EGFR、TP53共突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌靶向治疗进展

TP53突变是表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)最常见的合并体突变,在靶向治疗过程中与疾病进展和较差的预后相关。为揭示TP53突变在EGFR突变的晚期NSCLC靶向治疗中的预后价值,探讨治疗方案,国内外医学界进行了深入的研究,但尚未达成共识。全文就近年来EGFR/TP53共突变的NSCLC靶向治疗的进展进行综述,为临床治疗研究提供新思路。     

TP53-EGFR共突变对非小细胞肺癌预后及治疗的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因。表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, EGFR-TKI)是目前NSCLC患者靶向表皮生长因子受体(Epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)突变的标准一线治疗方法,然而原发性或获得性耐药会导致治疗中断和疾病进展。TP53突变是EGFR突变型NSCLC患者中最常见的共突变,研究表明TP53-EGFR共突变提示患者预后不良,对这类突变患者的治疗方案尚未达成共识。本文就TP53突变在晚期EGFR突变型NSCLC患者中的预后价值和TP53-EGFR共突变晚期NSCLC患者治疗的研究进展进行综述。     

EGFR突变晚期非小细胞肺癌的一线治疗进展

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变在非小细胞肺癌中发生率高,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)对EGFR突变患者有效率高、不良反应低,是EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者的一线标准治疗。但EGFR-TKI应用一段时间后不可避免地会出现耐药。研究者在EGFR-TKI和化疗、抗血管生成治疗、放疗及免疫治疗等的联合应用领域进行了诸多尝试,显著延缓了疾病进展或耐药的发生,并转化为具有临床意义的生存获益。本文就EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者一线治疗进展作一综述。     

KRAS突变晚期非小细胞肺癌分子分型、治疗及预后分析

目的:分析晚期Kirsten鼠类肉瘤(Kirsten rat sarcoma,KRAS)突变非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的临床病理特征、分子分型、治疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析2019年01-2022年01我院33例晚期KRAS+NSCLC患者的临床病理资料。分析KRAS亚型、TP53共突变及不同治疗方案和生存预后的相关性。结果:33例晚期KRAS+NSCLC患者,男性大约占90.9%（30/33);KRAS p.G12C突变为最常见分子分型,约42.4%（14/33）;另外,KRAS p.G12C突变人群对比其他KRAS突变患者,无进展生存期（progression-free survival,PFS)(6.5个月 vs 7.0个月;P=0.799)和总生存(overall survival,OS)(18.0个月 vs 24.0个月;P=0.266)均未见显著差异。亚组分析中,免疫联合化疗对比化疗+抗血管和单一化疗,可延长PFS(13.5个月 vs 7.5个月 vs 5.5个月;P=0.033),但OS却未见差异(25.0个月 vs 18.0个月 vs 25.0个月;P=0.854)。KRAS+/TP53+ NSCLC对比KRAS+/TP53-NSCLC,显著缩短PFS(5.5个月 vs 7.5个月;P=0.019)和OS(18.0个月vs 28.0个月;P=0.004)。多因素分析发现TP53共突变（HR=3.394;P=0.005）、治疗方案（HR=0.473;P=0.003）为PFS的预后因素;TP53共突变（HR=8.235;P=0.004）为OS的独立预后因素。结论:中国人群中,晚期KRAS+NSCLC患者男性较为多见,p.G12C为最常见分子分型。免疫治疗联合化疗可能延长晚期KRAS+NSCLC的PFS,但仍需进一步探索;TP53共突变可能为晚期KRAS+NSCLC不良预后因素。晚期NSCLC中KRAS和TP53共突变患者的治疗及预后需要进一步探索。     

EGFR突变与非小细胞肺癌的个体化治疗

表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR）是一种蛋白酪氨酸激酶受体,在非小细胞肺癌（Non—small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）中常常过表达,并在肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、转移和抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡方面起到重要作用,成为治疗的重要靶点。尽管EGFR突变类型有20余种,但临床意义明确的突变位点却很少,如外显子18的G719A突变、外显子19的缺失突变和外显子21的L858R突变,其中外显子19的缺失突变最常见,不同的突变类型与临床靶向治疗的疗效及预后密切相关。在NSCLC临床治疗过程中,EGFR突变型患者对表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor—tyrosine kinase inhibitgrs,EGFR—TKI）的一线治疗和二线治疗都有显著的疗效,明显优于EGFR野生型患者,所以针对患者EGFR不同表型进行的个体化治疗尤其重要。     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR突变检测的研究和应用进展

近年来,靶向小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）在表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的治疗中得到了广泛应用。对EGFR突变情况进行检测成为晚期NSCLC个体化治疗的重要前提。目前,EGFR突变的检测方法仍以组织检查为金标准,同时,细胞学及外周血EGFR突变检测亦得到良好发展。对EGFR突变水平进行定性及定量测定,可较为方便地预测EGFR-TKI的疗效,监测疾病的进展,并可较早地发现EGFR-TKI获得性耐药。本文对EGFR突变的定性及定量检测技术的应用进展作一综述。     

TP53共突变对驱动基因阳性肺癌靶向治疗疗效的影响及对策

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的发生发展常与致癌驱动基因变异有关。虽然靶向这些驱动基因的药物取得显著疗效,但TP53共突变已被证实是肺癌靶向治疗疗效差的重要因素。针对合并TP53突变的驱动基因变异肺癌患者,联合化疗或抗血管治疗等新策略取得了重要进展。鉴于此,该文总结了TP53共突变对驱动基因阳性肺癌靶向治疗疗效的影响,以及对这部分肺癌患者最佳治疗策略的探索。     

TP53突变与胶质瘤恶性进展

背景与目的：WHOⅡ级的星形细胞瘤手术后在部分患者可能复发，而且，复发时多出现恶性程度增加。本研究探讨TP53蛋白质分子的表达与胶质瘤恶性进展之间的关系。方法：收集第一次手术时为星形细胞瘤（WHOⅡ级）的石蜡包埋标本53例份，其中10例复发时第二次手术肿瘤仍然为Ⅱ级（复发无进展组）；10例复发时肿瘤级别升高（Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级）（复发进展组）；另外13例在5年内没有复发（无复发组）。免疫组化检测TP53在肿瘤中的表达，并采用DNA测序法分析TP53蛋白阳性标本TP53外显子5、7、8的突变情况。结果：LTP 53阳性率为45．5％（15／33）。复发恶性进展组TP53高于无复发组和无进展组（P〈0．05）；TP53无进展组与无复发组之间差异无统计学意义。基因测序共在6例组织中发现7个（共4类）突变，其中1例同时存在2个突变。所有突变者都是恶性进展组病例。结论：TP53突变／蛋白质分子过表达可能是Ⅱ级星形胶质细胞瘤复发恶性进展的预示指标。     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR突变及临床病理特征分析

[目的]探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变状态及其与临床病理特征的关系.[方法]收集符合入组条件的NSCLC患者300例,应用RT-PCR方法检测EGFR突变,采集临床常见的19,21外显子突变位点(delE746-A750、delL747-P753insS、L858R、L861Q)信息,分析EGFR突变状态与临床病理特征的关系.[结果]300例NSCLC患者中,EGFR突变72例,突变率24％;其中男、女性突变率分别为13.06％和45.54％(P＜0.01);吸烟与非吸烟者突变率分别为10.69％和34.31％(P＜0.01);腺癌与非腺癌突变率分别为30.72％和15.67％(P=0.02).[结论]EGFR突变是NSCLC特殊类型,与女性、非吸烟、腺癌人群密切相关.     

TP53、EGFR共突变对NSCLC治疗的影响及对预后预测作用的进展

摘 要：随着二代基因检测技术的发展,人们发现与单个基因突变相比,多个体细胞共突变已被证明与预后较差有关。在这些共突变中,TP53突变最常见,但被认为是不可用药的靶点。近年来对TP53突变的预测价值进行了深入研究,由于结果不一致,尚未达到临床应用。本篇综述通过对近几年国内外关于TP53抑癌基因与EGFR共突变对非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）治疗及预后的影响进行小结,为EGFR伴随TP53突变NSCLC的靶向治疗提供新的思路。     

TP53 mutation, allelism and survival in non-small cell lung cancer

TP53 is well-recognized as a mutational target in cancers and common variation in the TP53 gene has been investigated as potentially contributing to cancer susceptibility. The codon 72 polymorphism has been proposed to alter the phenotype of TP53 mutations, and TP53 mutations have been reported to occur preferentially on the arginine allele. Using a consecutive case series of non-small cell lung cancer we have investigated whether TP53 mutations occur preferentially on the arginine or proline allele, and whether the combination of mutation and allelism confers differences in the clinical phenotype. The overall prevalence of TP53 mutation was 26% (76/293). The majority of mutations occurred on the arginine allele (51/60, 85%), and there was corresponding strong selection for loss of the proline allele [87% of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events were loss of proline]. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of mutation by constitutional genotype and among heterozygotes with LOH, TP53 mutation prevalence did not differ by the codon 72 polymorphism (48% on arginine versus 40% on proline). Importantly, patient survival did significantly differ: those patients having a TP53 mutation on the proline allele had the worst survival outcomes (hazards ratio = 2.6, P < 0.03). Further, this phenotype was limited to those patients with advanced disease, where mutation on the proline allele was associated with a significantly worse outcome compared with those without mutation or with mutation on the arginine allele (P < 0.001). Our data suggest that there are selective pressures for loss of the TP53 proline allele in non-small cell lung cancer. Further, the combination of mutation with the codon 72 proline variant predicts poorer patient survival, particularly in a disease that has progressed outside the lung, a finding that warrants further investigation.     

小细胞肺癌的诊疗进展

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)是肺癌中恶性程度最高的一种类型,具有进展快、转移早、易复发等特点,约占新发肺癌15%-20%,其发生与长期吸烟有密切关系;SCLC未经治疗者的中位生存期(median survival time,MST)仅为2个月-4个月[1];治疗后,局限期     

小细胞肺癌个体化治疗进展

小细胞肺癌（small cell lung cancer,SCLC）具有进展迅速、早期转移、预后差的特点。SCLC的治疗一直是研究者关注的焦点。精准医学和个体化医疗的发展打破了SCLC治疗领域多年的沉寂,使SCLC的治疗模式发生改变。生物信息学的进步加速了对SCLC分子机制的理解,发现SCLC个体化治疗的一些潜在靶点,在临床研究中针对这些靶点的药物进行不断的探索,描绘着SCLC个体化医疗的美好前景。      

小细胞肺癌新药物研究进展

小细胞肺癌约占肺癌的15％～20％,具有增殖快、转移早等特点。尽管其对放、化疗比较敏感,但几十年来的临床试验并没能找到彻底治愈SCLC的有效方法,EP／EC方案依旧是SCLC的标准一线化疗方案,多数患者在一线治疗以后仍会复发或转移。针对SCLC的新的化疗药物和生物靶向治疗药物的正在研究之中,这些药物为SCLC的治疗带来新的希望。     

Polymorphisms in XPD and TP53 and mutation in human lung cancer

The pattern of somatic mutations in TP53 is distinct for particular cancers and carcinogenic exposures, providing clues to disease etiology, e.g. G:C-->T:A mutations in TP53 are more frequently observed in smoking-associated lung cancers. In order to investigate possible causes and mechanisms of lung cancer susceptibility differences, the TP53 gene was sequenced in a case-only study of lung cancers (206 men and 103 women). Our primary hypothesis was that the TP53 mutation spectrum is influenced by polymorphisms in genes involved in DNA repair and apoptosis. We observed a TP53 mutation frequency in exons 5-8 of 25%. Functional polymorphisms in XPD (Asp312Asn, rs1799793 and Lys751Gln, rs1052559), a protein required for nucleotide excision repair and with roles in p53-mediated apoptosis, were modestly associated with G:C-->T:A mutations in TP53 in lung tumors [Asp/Asn312 + Asn/Asn312 and/or Lys/Gln751 + Gln/Gln751 versus Asp/Asp312 + Lys/Lys751; odds ratio (OR) 2.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98-7.61], consistent with the role of this protein in repair of bulky carcinogen-DNA adducts. In addition, a TP53 polymorphism (Arg72Pro, rs1042522) with a known role in the efficiency of apoptosis was also associated with the presence of a TP53 mutation (Pro/Arg72 or Pro/Pro72 versus Arg/Arg72; OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.21-4.17) or a G:C-->T:A mutation in TP53 (Pro/Arg72 or Pro/Pro72 versus Arg/Arg72; OR 2.42, 95% CI 0.97-6.04). An interaction between the XPD variant alleles (Asn312 and Gln751) and the TP53 Pro72 allele was observed for TP53 mutations (any TP53 mutation P(int) = 0.027, G:C-->T:A TP53 mutation P(int) = 0.041). The statistical interaction observed in our study is consistent with the observed biological interaction for XPD and p53 in nucleotide excision repair and apoptosis. In conclusion, differences in TP53 mutation spectra in lung tumors are associated with several genetic factors and may reflect differences in lung cancer susceptibility and carcinogenesis.     

RB1 and TP53 pathways in radiation-induced sarcomas

The tumour suppressor genes, TP53 and RB1, and four genes involved in their regulation, INK4a, ARF, MDM2 and MDMX, were analysed in a series of 36 post-radiotherapy radiation-induced sarcomas. One-third of the tumours developed in patients carrying a germline mutation of RB1 that predisposed them to retinoblastoma and radiation-induced sarcomas. The genetic inactivation of RB1 and/or TP53 genes was frequently observed in these sarcomas. These inactivations were owing to an interplay between point mutations and losses of large chromosome segments. Radiation-induced somatic mutations were observed in TP53, but not in RB1 or in the four other genes, indicating an early role of TP53 in the radio-sarcomagenesis. RB1 and TP53 genes were biallelically coinactivated in all sarcomas developing in the context of the predisposition, indicating that both genes played a major role in the formation of these sarcomas. In the absence of predisposition, TP53 was biallelically inactivated in one-third of the sarcomas, whereas at least one allele of RB1 was wild type. In both genetic contexts, the TP53 pathway was inactivated by genetic lesions and not by the activation of the ARF/MDM2/MDMX pathway, as recently shown in retinoblastomas. Together, these findings highlight the intricate tissue- and aetiology-specific relationships between TP53 and RB1 pathways in tumorigenesis.     

Impact of TP53 mutation status on systemic treatment outcome in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer

BackgroundWe analyzed whether co-occurring mutations influence the outcome of systemic therapy in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Patients and methodsALK-rearranged stage IIIB/IV NSCLC patients were analyzed with next-generation sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses on a centralized diagnostic platform. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined in the total cohort and in treatment-related sub-cohorts. Cox regression analyses were carried out to exclude confounders.ResultsAmong 216 patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC, the frequency of pathogenic TP53 mutations was 23.8%, while other co-occurring mutations were rare events. In ALK/TP53 co-mutated patients, median PFS and OS were significantly lower compared with TP53 wildtype patients [PFS 3.9 months (95% CI: 2.4–5.6) versus 10.3 months (95% CI: 8.6–12.0), P < 0.001; OS 15.0 months (95% CI: 5.0–24.9) versus 50.0 months (95% CI: 22.9–77.1), P = 0.002]. This difference was confirmed in all treatment-related subgroups including chemotherapy only [PFS first-line chemotherapy 2.6 months (95% CI: 1.3–4.1) versus 6.2 months (95% CI: 1.8–10.5), P = 0.021; OS 2.0 months (95% CI: 0.0–4.6) versus 9.0 months (95% CI: 6.1–11.9), P = 0.035], crizotinib plus chemotherapy [PFS crizotinib 5.0 months (95% CI: 2.9–7.2) versus 14.0 months (95% CI: 8.0–20.1), P < 0.001; OS 17.0 months (95% CI: 6.7–27.3) versus not reached, P = 0.049] and crizotinib followed by next-generation ALK-inhibitor [PFS next-generation inhibitor 5.4 months (95% CI: 0.1–10.7) versus 9.9 months (95% CI: 6.4–13.5), P = 0.039; OS 7.0 months versus 50.0 months (95% CI: not reached), P = 0.001).ConclusionsIn ALK-rearranged NSCLC co-occurring TP53 mutations predict an unfavorable outcome of systemic therapy. Our observations encourage future research to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and to improve treatment outcome of the ALK/TP53 co-mutated subgroup.     

局限期小细胞肺癌的治疗进展

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)占全部肺癌的15%-20%。其分期系统有两种,临床上最常用的是美国退伍军人医院分期系统,将SCLC分为局限期和广泛期:病变局限于同一侧胸腔并可安全地包括在一个可     

抗血管生成在小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究进展

小细胞肺癌是一种具有高度侵袭性的恶性肿瘤。虽然其对放化疗敏感程度高,但易发生复发转移,对于放化疗进展后的小细胞肺癌,目前尚缺乏有效的治疗手段,广泛期患者的总生存期不到一年,因此迫切需要探索一种具体有效的新药。目前,靶向治疗已引起人们的关注,抗血管生成药物通过阻断肿瘤生长所需的血管,已经在几种恶性肿瘤中有了证实的疗效,为目前小细胞肺癌的治疗提供了新的思路。同时,鉴于最近免疫疗法的成功,抗血管生成药物与免疫检查点阻断剂的组合也已成为值得研究的治疗方式。本文通过探讨抗血管生成药物的研究进展,以及联合免疫治疗取得的成果,以期对小细胞肺癌的治疗提供一些参考。     

小细胞肺癌内科治疗新进展

小细胞肺癌（small cell lung cancer,SCLC）具有极高的增殖率、较强的早期转移倾向和较差的预后。超过三分之二的患者初诊时分期为广泛期（extensive stage-small cell lung cancer,ES-SCLC）。小细胞肺癌治疗进展缓慢,含铂化疗一直是标准治疗方案,虽然近期有效率高,但易出现耐药。近年来免疫治疗及抗血管药物的兴起,在SCLC领域出现了突破,为SCLC建立新的治疗标准。本文将SCLC的化学治疗、抗血管治疗及免疫治疗进展进行综述。