NAG及其同工酶对儿童1型糖尿病肾病和视网膜病变早期诊断的意义

目的 研究儿童1型糖尿病肾脏病变和视网膜病变早期N乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(N-acetyl-beta-D-g1u-cosaminidase,NAG)及其同工酶的活性变化.方法 利用日立7150型生化自动分析仪,采用速率法测定NAG及同工酶NAG A和NAG B的活性.检测68例儿童1型糖尿病患者和50例对照组儿童NAG及其同工酶的活性.儿童1型糖尿病患者按照有无视网膜病变进行分组,分析统计学差异.结果 视网膜病变组血清NAG及其同工酶活性与无视网膜病变组无统计学差异(P＞0.05),但是均明显高于对照组(P＜0.001);视网膜病变组尿液NAG及同工酶活性高于无视网膜病变组,两组均高于对照组(P＜0.001).结论 NAG及其同工酶在儿童1型糖尿病中可作为肾脏和视网膜早期病变的标志物.     

Serum N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase profiles in type 1 diabetes secondary complications: causes of changes and significance of determination

The connection between changes in the activity of serum N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, E.C.3.2.1.30) and iso-enzymes and degree of secondary complications was analyzed in four groups of type 1 diabetic patients (n=69): without complications (n=22); with retinopathy (n=16); with retinopathy and polyneuropathy (n=13), and with retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy (n=18). In all groups statistically significant higher (P<0.001) percent fraction of A form (83.84+/-6.09, 84.37+/-5.74, 81.76+/-6.02, 76.37+/-7.38%, resp.) and lower (P<0.001, P<0.01) fraction of B form (15.87+/-5.65, 15.66+/-5.74, 18.33+/-5.98, 23.63+/-7.38, resp.) in total NAG compared with the control (A=69.38+/-4.79%, B=30.61+/-4.78%) were found. The differences in A as well as B forms between diabetic groups were not statistically significant. Significant strong positive correlations between total NAG and glycemia (0.494-0.623), total NAG and A form (0.934-0.966), and A form and glycemia (0.512-0.638) were found in all groups. No correlation was found between the fractions of B and A forms, except in the fourth group. The A form of diabetic patients in the fourth group was more acidic compared with the control and other diabetic groups. It was concluded that the changes in serum NAG and iso-enzymic profiles in diabetes are the consequence of its increased exocytose, especially of the A form, in hyperglycemia and posttranslational modifications of iso-enzymes. The total activity of serum NAG and iso-enzymic profiles cannot be used for monitoring the development and distinction of type 1 diabetes secondary complications.     

尿RBP、NAG联合血清CysC检测在2型糖尿病早期肾损伤中的诊断价值

目的探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、β-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)联合血清胱抑素C(CysC)检测在2型糖尿病早期肾损伤中的诊断价值。方法抽取该院T2DM糖尿病肾病患者58例(A组),T2DM单纯糖尿病患者54例(B组),健康体检者52例(C组)。利用免疫比浊法检测3组受试者尿RBP、NAG和血清CysC水平,比较其差异,探讨单项及联合检测诊断糖尿病早期肾损伤的阳性率。结果 A组尿RBP、NAG和血清CysC水平均显著高于B、C组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);B组RBP、NAG和血清CysC水平均高于C组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。RBP、NAG、CysC单项检测阳性率分别为87.93%、86.21%、84.48%,联合3项指标检测的阳性率为94.83%,高于单项检测的阳性率,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论尿RBP、NAG及血清CysC是2型糖尿病早期肾损伤的灵敏指标,且联合3项指标检测的综合敏感性更好,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Clinical indicators which necessitate renal biopsy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with renal disease

Background: The diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is always based on clinical grounds. However, the necessity for renal biopsy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with renal disease to establish the diagnosis remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively studied 50 type 2 diabetic patients performed with renal biopsy between December 2002 and December 2006. Based on renal pathology, patients were divided into group I: DN alone, group II: non‐diabetic renal disease (NDRD) superimposed on DN and group III: isolated NDRD. Factors like DM > 10 years, retinopathy, previous minimal proteinuria without sudden heavy proteinuria, no glomerular haematuria and non‐small‐sized kidney were collected to evaluate their sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for prediction of DN or NDRD in type 2 diabetic patients. Results: Group I consisted of 24 patients, group II 15 patients and group III 11 patients. Acute interstitial nephritis was the most prevalent second renal disease in our study. Sensitivity and specificity for group I was poor in five features except high sensitivity in no sudden heavy proteinuria (83.3%) and non‐small‐sized kidney (95.8%). Comparable retinopathy, sudden heavy proteinuria and haematuria (p > 0.05) was noted between the three groups. Significant biopsy indicators included higher serum albumin, lower urinary daily protein excretion and lower 24‐h creatinine clearance (C_Cr) rate (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that DM > 10 years and retinopathy did not exclude NDRD in type 2 DM patients, and need for renal biopsy. Higher serum albumin, lower urinary daily protein and 24‐h C_Cr were indicative for biopsy to exclude NDRD.     

Poor prognosis in proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy: insights from the RENAAL study

BACKGROUND: Retinopathy is the clinical hallmark of generalized microangiopathy in diabetes. AIM: To examine the relation of this abnormality to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death in type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. METHODS: Of 1513 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy participating in the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study, 1456 (96.5%) were assessed at baseline by ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography. RENAAL was a multinational double masked, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study, whose primary end-point was the composite of a doubling of the baseline serum creatinine concentration, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death. RESULTS: Of those assessed at baseline, 65% had diabetic retinopathy. Patients with retinopathy had higher systolic blood pressure, albuminuria and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), haemoglobin and serum albumin values than those without. In univariate analyses, the presence of retinopathy was associated with a 44% increase in the primary composite end-point (hazard ratio 1.44, 95%CI 1.22-1.70, p < 0.001). Patients with retinopathy had a 52% increase in doubling of serum creatinine (p < 0.001), a 47% increased risk of ESRD (p = 0.002) and a 33% increase in risk of death (p = 0.026) compared to those without. In multivariate analyses, the presence of retinopathy was associated with a 23% increase (p = 0.015) in the primary composite end-point and a 22% increase in ESRD or death (p = 0.038). DISCUSSION: The presence of diabetic retinopathy at baseline is associated with more proteinuria, lower GFR, and a higher risk for ESRD and death in type 2 diabetic patients.     

Predictors of diabetic renal lesions in type 2 diabetes associated with microalbuminuria

Not all type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria show the same pattern of renal tissue injury, and heterogeneity in renal lesions has been reported. We determine clinical and laboratory findings that predict the presence of typical diabetic glomerulosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Twenty-three type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria who underwent renal biopsy were investigated. Two patterns of renal biopsy findings were defined as type D (typical diabetic glomerulosclerosis) and type A (atherosclerotic nephropathy without evidence of diabetic glomerulopathy). Thirteen patients (57%) were classified as type D, and 10 (43%) as type A. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, severity of diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.0006), relatively high urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity (P = 0.0013), and relatively low serum creatinine concentration (P = 0.0303) significantly predicted type D findings as opposed to type A (R2 = 0.734, P < 0.001). Certain patient characteristics can predict the presence of typical diabetic glomerulosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.     

2型糖尿病伴视网膜病变患者外周血中SDF-1水平的变化

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者外周血中基质细胞衍生因子-1（SDF-1）水平与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的关系。方法测定73例T2DM患者和26名健康对照者（NC组）外周血中SDF-1水平、内皮祖细胞（EPCs）数量、EPCs表面SDF-1的受体CXCR4表达率。T2DM患者按视网膜病变情况分单纯DM组（SDM组）、背景期DR组（NPDR组）、增殖期DR组（PDR组）。结果SDF-1水平和EPCs数量NC组、SDM组、NPDR组、PDR组依次降低（Jp〈0．05or0．01）CXCR4表达率sDM组较另三组升高（P〈0．05Or0．01）,PDR组较NC组、NPDR组降低（JP〈O．05orO．01）。T2DM患者外周血中SDF．1水平与EPCs数量正相关（r=0．283,P〈0．051。结论T2DM患者外周血中SDF．1水平和EPCs表面CXCR4表达率的变化与DR有关。     

N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase levels and diabetic microangiopathy.

N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity has been measured in the serum and urine of primary and secondary diabetics and in primary diabetics with microangiopathy. NAG activity has also been measured in the tears of diabetics with ocular complications and diabetics with no ocular changes. Results have shown significantly higher levels of urinary NAG in diabetics with proteinuria (p less than 0.001) and proteinuria and retinopathy (p less than 0.001). There was no correlation between urinary NAG activity and serum creatinine (r = 0.28) or urinary NAG and the degree of proteinuria (r = 0.24). Increased urinary NAG levels were also observed in secondary diabetes associated with haemochromatosis and acromegaly. Significantly higher serum NAG levels were found in newly diagnosed diabetics (p less than 0.01) and significantly lower levels in chemical diabetics (p less than 0.01). Compared to non-diabetic controls tear NAG levels were significantly higher in the diabetic controls (p less than 0.01), in diabetics with retinopathy (p less than 0.01), and in diabetics with cataract formation (p less than 0.05). An assessment of this enzyme is made in relation to the development of diabetic microangiopathy.     

Homocysteine and other biochemical parameters in Type 2 diabetes mellitus with different diabetic duration or diabetic retinopathy

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk-related markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have not been well understood. METHODS: Serum and urine samples for biochemical and immunologic analysis were collected from 204 normal subjects and 257 type 2 DM patients, the latter of which were further classified by different diabetic duration with or without retinopathy. RESULTS: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, triglyceride, lipase, free fatty acid, albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and homocysteine were significantly increased in DM patients, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol and bilirubin were significantly decreased in DM patients, compared with normal subjects. Lipid profiles, ACR, bilirubin, uric acid, creatine kinase, and hsCRP were not changed in DM patients with different diabetic duration or diabetic retinopathy. Lactate dehydrogenase in DM patients with duration >20 years and homocysteine in patients with duration >10 years was significantly higher than those with duration <5 years. Homocysteine was significantly increased in DM patients with retinopathy, compared with DM patients without retinopathy. CONCLUSION: The increased triglyceride, lipase, free fatty acid, albumin creatinine ratio, lactate dehydrogenase and homocysteine as well as decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol and anti-oxidative bilirubin in DM patients should be cautious and considered as risks for increasing DM complication. Homocysteine might be associated with longer diabetic duration and microvascular complication of retinopathy in diabetes.     

Concomitance of diabetic retinopathy and proteinuria accelerates the rate of decline of kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate of progression of renal disease in proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients with and without retinopathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-eight proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy and 27 without were enrolled in an observational study for the evaluation of rate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline and followed up for a median period of 6 years. GFR was determined at least once per year, and blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and proteinuria were determined every 4 months. RESULTS: Although the two groups had comparable GFR, albuminuria, blood pressure, and HbA(1c) at entry of the study, the rate of decline of GFR was higher in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy (-6.5 +/- 4.4 ml/year) than in those without (-1.8 +/- 4.8 ml/year; P < 0.0001). Protein and albumin excretion rate increased significantly in patients with retinopathy, while they did not change in those without. Mean blood pressure between the two groups of patients were similar both at entry and during the follow-up, although the proportion of patients treated with at least two antihypertensive drugs was higher in patients with retinopathy. On a multiple regression analysis, only mean blood pressure and proteinuria were significant determinants of progression of renal disease in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of progression of renal disease in proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy is faster than that observed in those without retinopathy. The screening for retinopathy identifies patients at high risk for rapid deterioration of kidney function.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性研究

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者合并视网膜病变的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应技术检测146例2型糖尿病患者ACE基因内含子16插入/缺失多态性,其中合并视网膜病变组27例,未发生视网膜病变组119例;同时选择200例健康志愿者作为正常对照组。结果合并视网膜病变组的ACE基因DD纯合型频率比未患视网膜病变组显著升高(70%与46%,P=0.042),但两组D等位基因频率比较无显著差异(80%与69%,P>0.05)。多因素分析表明,ACE基因DD基因型多态性与收缩压均为2型糖尿病视网膜病变的独立危险因素。结论ACE基因的DD基因型可增加2型糖尿病患者并发视网膜病变的危险性。     

Association of serum levels of glycated albumin, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with the severity of coronary artery disease and renal impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether elevated serum levels of glycated albumin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were related to an increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and renal insufficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum levels of glycated albumin, hsCRP, TNF-alpha and blood glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured in 317 consecutive patients with T2DM and 309 normal controls. Patients with T2DM were grouped based upon coronary angiographic findings (Group I: 151 patients with normal coronary arteries; Group II: 166 patients with significant coronary stenosis [>70% luminal diameter narrowing]) and renal functional status evaluated by estimated creatinine clearance (CrCl) (normal renal function group: 187 patients with CrCl >90 mL/min; mild renal insufficiency group: 103 patients with CrCl 60-90 mL/min; moderate renal insufficiency group: 27 patients with CrCl 30-60 mL/min). Multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for CAD and renal insufficiency in patients with T2DM. RESULTS: Serum levels of glycated albumin, hsCRP and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in Group II than in controls (P<0.01) and Group I (P<0.01). A significant difference was found in glycated albumin, hsCRP and TNF-alpha levels among diabetic patients with mild, moderate renal insufficiency and normal renal function (P<0.05). These biochemical measurements correlated significantly with number of diseased coronary vessels (P<0.01) and status of renal function (P<0.05). No difference existed in HbA1c levels between Group II and Group I, and among patients with various CrCL stages. Multivariate analysis revealed that male gender, old age and serum levels of glycated albumin, hsCRP, TNF-alpha and lipoprotein (a) were independent risk factors for CAD, and older age, hypertension and glycated albumin were for CrCl <60 mL/min in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum levels of glycated albumin, hsCRP and TNF-alpha are associated with the presence and severity of CAD and renal impairment in patients with T2DM.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病患者血清C反应蛋白与肿瘤坏死因子α的检测及其意义

目的：探讨血清炎症因子C反应蛋白（CRP）与肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）在2型糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）中的变化。方法：2型糖尿病（DM）患者98例，其中2型DM无视网膜病变38例（DM组），背景型视网膜病变32例（DR1组），增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变（DR2）组28例，健康对照（NC）组30例，用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清CRP与TNFα水平。结果：DM组血清CRP（54．9±29．8）mg／L，TNFα（159．0±76．0）mg／L，均较健康对照组升高（P〈0．05），DR1、DR2两组的血清CRP、TNFα均较NC组及DM组升高（P〈0．01），DR2组的血清CRP均较DR1组升高（P〈0．05）。结论：CRP及TNFα在2型DM及DR的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

Renal outcome in type 2 diabetic patients with or without coexisting nondiabetic nephropathies

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for adverse renal outcome in type 2 diabetic patients who underwent renal biopsy and were followed-up longitudinally. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We examined 68 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes during the period of 1985-1999 who underwent renal biopsy for proteinuria > or =1 g/day, renal involvement (proteinuria or renal impairment) at the absence of retinopathy, renal involvement with duration of diabetes < 5 years, or unexplained hematuria of glomerular origin. Their clinical features and underlying renal lesion were correlated with the renal outcome after longitudinal follow-up. Three groups of patients were defined based on their renal pathology: group I consisted of 24 patients (35%) with diabetic glomerulosclerosis (DGS) alone, group II consisted of 13 patients (19%) with nondiabetic nephropathy (NDN) superimposed on DGS, and group III consisted of 31 patients (46%) with NDN alone without evidence of DGS. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 123 months from the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (74 months from the time of renal biopsy), univariate analysis showed that risk factors for reaching end-stage renal disease (requiring maintenance dialysis, or a serum creatinine [SCr] > or =700 micromol/l) included proteinuria > or = 2g/day (P = 0.0087), SCr >120 micromol/l (P = 0.0005), presence of retinopathy (P < 0.00001) at the time of biopsy, and biopsy showing DGS (groups I and II) (P = 0.035). On multivariate analysis, retinopathy was the only independent variable correlated with end-stage renal failure. This study also showed that the association of hematuria or proteinuria with the absence of retinopathy constitutes the strongest indication for a nondiabetic lesion (positive predictive values of 94%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing renal biopsy constitute a heterogeneous group by their clinical presentations and underlying pathology, but longitudinal studies on the renal outcome of these patients remain limited. Our study showed that renal biopsy is indicated in selective diabetic patients because of potentially treatable nephropathy and of a better prognosis than DGS.     

胱抑素C和超敏C反应蛋白联合检测在糖尿病早期肾损害诊断中的价值

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血清中胱抑素c（Cysc）和超敏c反应蛋白（hs—CRP）的水平测定对诊断糖尿病早期肾损害价值。方法180例T2DM患者根据尿肾功能指标（包括尿微量清蛋白（mAlb）、尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG））分为尿肾功正常组和尿肾功异常组各90例,100例健康者为对照组。采用Olympus Au640全自动生化分析仪分别检测血清中的Cysc以及hs—CRP水平,并对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果T2DM患者Cysc以及hs—CRP水平均高于对照组（P〈0．01）,尿肾功异常组患者的Cysc以及hs—CRP水平也明显高于尿肾功正常组（P〈0．01）,在T2DM患者中,血清中的Cysc与hs—CRP呈正相关（r=0．39）。结论Cyse、hs—CRP作为诊断糖尿病早期肾损害的敏感指标,联合检测更具实用价值。     

Cytokine secretion is impaired in women with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: As women with diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and it is known that a correlation exists between the increased prevalence of genitourinary tract infection and impaired cytokine production in women infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), we studied urinary cytokine excretion in diabetic women and compared it with that of nondiabetic controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the cytokine secretion capacity of women with DM, both whole blood and isolated monocytes of women with and without DM were stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS: Lower urinary interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations (P = 0.1 and P < 0.001, respectively) were found in diabetic women than in nondiabetic controls. A lower urinary leukocyte cell count correlated with lower urinary IL-8 and IL-6 concentrations (P < 0.05). Lower tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6, but comparable interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations were found in whole blood (P < 0.04) and isolated monocytes (P = 0.03) of women with DM type 1 compared to women without DM. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic women with ASB have lower urinary IL-6 concentrations than nondiabetic bacteriuric controls. In addition, monocytes of women with DM type 1 secrete lower pro-inflammatory cytokines after stimulation with LPS than monocytes of women without DM. This is not due to an inhibitory effect of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This can have important consequences for both host defense, endothelial cell functioning and atherogenesis.     

Different patterns of insulin resistance in relatives of type 1 diabetic patients with retinopathy or nephropathy: the Genesis France-Belgium Study

OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance may be a risk factor for diabetic microangiopathy, which may have a familial component. We carried out a family-based study to determine which components of the insulin resistance syndrome are associated with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Genesis France-Belgium Study is a multicenter binational study designed to investigate the genetic factors involved in the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes using a family-based design. Probands were type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy (classified as background, preproliferative, or proliferative) and possibly diabetic nephropathy (absent, incipient, established, or advanced). The insulin resistance score of their first-degree relatives was calculated according to their BMI and history of arterial hypertension, lipid disorders, and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: The insulin resistance score of relatives was positively correlated with the albumin excretion rate (P = 0.0009) and fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.0003) and HbA(1c) (P < 0.0001) concentrations. This score was higher in the relatives of probands with than in those without diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.0370). Similarly, it was higher in relatives of subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy than in those of probands without, even after controlling for subjects with versus without diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.0379). However, the components of the insulin resistance score in relatives differed according to the severity of diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy in the probands. Obesity and history of arterial hypertension were most common in relatives of probands with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, whereas obesity and history of lipid disorders were most common in the relatives of probands with diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Familial insulin resistance segregates with diabetic complications: lipid disorders and obesity segregate with diabetic nephropathy, whereas arterial hypertension and obesity segregate with diabetic retinopathy.     

Association of carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness with diabetic retinopathy: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-2)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the association of intima-media thickness (IMT) and arterial stiffness with diabetic retinopathy in an Asian-Indian population that has very high prevalence rates of diabetes and coronary artery disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 600 type 2 diabetic subjects randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), which is an ongoing population-based study of a representative population of Chennai. When present, retinopathy was graded according to a modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading system. IMT was determined using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Arterial stiffness was measured by assessing the augmentation index (AI) using the Sphygmocor apparatus. RESULTS: Retinopathy was diagnosed in 116 of 590 (19.6%) subjects in whom retinal photography was possible. Mean values of IMT (0.93 +/- 0.36 vs. 0.85 +/- 0.21 mm, P = 0.001) and AI (27.9 +/- 8.9 vs. 25.8 +/- 9.6%, P = 0.031) were significantly higher among diabetic subjects with retinopathy compared with those without. Both IMT (P = 0.024) and AI (P = 0.050) showed a significant association to diabetic retinopathy, even after adjusting for age, duration of diabetes, HbA(1c), serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic retinopathy is associated with IMT and AI, suggesting that common pathogenic mechanisms might predispose to diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy.     

糖尿病微血管病变与血清同型半胱氨酸、氧化应激反应的相关性

目的 探讨糖尿病微血管病变患者血清同型半胱氨酸与氧化应激反应的相关性.方法 测定80名健康人(对照组),100例无微血管病变2型糖尿病患者(DM组)、100例合并糖尿病肾病2型糖尿病患者(DN组)及100例合并DR2型糖尿病患者(DR组)血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)浓度.结果 DM组、DN组、DR组Hcy浓度分别为(98.86±21.46)、(198.95±19.35)、(138.65±15.25)ng/L,MDA浓度分别为(17.49±1.64)、(28.89±2.14)、(22.47±1.86)nmol/L,均明显高于对照组(62.48±15.36)ng/L,(11.86±0.48)nmol/L)(F值分别为7.95、6.89,P均＜0.01);DN组及DR组均较DM组明显升高(P均＜0.01),DM组、DN组、DR组血清SOD浓度分别为(107.80±15.62)、(79.86±14.63)、(89.34±12.75)mg/L,GSH浓度分别为(179.26±25.81)、(143.36±21.75)、(156.96±19.35)mg/L,均低于正常对照组(128.32±19.21)mg/L,(237.38±27.31)mg/L(F值分别为7.89、8.76,P均＜0.01);DN组及DR组均较DM组低(P均＜0.01);同时DN组又低于DR组(P＜0.01);血清Hcy与MDA浓度呈正相关(r=0.79,P＜0.05),与SOD、GSH浓度均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.71、-0.78,P均＜0.05).结论 糖尿病微血管病变患者血清同型半胱氨酸浓度升高,氧化应激反应增强,氧化应激与血清同型半胱氨酸浓度升高有关,血清同型半胱氨酸浓度升高,氧化应激促进糖尿病微血管病变发生发展.     

Serum markers of oxidative stress and severity of diabetic retinopathy

OBJECTIVE: To compare serum markers of oxidative stress with diabetic retinopathy severity RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes with control subjects in western New York and Pennsylvania. Retinopathy severity was graded from funduscopic fields based on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Serum samples were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, creatinine, HbA1, and triglycerides. Appropriate analysis of covariance models were performed. RESULTS: TBARS (P = 0.019), triglyceride (P = 0.004), and glucose and HbA1 (both P<0.001) levels were elevated in diabetic patients compared with those in control subjects. SOD (P = 0.003) and GSH-Px (P = 0.046) levels were lower in diabetic patients than in control subjects. No correlation existed between SOD levels and either glucose or HbA1 levels. No significant associations existed between levels of TBARS, SOD, or GSH-Px and severity of diabetic retinopathy There was a significant association between poorer visual acuity and worse retinopathy (P = 0.009), which was only partly explained by macular edema. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of TBARS and decreased levels of SOD and GSH-Px were found in diabetic patients compared with those in control subjects, but no significant associations were found between the levels of these substances and severity of retinopathy When duration and type of diabetes and serum HbA1 levels were taken into account, only visual acuity remained associated with more severe retinopathy.