经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术的研究新进展

二尖瓣关闭不全（mitral regurgitation,MR）是临床最常见的心脏瓣膜病之一,二尖瓣修复术是治疗MR最常用的手术方法。其中,经导管缘对缘二尖瓣修复术（transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair,TEER）是具有外科手术高危性的MR患者的一种重要治疗方法。随着研究的进展及科技的进步,TEER手术的适应证、禁忌证及手术器械等方面,都取得了一些新进展。本文主要就TEER的手术原理、适应证、禁忌证、手术器械研发及预后影响因素等方面进行综述。     

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术的研究现状

外科手术是低中危的二尖瓣反流(MR)患者的黄金标准治疗方法,但许多患者因围术期风险过大禁忌外科手术。近年来,MR在高龄高危手术风险患者中的患病率越来越高,多项临床研究证实了经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复为MR最重要、最广泛的治疗手段,具有较高的安全性、有效性以及耐久性。目前许多其他经导管二尖瓣修复技术正在研发中,并处于研究阶段,期待越来越多的经导管二尖瓣修复技术问世,给治疗MR带来新的选择。     

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术患者心脏康复中国专家共识

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术（TEER）是治疗重度二尖瓣反流的重要手段。基于TEER病理生理特点的全程心脏康复可减少TEER患者手术并发症、降低再发心血管事件和死亡风险，提高生活质量和改善预后。为了规范TEER患者心脏康复，中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会、中国康复医学会心脏介入治疗和康复专业委员会、中国医院协会心脏康复管理专业委员会联合制订本专家共识，为TEER患者提供从住院到居家全流程综合康复管理方案，对个体化康复评估、康复教育、运动康复、药物治疗，营养、心理、睡眠和戒烟等相关问题干预提供有证据支持的建议。     

室性功能性二尖瓣反流的系统认识及其经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复治疗

二尖瓣反流是目前最常见的心脏瓣膜疾病之一,在人群中发病率约为10%,其中大部分为功能性反流。室性功能性二尖瓣反流（V-FMR）患者是由于左心室收缩功能减弱合并左心室扩大,导致瓣环扩大及相对性的腱索牵拉拴系所致,由于该类患者心功能及基础情况较差,手术风险及预后均不如常规二尖瓣反流患者。近年来,经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术逐渐发展为一项成熟的二尖瓣反流介入技术,在V-FMR患者中取得了良好的临床结果,为V-FMR的治疗提供了新的选择。     

新一代国产自锁式经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复系统KokaclipTM首例置入

经导管缘对缘瓣膜修复技术已经成为治疗外科风险极高的退行性二尖瓣反流及内科最优药物治疗下仍有临床症状的功能性二尖瓣反流的可靠介入微创治疗方式。本病例报道我国自主研发的新一代自锁式经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复系统的首次临床应用经验。     

经导管三尖瓣缘对缘修复术的应用现状

三尖瓣反流(TR)是常见的心脏瓣膜病变。根据发病机制,TR可分为原发性(器质性)和继发性(功能性)反流,其中功能性TR占比超过90%。重度TR患者预后差,药物治疗效果差,外科手术(瓣环成形)是主要治疗手段。目前,经导管三尖瓣缘对缘修复术(T-TEER)已成为TR经导管治疗的重要方案,为广大无法接受外科手术或手术高风险的TR患者提供了微创治疗方式。T-TEER通过夹闭瓣叶进而降低反流程度,目前处于早期研发探索和临床验证阶段,主要用于功能性TR。T-TEER相关器械也取得了明显的进步(TriClip,PASCAL),我国独立研发的T-TEER器械也正在进行临床试验(DragonFly-T^TM,SQ-Kyrin-T^TM,NeoBlazar^TM)。本文对T-TEER的应用现状和研究进展进行综述。     

不同病因二尖瓣反流经导管缘对缘修复术后心脏逆重构分析和超声心动图应用经验

目的：评估二尖瓣经导管缘对缘修复术（TEER）对功能性和退行性中重度二尖瓣反流患者术后6个月的瓣膜功能、心脏逆重构和心功能变化情况,并总结超声心动图应用经验。方法：回顾性分析2022年7月至2023年2月在云南省阜外心血管病医院接受二尖瓣TEER且完成6个月随访的93例中重度二尖瓣反流患者的超声心动图资料。根据病因将患者分为功能性二尖瓣反流（FMR）组和退行性二尖瓣反流(DMR)组。比较两组患者的瓣膜特征参数、术前和术后6个月的瓣膜功能、心腔容积和心功能指标。评估手术疗效,并总结超声心动图应用经验。结果：93例患者中,FMR患者71例,DMR患者22例。与FMR组比,DMR组患者二尖瓣前叶长度较短,对合缘高度较低,对合深度较浅,瓣叶栓系比例较低,瓣环内外径较短,左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）较小,左心室射血分数（LVEF）较高、左心室整体纵向应变（GLS）绝对值较高（P均<0.05）。所有患者术后6个月二尖瓣反流分级、NYHA心功能分级较术前均显著改善（P均<0.05）,二尖瓣平均跨瓣压差较术前有所升高（P <0.05）。其中,FM...     

国产JensClip经导管修复系统治疗退行性二尖瓣反流1例

二尖瓣反流（MR）是我国常见的心脏瓣膜疾病,其患病率随着年龄的增长而增加,大多数患者伴有心脏或非心脏的合并症。经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术（TEER）已成为指南推荐的、安全有效的治疗方案,用于治疗严重的原发性或继发性MR患者。随着我国TEER技术的快速发展和成熟,相关器械已得到研发并获批开展临床试验,其中包括我国自主设计和制造的JensClip系统,其独特的滑块锁定设计实现了二尖瓣夹锁定模式的创新。现报道JensClip用于治疗退行性MR(DMR)患者1例。     

中国经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术临床路径（2022版）精简版

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术（TEER）已成为外科手术高危的重度二尖瓣反流患者的重要治疗选择，TEER的手术流程复杂，团队协作要求高，在中国尚缺乏规范的临床路径。基于当前循证医学证据，针对TEER团队建设、患者临床评估、影像评估、手术规范流程、复杂病变处理、围术期管理、全生命周期康复随访等临床关注的关键问题，专家组有针对性撰写了此临床路径，以推动我国TEER安全、规范地开展和普及，进而提高我国二尖瓣反流的诊疗水平以及改善患者预后。     

二尖瓣关闭不全经导管缘对缘修复疗效的预测因素

经导管缘对缘修复(TEER)已经成为二尖瓣反流/二尖瓣关闭不全介入领域中最热门、认可度最高的修复技术之一。欧美指南将外科手术高风险、解剖合适列为二尖瓣反流的适应证, 然而目前符合TEER技术适应证的患者仍相对较少。国内尚无学者对TEER疗效相关因素进行总结。该文基于当前已有的临床证据, 主要从临床、解剖、操作、术后因素4个方面综述TEER疗效的预测因素, 期待有助于心脏团队对病例的选择、手术过程中细节的把握、术后病例的随访及药物调整等, 促使这项技术更成熟、更长远地发展。     

Cardio-hepatic syndrome in patients undergoing mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair

Aims

The impact of the cardio-hepatic syndrome (CHS) on outcomes in patients undergoing mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) for relevant mitral regurgitation (MR) is unknown. The objectives of this study were three-fold: (i) to characterize the pattern of hepatic impairment, (ii) to investigate the prognostic value of CHS, and (iii) to evaluate the changes in hepatic function after M-TEER.

Methods and results

Hepatic impairment was quantified by laboratory parameters of liver function. In accordance with existing literature, two types of CHS were distinguished: ischaemic type I CHS (elevation of both transaminases) and cholestatic type II CHS (elevation of two out of three parameters of hepatic cholestasis). The impact of CHS on 2-year mortality was evaluated using a Cox model. The change in hepatic function after M-TEER was assessed by laboratory testing at follow-up. We analysed 1083 patients who underwent M-TEER for relevant primary or secondary MR at four European centres between 2008 and 2019. Ischaemic type I and cholestatic type II CHS were observed in 11.1% and 23.0% of patients, respectively. Predictors for 2-year all-cause mortality differed by MR aetiology. While in primary MR cholestatic type II CHS was independently associated with 2-year mortality, ischaemic CHS type I was an independent mortality predictor in secondary MR patients. At follow-up, patients with MR reduction ≤2+ (obtained in 90.7% of patients) presented with improved parameters of hepatic function (median reduction of 0.2 mg/dl, 0.2 U/L and 21 U/L for bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase, respectively, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The CHS is frequently observed in patients undergoing M-TEER and significantly impairs 2-year survival. Successful M-TEER may have beneficial effects on CHS.     

Percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair

In the past few years, a myriad of technologies have been developed for percutaneous repair of the mitral valve for patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and at high risk for traditional open-heart mitral valve surgery. Among them, MitraClip has emerged as the only clinically safe and effective method for percutaneous mitral valve repair. This device mimics the surgical edge-to-edge mitral valve repair initially described by Dr. Alfieri. In this article, we review the current clinical evidence on the use of the MitraClip—from the randomized control trial EVEREST II to the information derived from expert high-volume centers.     

Dobutamine stress echocardiography during transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair predicts residual mitral regurgitation

Objectives

The current study sought to determine whether low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) during transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TMVR) can predict residual mitral regurgitation (MR) at discharge.

Background

In most patients, TMVR can successfully reduce MR from severe to mild or moderate. However, general anesthesia during the intervention affects hemodynamics and MR assessment. At discharge transthoracic echocardiogram residual MR (>moderate) is present in 10%–30% of patients which is associated with worse clinical outcome.

Methods

In consecutive patients the severity of MR was determined at baseline, immediately after TMVR clip implantation and subsequently during low-dose DSE (both under general anesthesia) and at discharge.

Results

A total of 39 patients were included (mean age 76.1 ± 8.1 years, 39% male, 56% functional MR, 41% left ventricular ejection fraction < 45%). An increase of MR during DSE was seen in 11 patients, of whom 6 (55%) showed >moderate MR at discharge. None of the 28 patients without an increase of MR during DSE showed >moderate MR at discharge. The diagnostic performance of the test could be established at a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85% in unselected patients.

Conclusions

DSE during TMVR is a useful tool to predict residual MR at discharge. It could support procedural decision making, including implantation of additional clips and thus potentially improve clinical outcome.     

A systematic approach for transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair of isolated commissure prolapse

Although transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair (TEER) has been widely used for non-central degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR), few reports have described therapeutic strategies for commissure prolapse. Furthermore, no standard approach for TEER for commissure has established. Thus, we categorized various grasping strategies into three patterns, and proposed a promising systematic strategy to observe three possible grasping patterns for identifying appropriate grasping target. Here, we report a successful TEER case of isolated posterior commissure prolapse in which we used a systematic approach.     

Complications during percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair

Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair is an approach for treating mitral regurgitation, which is an alternative for surgery in patients with a high surgical risk. Although the safety and efficacy of the technique have been demonstrated, it is still associated with potentially life-threatening complications. The aim of this paper is to discuss the nature, management, and prevention of the most important procedural complications associated with this procedure.     

Impact of sex on short term in-hospital outcomes with transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair

Background and aim of the studyTranscatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair with the mitraclip device for treatment of severe mitral regurgitation has been shown to be an effective treatment. However, the impact of sex on in-hospital outcomes has not been studied on a large scale with “real-world” patients. The aim of this study was to assess for disparities of sex in patients treated with mitraclip.Materials and methodsData from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) (2012 through 2014) using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure code 35.97 for transcatheter mitral valve repair was analyzed for this study. SAS 9.4 (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was used to adjust for various confounders.ResultsA total of 521 patients were identified that were treated with MitraClip, with 57.97% males (n = 302) and 42.03% females (n = 219). There was no significant difference in the primary outcome, in-hospital mortality between two sex [2.6% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.43, Odds Ratio 1.62 (95% Confidence Interval, 0.50–5.28)]. After performing multivariate analysis, no difference in any secondary outcomes existed. Additionally, length of stay and median hospitalization cost was similar regardless of sex.ConclusionsAnalysis of this large database of patients undergoing treatment with MitraClip suggests that MitraClip in females is not associated with increased in-hospital mortality, morbidity, length of stay or cost. A prospective registry with excluded patients from the clinical trials needed to be fully access if sex disparities in patients being treated with MitraClip exist.     

“缘对缘”技术矫治二尖瓣关闭不全疗效分析

目的:探讨"缘对缘"技术矫治二尖瓣关闭不全的经验及近中期手术疗效。方法:2001年6月至2007年10月利用"缘对缘"技术对58例二尖瓣关闭不全患者行二尖瓣成形术,其中瓣膜退行性病变39例;先天性二尖瓣病变14例;缺血性改变导致二尖瓣关闭不全2例;感染性心内膜炎1例,风湿性心脏病2例。术前超声显示二尖瓣反流量:中度11例,中到重度21例,重度26例。结果:术中及术后早期无死亡,术后一周超声心动图示左心房内径,左心室舒张期末内径,左心室射血分数均减小。随访11个月至7年,超声心动图监测反流:无或微量20例,轻度19例,轻到中度9例,中度3例,重度2例,3例死亡,2例术后行二尖瓣置换术。结论:"缘对缘"技术是一种有效的治疗二尖瓣关闭不全的手术方法,可取得较为满意的临床效果,远期疗效需进一步观察。