我国中老年人群高胆固醇血症的膳食影响因素分析

目的 分析我国中老年人群高胆固醇(TC)血症的膳食影响因素.方法 利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查的资料,根据区域分布特点和饮食习惯,抽取东南沿海地区、西南内陆地区和中部内陆地区共23个省的45岁及以上人群17 545名,分析高TC血症和TC正常组的膳食模式差异,并采用logistic回归分析模型分析高TC血症的膳食影响因素.根据2007年<中国成人血脂异常防治指南>中推荐的标准,TC≥6.22 mmol/L为高TC血症.结果 中老年人群高TC血症组的肉类、蛋类摄入量分别为146.2 g/d和26.3 g/d,均为TC正常组的1.3倍.高TC血症组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为352.9 g/d和52.9%,TC正常组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为411.5 g/d和57.7%,均高于高TC血症组(粮谷类食物摄入量:t=6.51,P＜0.01;碳水化合物供能比:t=7.18,P＜0.01).肉类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.6%、2.2%和2.5%(组间趋势性检验,x2=14.4,P＜0.01);蛋类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.9%、2.8%和2.7%(x2=8.6,P=0.007);动、植物摄人量比＜0.2、0.2～0.39、0.4～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.5%、2.2%和3.6%(x2=59.4,P＜0.01);脂肪供能比＜20%、20%～、40%～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.3%、2.0%和3.1%(x2=26.7,P＜0.01).粮谷类消费＜300 g、300～499 g、500 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.4%、1.8%和1.3%(x2=58.3,P＜0.01);碳水化合物供能比＜40%、40%～、60%～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.5%、2.4%和1.4%(x2=37.3,P＜0.01).在控制年龄、性别、城乡、地区、热能摄入、看电视时间、BMI和吸烟后,肉类摄入量(β=0.16,P＜0.01)、动植物摄入量之比(β=0.11,P＜0.01)与高TC血症正相关,碳水化合物供能比与高TC血症负相关(β=-0.28,P＜0.01).结论 高脂、高胆同醇的动物性食物是高TC血症的重要危险因素,而粮谷类食物则具有保护性作用.高TC血症的高危人群和患者应尽量减少动物性食物摄入量,在控制总能量的前提下适当增加粮谷类食物摄入量.     

中老年知识分子高胆固醇血症危险因素分析

本文根据172名中老年知识分子的食物摄入资料和其他健康资料,进行了非条件Logistic多元逐步回归分析。结果表明:肉食摄入量过多,维生素A摄入过少,不参加体育活动可能为高胆固醇血症的危险因素。     

广州地区体检人群高胆固醇血症危险因素的病例-对照研究

目的探讨广州地区体检人群高胆固醇血症的危险因素。方法以1：1病例-对照研究方法,于广州南方医院体检中心筛选高胆固醇血症患者200人为病例组,并选取同时期来该院体检的与相应病例年龄、性别、民族、学历配对的健康人群为对照组。采用COX回归分析探讨一般行为因素、饮食及心理因素对高胆固醇血症的影响。结果在调整体质指数的基础上,COX回归分析表明,按照膳食指南推荐量每日摄入适量水果可以防止高胆固醇血症的发生（OR=0．6,95％CI：0．4～1．0）。结论适量摄入水果可减少高胆固醇血症的患病风险。     

冠心病患者的营养防治

很多证据表明膳食和营养因素对冠心病的发生发展有重要的影响。高脂肪膳食和热能摄入过多以及由此引起的肥胖等是高胆固醇血症的物质基础，而高胆固醇血症，又是冠心病的主要危险因素。预防冠心病的发生或控制病情的发展。限制饱和脂肪酸和胆固醇摄入，控制热能摄入碳水化合物比例适当，动、植物蛋白合理调配，多吃蔬菜水果和菌藻类食物，限制钠的摄入量，少饮酒、多吃菜，建立良好的膳食制度。     

肥胖女性膳食营养素摄入与高血压关系

目的 探讨肥胖女性膳食营养素摄人与高血压的关系.方法 在黑龙江省哈尔滨市随机选择9个人口流动性小的社区,采用食物频率问卷法(FFQ)对肥胖女性进行膳食调查,计算每日膳食中营养素摄入量并测定身高、体重、血压、血糖、血脂.结果 共调查肥胖女性283人,其中高血压患病率为43.62%,空腹血糖异常和2 h-糖耐量异常患病率分别为12.8%和18.1%,高甘油三酯血症、高胆固醇血症、低-高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症(HDL-C)、高-低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症(LDL-C)的患病率分别为30.04%,13.07%,48.4]%和58.30%;多因素分析结果表明,与高血压相关的膳食因素中,碳水化合物、钠是高血压的危险因素,动物性蛋白质、核黄素、尼克酸、钙、磷、锌、镁、钾、动物性铁是高血压的保护因素.结论 肥胖女性应合理地调整膳食中营养素的摄入以防治高血压.     

中国18岁及以上人群血脂异常流行特点研究

目的 掌握我国城乡及不同地区居民血脂异常及高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症流行情况及其差异。方法 调查时间为2002年8至12月。采用酶法对49252名调查对象空腹血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇进行测定。结果 按年龄和地区调整后,我国18岁及以上成人血脂异常患病率为18．6％,18-44岁、45-59岁和≥60岁人群的患病率分别为17．0％、22．9％和23．4％;男性为22．2％,女性为15．9％;城市为21．0％,农村为17．7％。我国18岁及以上成人高胆固醇血症患病率为2．9％,胆固醇边缘性升高率为3．9％;高甘油三酯血症患病率为11．9％;低高密度脂蛋白血症患病率为7．4％。结论 血脂异常已成为威胁我国人民健康的重要危险因素;18岁及以上人群血脂异常以高甘油三酯、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症为主;中、老年人血脂异常患病率相近,城乡差别不大。作好人群早期综合防治工作十分重要。     

常熟市≥18周岁居民血脂异常及影响因素分析

目的 了解江苏省常熟市≥18周岁居民血脂异常现状及其相关影响因素,为采取干预措施提供参考依据.方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法对在常熟市抽取的4个镇8个村/居委会720户家庭中1 568名≥18周岁居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和血生化检测.结果常熟市居民血脂异常患病率为37.2％,其中高胆固醇血症患病率为4.5％,高甘油三酯血症患病率为24.0％,低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症患病率为6.9％;多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄30～44岁、体质指数≥24、高血压、腹型肥胖是常熟市≥18周岁居民血脂异常的危险因素,女性、脂肪供能＜30％、油摄入＜ 30 g/d、膳食纤维摄入≥15 g/d是常熟市≥18周岁居民血脂异常的保护因素.结论常熟市≥18周岁居民高胆固醇血症和高甘油三酯血症率较高,控制体重、低油脂高纤维膳食是防治血脂异常的重要手段.     

中老年工人高胆固醇血症危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨影响中老年工人高胆固醇血症发生的危险因素。方法对济南市 98例高胆固醇血症的中老年工人进行了 1∶ 1配对病例 -对照研究。结果经条件 L ogistic回归分析 ,有统计学显著意义的危险因素是膳食肉类摄入量过多 ,重要保护因素是膳食维生素 C摄入量及体育活动。结论膳食及运动与高胆固醇血症发生有一定关系。     

食用茶籽油对高甘油三酯血症患者血脂和体重的影响

目的观察茶籽油对高甘油三酯血症患者血脂和体重的影响。方法采用自身对照研究,给予25名高甘油三酯血症患者每日摄入茶籽油25~30 g,持续服用8周。在研究开始时和结束时测定身高、体质、体质指数(BMI)以及血清中油酸(OA)、总甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、血糖以及丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶并记录饮食摄入及运动情况。结果研究结束后获得21例有效数据,与基线相比,高甘油三酯血症患者血清OA含量以及从膳食中摄入的油酸、单不饱和脂肪酸摄入量显著增加(P0.0),多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量显著下降(P0.05);体重和BMI显著下降(P0.05),其他指标无显著变化。结论食用茶籽油可升高血液中油酸水平,降低高甘油三酯血症患者的体重和BMI。     

2016年川西北气田体检钻井工人高尿酸血症及影响因素

目的了解川西北气田钻井工人体检人群高尿酸血症现状并探讨其影响因素。方法于2016年1—12月,以工作现场位于川西北气田(平均海拔2552 m)参加健康体检且符合纳入标准的1051名男性气田钻井工人为研究对象,检测血尿酸、空腹血糖、血脂、血清肌酐及血红蛋白等指标,从中随机抽取一个作业队食堂,采用称重法和24 h回顾法进行膳食调查。比较不同血尿酸水平研究对象的生化指标水平及膳食摄入状况,用Logistic回归模型分析高尿酸血症的影响因素。结果 (1)2016年川西北气田体检钻井工人中检出高尿酸血症513人,检出率为48.8%。(2)高尿酸血症组研究对象血糖、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、肌酐和血红蛋白平均水平高于血尿酸正常组(P<0.05)。糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、血清肌酐及血红蛋白增高者发生高尿酸血症的危险度分别是血糖、血脂、血清肌酐和血红蛋白正常者的3.57(95%CI 2.45～4.67)、2.88(95%CI 1.99～4.16)、1.93(95%CI 1.30～2.86)、1.61(95%CI 1.01～2.51)和2.54(95%CI 2.11～3.36)倍(P<0.05)。(3)高尿酸血症组研究对象畜禽肉[(239.7±30.2)g]、油脂[(37.6±10.8)g]和食盐[(8.9±4.1)g]的摄入量高于血尿酸正常组[分别为(203.3±21.8)、(32.4±9.6)和(7.4±2.7)g],蔬菜[(167.7±126.8)g]、奶及奶制品[(73.6±32.9)g]、维生素B_2[(0.7±0.2)g]、维生素B_6[(0.4±0.1)g]、维生素B_(12)[(1.0±0.3)g]的摄入量低于血尿酸正常组[分别为(246.3±138.7)g、(91.4±38.1)g、(0.9±0.1)g、(0.6±0.1)g和(1.4±0.4)g](P<0.05)。蔬菜的摄入是高尿酸血症的保护因素[0.82(95%CI 0.65～0.93)],蛋白质[(1.47(95%CI 1.16～2.28)]、脂肪[2.34(95%CI 2.01～3.22)]的摄入是其危险因素。结论 2016年川西北气田钻井工人高尿酸血症患病率较高,与糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、血清肌酐及血红蛋白增高有关,也与脂肪摄入过多等膳食因素有关。     

The metabolic availability of dietary triacylglycerols from two high oleic oils during the postprandial period does not depend on the amount of oleic acid ingested by healthy men

Monounsaturated oils, virgin olive oil (VOO) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) are suggested to have selective physiologic effects on humans in the fasting state. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether two oils with equal amounts of oleic acid but with different compositions of minor fatty acids and triacylglycerol molecular species (TAG) could produce different triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-TAG responses in the postprandial state. Eight normolipidemic men consumed the following three meals in random order on separate occasions with 2 wk between meals: control meal, control meal plus VOO and control meal plus HOSO. Plasma total TAG and TRL-TAG were measured hourly for 7 h after ingestion. TAG and sn-2 positional fatty acids within TAG were analyzed in the TRL fraction. Plasma total TAG concentrations in response to the dietary oils did not differ. However, TRL triglyceridemia was significantly lower after VOO intake (P < 0.05). The molecular species in the TRL fraction returned toward basal levels more quickly (P < 0.05) after VOO than HOSO intake. 2-Positional fatty acid analysis demonstrated higher proportions of stearic and palmitic acids and a lower proportion of oleic acid (P < 0.05) in TRL-TAG derived from HOSO. This study shows that VOO intake results in attenuated postprandial TAG concentration and faster TRL-TAG disappearance from blood compared with HOSO, suggesting that the oleic acid content may not be the main factor affecting TAG metabolism. Minor fatty acids such as linoleic acid and the 2-positional distribution of saturated stearic and palmitic acids into the TAG molecule may be important determinants of postprandial lipemia in normolipidemic men.     

Dietary survey in Hungary, 2003-2004

The third Hungarian national dietary survey was conducted in 2003-2004. This publication describes the first part of the energy and nutrient intake findings in a sample consisting of a population of 1179 persons over 19 years of age (energy and macro nutrients). Energy and nutrient intake values were calculated based on 3 x 24- hour dietary records filled out by the subjects themselves. The authors evaluated the results in light of the two previous dietary surveys in Hungary and the Hungarian and international reference intake data. The total fat intake found in this survey lower than the previous data marks a favourable development, just as the higher unsaturated fatty acid and lower saturated fatty acid energy percent, and furthermore the lower cholesterol intake level. The favourable developments include further a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio considerably higher than that obtained earlier (the values conforming to the international reference data), a higher carbohydrate energy percentage, as well as lower added sugar energy percentage, this latter being in the recommended range. The overweight ratio in men was 58.9%, while the female value was 49.5%, not much different from the previous survey data.     

Association between the Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Profile and Cognitive Function in the Overweight and Obese Population Aged from 45 to 75 Years Old

Dietary fatty acid intake is closely related to the cognitive function of the overweight and obese population. However, few studies have specified the correlation between exact fatty acids and cognitive functions in different body mass index (BMI) groups. We aimed to explain these relationships and reference guiding principles for the fatty acid intake of the overweight and obese population. Normal weight, overweight, and obese participants were recruited to receive a cognitive function assessment and dietary survey, dietary fatty acids intake was calculated, and the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile was tested by performing a gas chromatography analysis. The percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the obese group were higher, while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were lower than in the normal weight and overweight groups. In the erythrocyte membrane, the increase of n-3 PUFAs was accompanied by cognitive decline in the overweight group, which could be a protective factor for cognitive function in the obese group. High n-6 PUFAs intake could exacerbate the cognitive decline in the obese population. Dietary fatty acid intake had different effects on the cognitive function of overweight and obese people, especially the protective effect of n-3 PUFAs; more precise dietary advice is needed to prevent cognitive impairment.     

Dietary habits among patients with atopic dermatitis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dietary habits among adult patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis and relate intake to clinical symptoms. DESIGN: Data were obtained from a clinical trial. SETTING: Five departments of dermatology at Norwegian University hospitals. SUBJECTS: Outpatients, 46 men (median age 27 y) and 92 women (median age 28 y). METHOD: A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was filled in before attending the clinical trial. The results were compared to the diet of age- and sex-matched reference groups. RESULTS: Male patients had higher content of refined sugar in their diet than reference men (P=0.014). Among female patients, the intake of saturated fatty acids was higher (P=0.049), whereas the intake of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids was lower (eicosapentaenoic acid, P=0.032, docosahexaenoic acid, P=0.017) than in the reference group. In both genders, more patients than reference subjects had vitamin D intake below recommended level. Furthermore, the female patients had significantly lower intake of fruit compared to the reference group (P=0.002). No correlation was found between nutrient intake of the patients and their clinical scores. CONCLUSIONS: The patients's diet were fairly similar to the diet of reference groups. The intake of vitamin D and very long-chain n-3 fatty acids was low, especially among female patients. Furthermore, we could not detect any association between dietary habits and clinical status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 93-97     

糖耐量减低患者高甘油三酯血症-腰围表型与血清可溶性E-选择素的相关性研究

目的：探讨糖耐量减低（IGT）患者高甘油三酯血症-腰围表型（HTWC）与血清可溶性E-选择素（sE）的相关性。方法：收集2012年2月-2013年3月于天津医科大学代谢病医院门诊诊治的360例IGT患者,分为血甘油三酯和腰围正常组（A组）108例、单纯高甘油三酯血症组（B组）72例、单纯腹型肥胖组（C组）108例和HTWC组（D组）72例,比较四组间一般临床资料及血清sE水平。采用多元逐步回归分析血清sE水平升高的危险因素。结果：HTWC组患者血清sE为（17.37±5.72）ng/mL,明显高于其他三组（10.21±6.88）、（13.78±7.50）、（13.98±6.81）ng/mL,比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。且多元逐步回归分析显示腰围和高甘油三酯血症均是IGT患者血清sE升高的独立危险因素（β=-2.351,P〈0.05）。结论：HTWC是糖耐量减低患者血清sE升高的独立危险因素。     

Calcium intake in relation to diet and health indicators in Cretan primary and high school pupils,Greece

In recent years, the issue of dietary calcium (Ca) requirements is said to have caused more controversy than requirements for any other nutrient. There is little published data on dietary Ca intake levels in Greek children and relationships with other health indicators. Pupils at twenty primary and ten high schools in Crete, Greece, were examined as part of a wider study of the dietary habits and health status of children and adolescents. A total of 1054 children participated: 583 9- to 12-year-olds and 471 14- to 16-year-olds. "High" and "low" Ca intake in each age group was defined using upper and lower Ca intake quartiles for each sex. Multiple regression techniques were used to examine associations after adjustment for energy intake. No statistical association was observed between calcium intake and serum lipoproteins, anthropometric measurements, or physical activity status. Energy-adjusted Ca intakes were positively associated with intakes of protein, saturated fatty acid (SFA), magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin B2, whereas higher Ca intakes were associated with lower monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and omega-6 fatty acid intakes. In both age groups, pupils with high Ca intake had higher intakes of the food groups "milk and milk products" and "grains and grain products" than those with low Ca intake, although even "high" Ca intake in older female Cretan pupils (with a 75th percentile cut-off of 999 mg/day) may not be at adequate levels.     

Fatty acid intakes of children and adolescents are not in line with the dietary intake recommendations for future cardiovascular health: a systematic review of dietary intake data from thirty countries

Fatty acid composition of the diet may influence cardiovascular risk from early childhood onwards. The objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review of dietary fat and fatty acid intakes in children and adolescents from different countries around the world and compare these with the population nutrient intake goals for prevention of chronic diseases as defined by the WHO (2003). Data on fat and fatty acid intake were mainly collected from national dietary surveys and from population studies all published during or after 1995. These were identified by searching PubMed, and through nutritionists at local Unilever offices in different countries. Fatty acid intake data from thirty countries mainly from developed countries were included. In twenty-eight of the thirty countries, mean SFA intakes were higher than the recommended maximum of 10?% energy, whereas in twenty-one out of thirty countries mean PUFA intakes were below recommended (6-10?% energy). More and better intake data are needed, in particular for developing regions of the world, and future research should determine the extent to which improvement of dietary fatty acid intake in childhood translates into lower CHD risk in later life. Despite these limitations, the available data clearly indicate that in the majority of the countries providing data on fatty acid intake, less than half of the children and adolescents meet the SFA and PUFA intake goals that are recommended for the prevention of chronic diseases.     

Impact of nutrition education on food and nutrient intake of pregnant women

Researchers compared data on 33 pregnant women attending nutrition education classes regularly over a 13-week period (nutrition education group) with data on 33 other pregnant women who did not receive such education (controls) to examine the impact of nutrition education on the pregnant women's food and nutrient intake. The 66 pregnant women were selected from two hospitals and two urban family welfare centers in Ludhiana city, India. All were from the low socioeconomic group (i.e., per capita income of Rs. 369/month). A dietary survey was conducted at 20 weeks gestation and again at 36 weeks gestation. At 20 weeks, the two groups were not statistically different. The intake of cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, fats and oils, and sugar and jagger were lower than the recommended daily intake (RDI). On the other hand, intake was more than RDI for milk and milk products, other vegetables, and roots and tubers. Except thiamine and ascorbic acid, intake of nutrients was inadequate. In both the nutrition education group and the control group, nutrient intake was higher at 36 weeks than at 20 weeks due to the increased food requirements of pregnancy. Women in the nutrition education group were more likely than the control group to consume more protein, vitamin A, thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin C. This likely reflects a higher consumption of pulses, milk and milk products, fruits, and vegetables as well as adopting favorable nutritional practices (e.g., use of sprouted grains). Nevertheless, intake was below RDIs for many nutrients, even for women in the nutrition education group. These findings suggest that nutrition education for pregnant women does improve nutrient intake but also that more needs to be done to bring intake levels up even higher.     

Fat intake and composition of fatty acids in serum phospholipids in a randomized, controlled, Mediterranean dietary intervention study on patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background

We have previously reported that rheumatoid arthritis patients, who adopted a modified Cretan Mediterranean diet, obtained a reduction in disease activity and an improvement in physical function and vitality. This shift in diet is likely to result in an altered intake of fatty acids. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the dietary intake of fatty acids, as well as the fatty acid profile in serum phospholipids, during the dietary intervention study presented earlier.

Results

From baseline to the end of the study, changes in the reported consumption of various food groups were observed in the Mediterranean diet group. The change in diet resulted in a number of differences between the Mediterranean diet group and the control diet group regarding the fatty acid intake. For instance, a lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids was observed in the Mediterranean diet group, both assessed by diet history interviews (dietary intake) and measured in serum phospholipids. Moreover, the patients in the Mediterranean diet group that showed a moderate or better clinical improvement during the study (diet responders), had a higher reported intake of n-3 fatty acids and a lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids compared to the patients with minor or no improvement. Also the fatty acid profile in serum phospholipids differed in part between the diet responders and the diet non-responders.

Conclusion

The changes in the fatty acid profile, indicated both by dietary assessments and through fatty acids in s-phospholipids may, at least in part, explain the beneficial effects of the Cretan Mediterranean diet that we have presented earlier.     

Different intakes of n-3 fatty acids among pregnant women in 3 regions of China with contrasting dietary patterns are reflected in maternal but not in umbilical erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition

There is limited information regarding the intake and status of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in Chinese pregnant women with different dietary patterns. We hypothesize that there will be significant differences in long chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA status in pregnant women from 3 regions of China (river/lake, coastal and inland). Dietary fatty acid intakes and fatty acid profiles in maternal and umbilical erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine (PC) were analyzed. The median daily intakes (mg) of eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the coastal group (64.6 and 93.9, n = 42) were significantly higher than those in the river/lake group (27.9 and 41.8, n = 41) and the inland group (12.1 and 41.1, n = 40). Daily intake of arachidonic acid (AA) was highest (170.2 mg) in the inland group. The median DHA level (%) of maternal erythrocyte PC was comparable between river/lake and inland groups (5.7 vs. 5.6) while both were significantly lower than in coastal group (8.4). The median AA level (%) of maternal erythrocyte PC tended to be lower in the coastal group than in the inland group but the difference was not significant. The AA and DHA levels in umbilical erythrocyte PC were comparable among the 3 groups. In conclusion, differences in long chain n-3 PUFA intake between geographic regions, in particular in DHA, were reflected in differences in maternal erythrocyte PC DHA status but did not result in differences in umbilical erythrocyte PC.