亚型中均有不同程度PD-1/PD-L1的表达,且PD-1单抗在部分亚型中疗效显著。现就PD-1/PD-L1在PTCL中的表达情况和其抑制剂的治疗进展作一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期尿路上皮癌中的研究进展

摘 要：含顺铂方案的化疗是晚期尿路上皮癌的一线治疗方式,不耐受顺铂化疗的及一线标准化疗后发生疾病进展的患者可选择的有效治疗有限,平均生存期约5~10个月。程序性死亡受体1（programmed death 1,PD-1）/程序性死亡配体1（programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1）抑制剂在大型临床试验中显示出持久的抗肿瘤效应和可耐受的安全性,为改善晚期尿路上皮癌患者预后带来了希望。PD-1抑制剂Pembrolizumab是第一个获得美国食品药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）批准的治疗晚期尿路上皮癌的一线免疫治疗药物。2种PD-1抑制剂Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab,3种PD-L1抑制剂Atezolizumab、Durvalumab和Avelumab,先后获得美国FDA批准作为含铂方案化疗进展的晚期尿路上皮癌患者的二线治疗药物。全文就PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期尿路上皮癌中的研究进展作一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在淋巴瘤治疗中的研究进展

近年来,肿瘤生物免疫治疗因其显著的疗效而迅速发展为肿瘤研究领域的热点。程序性死亡受体-1（programmed death-1,PD-1）与其配体（programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1）在多种肿瘤细胞中过表达,参与肿瘤的发生、发展及侵袭转移。因此,PD-1/PDL1信号通路成为了肿瘤免疫治疗的有效新靶点。目前,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在淋巴瘤治疗研究中取得了较好的疗效。本文将对该类药物的相关临床研究现状进行综述,旨在加深对PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的作用机制及相关抗体应用于淋巴瘤治疗的认识。      

PD-1和PD-L1在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用机制及临床意义

随着人们对肿瘤免疫微环境的深入研究,发现肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸是造成肿瘤进展的关键原因,其分子机制也成为肿瘤免疫治疗研究的重点问题之一。近年研究表明程序性死亡受体-1（programmed death receptor-1,PD-1）与程序性死亡配体-1（programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1）与肿瘤发生、发展有密切联系。其中,PD-1是T细胞介导免疫反应中的重要抑制性免疫检查点,肿瘤细胞通过表达PD-L1,与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的PD-1结合,诱导淋巴细胞的凋亡,从而抵抗淋巴细胞的杀伤作用,最终造成肿瘤发生免疫逃逸。本文对PD-1和PD-L1在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用机制及在肿瘤治疗中的临床意义作一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1在非小细胞肺癌中的临床研究进展

近年来,免疫治疗在癌症研究中取得了突飞猛进的发展。以程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）及其配体程序性死亡配体-1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）为靶点的免疫治疗药物在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的治疗中显示出了良好的疗效和耐受性,治疗前景值得期待。本文对PD-1/PD-L1治疗NSCLC的临床研究现状进行综述。      

PD-1/PD-L1在结直肠癌中的研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1 (programmed death 1,PD-1)与其配体(programmed death-ligand l,PD-L1)是目前免疫治疗中关注的焦点.PD-1与其配体PD-L1结合导致肿瘤微环境中T细胞衰竭及免疫逃逸,阻断PD-1与PD-L1结合是有效的治疗靶点.针对阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路的单克隆抗体通过美国FDA的审批己应用于临床,并已证实在恶性黑色素瘤、肺癌、膀胱癌、胃癌、霍奇金淋巴瘤、乳腺癌等多种恶性肿瘤的治疗中取得了显著效果,目前该疗法在结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)的治疗研究中也显示出了良好的疗效.本文对当前PD-1/PD-L1的分子结构、肿瘤免疫中的生物学功能和在结直肠癌微环境中的特点、临床病理分子特点、PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗与耐药及预后方面的研究进展作一综述.     

晚期胃癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的临床研究进展

[摘要] 晚期胃癌治疗方法有限,预后较差。2017 年,针对程序性死亡蛋白-1（programmed cell death protein-1, PD-1）和程序性死亡配体-1（programmed death ligand-1, PD-L1）的免疫检查点抑制剂获批用于晚期胃癌治疗,提示胃癌免疫治疗时代已经到来。然而,相对于肺癌,免疫检查点抑制剂尚未获批用于胃癌一、二线治疗。目前,大量胃癌免疫治疗临床试验正在进行中,其模式还在进一步优化,包括免疫联合化疗、免疫检查点抑制剂联合其他免疫治疗及新型免疫检查点抑制剂的应用等,同时寻找合适的肿瘤标志物,筛选优势人群用于胃癌精准免疫治疗。本文着重讨论晚期胃癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的临床研究最新进展。     

抗PD-1/PD-L1和CTLA-4免疫治疗在头颈鳞癌中的研究进展

头颈鳞癌(Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)患者被诊断时多为晚期,传统方案治疗后复发率约为60%、转移率约为30%。而复发/转移性头颈鳞癌(Recurrent/metastasis HNSCC,R/M HNSCC)患者的治疗手段有限,长期生存率有待提高。免疫检查点抑制剂的出现有效的提高了这些患者的总生存期,为HNSCC患者带来了希望。本文总结了近年来程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)、程序性死亡蛋白1配体(PD-L1)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)抑制剂及其组合疗法在头颈鳞癌中的研究进展,希望为临床医师提供新的治疗方案。     

Biomarkers for immunotherapy response in head and neck cancer

Preclinical data suggest that head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a profoundly immunosuppressive disease, characterized by abnormal secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and dysfunction of immune effector cells. Based on landmark phase III trials, two anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1) antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab have been approved for HNSCC by FDA and EMEA in the recurrent/metastatic setting; in addition, pembrolizumab has recently received FDA and EMEA approval as first line treatment. In clinical practice, only a minority of patients with HNSCC derive benefit from immunotherapy and the need for the discovery of novel biomarkers to optimize treatment strategies is becoming increasingly more relevant. Although currently only PD-L1 is widely used as a predictive biomarker for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in HNSCC, there are many ongoing trials focusing on the identification of new biomarkers. This review will summarize current data on emerging biomarkers for response to immunotherapy in HNSCC.     

PD-1 blockade attenuates immunosuppressive myeloid cells due to inhibition of CD47/SIRPα axis in HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play key roles in the tumor immune suppressive network and tumor progression. However, precise roles of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in immunological functions of MDSCs and TAMs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we show that PD-1 and PD-L1 levels were significantly higher in human HNSCC specimen than in normal oral mucosa. MDSCs and TAMs were characterized in mice and human HNSCC specimen, correlated well with PD-1 and PD-L1 expression. αPD-1 treatment was well tolerated and significantly reduced tumor growth in the HNSCC mouse model along with significant reduction in MDSCs and TAMs in immune organs and tumors. Molecular analysis suggests a reduction in the CD47/SIRPα pathway by PD-1 blockade, which regulates MDSCs, TAMs, dendritic cell as well as effector T cells. Hence, these data identify that PD-1/PD-L1 axis is significantly increased in human and mouse HNSCC. Adoptive αPD-1 immunotherapy may provide a novel therapeutic approach to modulate the micro- and macro- environment in HNSCC.     

Hyperprogression during anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundPembrolizumab and nivolumab are immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 that have recently been approved in pretreated recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) patients. In the clinic, some patients seem not only not to benefit from anti-PD-L1/PD-1 agents but rather to experience an acceleration of tumor growth kinetics (TGK).Patients and methodsWe retrospectively compared TGK on immunotherapy and TGK on last treatment in patients with R/M HNSCC treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in four French centers. The TGK ratio (TGK_R, ratio of the slope of tumor growth before treatment and the slope of tumor growth on treatment) was calculated. Hyperprogression was defined as a TGK_R ≥ 2.ResultsFrom September 2012 to September 2015, 34 patients were identified. Patterns of recurrence included exclusive loco-regional recurrence in 14 patients, exclusive distant metastases in 11 patients, and both in 9 patients. No pseudo-progression was observed. Hyperprogression was observed in 10 patients (29%), including 9 patients with at least a locoregional recurrence, and only 1 patient with exclusively distant metastases. Hyperprogression significantly correlated with a regional recurrence (TGK_R ≥ 2: 90% versus TGK_R < 2: 37%, P = 0.008), but not with local or distant recurrence. Hyperprogression was associated with a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) according to RECIST (P = 0.003) and irRECIST (P = 0.02), but not with overall survival (P = 0.77).ConclusionsHyperprogression was observed in 29% of patients with R/M HNSCC treated with anti-PD-L1/PD-1 agents and correlated with a shorter PFS. It occurred in 39% of patients with at least a locoregional recurrence and 9% of patients with exclusively distant metastases. No pseudo-progressions were reported. Mechanisms and causality of hyperprogression should further be assessed through prospective controlled studies.     

复发转移性头颈鳞状细胞癌免疫治疗现状和探索

目的 世界范围内,头颈部鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)发病率在恶性肿瘤中居第7位,复发转移性(recurrent or metastatic,R/M) HNSCC生活质量下降,治疗方法少,预后差.近年来,以免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗取得突破性进展,成为黑色素瘤、肺癌等多种肿瘤有效的治疗选择.本研究对R/M HNSCC免疫治疗的现状和进展作一综述.方法 以“头颈鳞癌,免疫治疗,免疫检查点抑制剂,过继T细胞治疗,肿瘤疫苗”等为关键词,应用PubMed和CNKI期刊全文数据库检索系统以及ClinicalTrials.gov网站,检索2001-01-2017-01的相关文献及注册临床研究,共检索到英文文献138篇,中文文献84篇.纳入标准:(1)R/M HNSCC;(2)免疫治疗现状及进展;(3)免疫治疗相关临床研究.共纳入38篇文献进行分析.结果 R/M HNSCC中免疫治疗研究广泛开展并逐渐深入,尤其是免疫检查点抑制剂.程序性细胞死亡1(programmed cell death-1,PDq)抑制剂(Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab)显示出明显疗效,因此被食品药品管理局(food and drug administration,FDA)批准用于R/M HNSCC的治疗.尽管其他免疫检查点抑制剂如程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)抑制剂(Durvalumab和Avelumab)和细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)抑制剂(Ipilimumab和Tremelimumab)尚无Ⅲ期临床研究结果发表来证明其确切疗效,但有一系列临床研究正在进行中.过继T细胞治疗和肿瘤疫苗的免疫治疗模式也在探索中.此外,在R/M HNSCC免疫治疗中根据生物标志物筛选有效患者,联合治疗提高疗效以及不良反应的监测及治疗等方面也被关注.结论 R/M HNSCC中免疫治疗有良好前景,但也存在许多挑战,如何筛选免疫治疗最有效的人群、探索免疫治疗模式及提高疗效仍是未来研究重点.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗中的应用进展

膀胱癌是一种泌尿系统常见的肿瘤,单纯根治切除手术治疗的患者面临较高复发和转移风险,5年生存率为60~80%。在减少复发、转移和延长生存期的探索中,指南推荐以顺铂为基础的化疗作为标准新辅助治疗。但部分患者无法耐受化疗或对化疗不敏感,新辅助治疗应用率较低,未广泛开展。程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)和程序性死亡因子配体1(PD-L1)是重要的免疫检验点共抑制分子,通过抑制T细胞的激活和增殖通路参与肿瘤的免疫逃逸。近年来一批PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂被批准用于局晚期膀胱癌的一线、二线治疗,疗效及安全性得到证实,因此一些最新的研究探索将PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂运用于新辅助治疗。本文主要对近年来相关研究进行了回顾与总结,探讨PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗应用的前景和可能发展的方向。     

Health-related quality of life in cancer patients treated with PD-(L)1 inhibitors: a systematic review

Introduction: A systematic review was performed to explore the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes among cancer patients receiving PD-(L)1 inhibitors compared to those receiving traditional cytotoxic therapy.

Areas covered: Citations from PubMed and the American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting library were examined. Cross-references from original studies and review articles were also reviewed. Eligible trials included randomized controlled trials of cancer patients treated with one of the PD-(L)1 inhibitors and reporting HRQoL outcomes. A total of 11 studies were included in the current review. PD-(L)1 inhibitors were associated with a consistent prolongation of the time to symptomatic deterioration. This was shown with the three agents (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab) as well as across a variety of solid tumors (lung cancer, melanoma, head and neck cancer and urothelial cancer). Moreover, PD-(L)1 inhibitor therapy was associated with better symptomatic control at different follow-up points. This was observed regardless of the agent used of the solid tumor treated.

Expert commentary: Across a variety of solid tumor indications as well as a variety of PD-(L)1 inhibitors, the use of PD-(L)1 inhibitors is associated with an improvement in the quality of life. The utility of patient-reported outcomes in predicting clinical benefit from these agents needs to be explored further.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期肝细胞肝癌治疗中的研究进展

晚期原发性肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的系统治疗主要包括靶向治疗、化疗以及免疫治疗。近3年,程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受体-1配体(programmed death receptor-1 ligand,PD-L1)抑制剂在晚期HCC治疗中取得突破性进展。纳武单抗(nivolumab)和帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab)先后被美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准用于HCC二线治疗。多个PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合系统治疗的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期临床研究初步显示出较好的疗效和安全性。阿特珠单抗(atezolizumab)联合贝伐单抗一线治疗成为首个在Ⅲ期临床研究中证实优于现有标准治疗索拉非尼的全新疗法。本文就近年PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期HCC治疗中的研究进展进行概述。     

Clinical outcomes and influencing factors of PD-1/PD-L1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an increasing incidence worldwide, and the global 5-year survival rate ranges from 5–30%. In China, HCC seriously threatens the nation''s health; the incidence of HCC ranks fourth among all theriomas, and the mortality rate is the third highest worldwide. The main therapies for HCC are surgical treatment or liver transplantation; however, most patients with HCC will experience postoperative recurrence or metastasis, eventually resulting in mortality. As for advanced or unresectable HCC, the current appropriate treatment strategy is transarterial chemoembolization; however, limited therapeutic effect and natural or acquired drug resistance affect the efficacy of this approach. Previous studies have demonstrated that PD-L1 expression on host cells and myeloid cells plays an important role in PD-L1 blocked-mediated tumor regression. Thus, further research on programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is required. Countries including the United States, France, Britain and China have developed PD-1/PD-L1 blockers, including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, toripalimab, sintilimab and camrelizumab. Notably, all of these blockers have therapeutic effect and influencing factors in HCC. Factors that influence the clinical outcome of PD-1 have also been discovered, such as inflammatory genes, specific receptors and signaling pathways. The discovery of these factors will help to identify novel methods, such as combination treatment, to decrease the influence of other factors on the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1. Sorafenib and lenvatinib have been approved for first-line treatment for patients with advanced HCC. When first-line treatment frequently fails, pembrolizumab and ipilimumab plus nivolumab are used following sorafenib (but not lenvatinib) treatment in advanced HCC. Thus, tumor immunotherapy using PD-1/PD-L1 blockers exhibits promising outcomes for the treatment of HCC, and more novel PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are being developed to fight against this disease. The present review discusses the clinical results and influencing factors of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in HCC to provide insight into the development and optimization of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of HCC.     

程序性死亡受体1抑制剂在霍奇金淋巴瘤中的应用

程序性死亡受体1（PD-1）抑制剂在霍奇金淋巴瘤中具有独特的作用机制和较好疗效。多个PD-1抑制剂单药已被批准用于经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤患者较晚期的挽救治疗,其与其他小分子靶向药物、免疫活性药物或细胞毒性药物等联合应用可进一步提高疗效,较传统方案的安全性更好,也被尝试用于复发难治患者及一线治疗。另外,9P24.1扩增、PD-1配体表达、循环肿瘤DNA水平等可能是预测PD-1抑制剂疗效的潜在生物标志物。