HPLC法测定盐酸阿夫唑嗪缓释片的含量

目的建立盐酸阿夫唑嗪缓释片含量测定的高效液相色谱方法.方法色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse C18;流动相:四氢呋喃-乙腈-高氯酸钠溶液(将5mL高氯酸稀释到900mL水中,用NaOH溶液调pH值至3.5,加水至1000mL)=1∶20∶80;检测波长254nm.结果制剂中辅料和有关物质对主药无干扰,盐酸阿夫唑嗪在浓度15.0~35.5μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.9999(n=5);平均回收率(n=9)为100.68%(RSD=0.71%).结论本法专属性好,准确,简便.     

高效液相色谱法测定人血清中盐酸阿夫唑嗪浓度

目的 :采用高效液相色谱法测定人血清中盐酸阿夫唑嗪的浓度。方法 :分析柱 :Shim -packCLC -ODS(4 6mm×150mm ,5μm )流动相 :甲醇 -乙腈 -磷酸盐缓冲液 -三乙胺 (10∶30∶60∶0 05) ;流速 :1 0ml/min ;荧光激发波长 :334nm ,发射波长 :378nm ;血清中样品用乙酸乙酯提取。结果 :血清中盐酸阿夫唑嗪浓度在0 40～51 20μg/L范围内线性关系良好 ,回归方程为 :A=0 3909C +0 0605(n=8 ,r=0 9996)。高、中、低3个浓度盐酸阿夫唑嗪的日内RSD分别为6 71 %、4 02 %和6 11 % ,平均回收率为100 87 % ;日间RSD分别为10 83 %、6 78 %和13 64 % ,平均回收率为97 93 %。最低检测血药浓度 (LOD )为0 20μg/L。结论 :本法灵敏、准确 ,分析时间短 ,可用于药代动力学研究     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸特拉唑嗪渗透泵控释片的含量

目的:建立盐酸特拉唑嗪渗透泵控释片的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为ODS C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸-二乙胺(35∶65∶1?0.02);检测波长:246nm。结果:盐酸特拉唑嗪在10.00~60.00mg.L-1之间,线性关系良好,r=0.999 5(n=6),平均回收率为99.67%,RSD为0.12%。结论:高效液相色谱法测定盐酸特拉唑嗪渗透泵控释片含量,无内源性物质的干扰,专属性强、灵敏度高,为该药质量控制提供参考依据。     

HPLC法测定盐酸阿夫唑嗪片中盐酸阿夫唑嗪的含量

目的　建立用HPLC法测定盐酸阿夫唑嗪片中盐酸阿夫唑嗪含量。方法　以盐酸特拉唑嗪为内标,采用Alltima-CN柱,流动相为 0 0 5mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(0 5mol·L-1的氢氧化钠溶液调pH至 5 4 ) -乙腈(78∶2 2);检测波长:2 4 4nm。结果与结论　盐酸阿夫唑嗪在 5～ 5 0 μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,回收率为 99 8%,RSD =0 9% (n =9)。     

HPLC法测定盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊溶出度

目的:建立盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊溶出度的高效液相色谱分析方法.方法:以C18(4.6×250mm,5μm)为色谱柱,甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(500:500:10:0.3)为流动相,流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为246nm.结果:盐酸特拉唑嗪在0.4～4.0μg·ml-1的浓度范围内,呈现良好线性相关(r=0.9995);平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为1.0%(n=9);三批样品测定结果符合规定.结论:采用本法测定盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊溶出度,空白辅料峰与盐酸特拉唑嗪峰良好分离,有效消除空白胶囊与辅料干扰,且具有专属性强,灵敏度高,准确度好,简便快速等特点.     

速效止泻胶囊定性定量检测方法研究

目的:建立速效止泻胶囊的定性定量检测方法。方法:采用TLC法鉴别速效止泻胶囊中盐酸小檗碱和拳参;采用HPLC法测定处方中盐酸小檗碱含量及拳参中绿原酸含量。盐酸小檗碱色谱条件:依利特Hypersil ODS2(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺(40∶60∶0.1)为流动相,流速1 mL·min-1,紫外检测波长346 nm,柱温为30℃;绿原酸色谱条件:依利特Hypersil ODS2(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺-磷酸(7∶93∶0.4∶0.3)为流动相,流速1 mL·min-1,紫外检测波长327 nm,柱温为30℃。结果:盐酸小檗碱和拳参薄层色谱定性鉴别特征明显;盐酸小檗碱与绿原酸含量测定,分别在2.0～6.0μg(r=0.9992)和0.1～1.8μg(r=0.9999)线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=6)分别为99.2%和102.3%,RSD分别为0.77%和1.3%。结论:本法可准确地定性、定量,有效地控制速效止泻胶囊的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸舍曲林片的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸舍曲林片含量的方法.方法 使用Hypersil ODS2 (4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-甲醇-0.05mol·L-1醋酸铵溶液(38∶38∶24)为流动相;流速1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为266nm,进样量20μL.结果 盐酸舍曲林在30μg·mL-1～252μg·mL-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999.平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.77%,n=9.结论 该方法简单、灵敏、准确,可用于盐酸舍曲林片的质量控制.     

HPLC测定止嗽青果片中麻黄碱的含量

目的 采用HPLC测定止嗽青果片的含量.方法色谱柱用C18柱(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(5∶95)为流动相,流速1.0 mL· min -,检测波长210 nm.结果盐酸麻黄碱在10.0～50.0 μg·mL-1呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.8%,RSD=...     

反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中特拉唑嗪片的血药浓度

目的建立测定人血浆中特拉唑嗪片浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法采用Kromail C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-四氢呋喃-0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(15∶5∶80)为流动相,检测波长为254 nm。结果盐酸特拉唑嗪线性范围:10.0~400.0 ng/mL,最低定量限:10.0 ng/mL,回归方程L:Y=45.01X+483.67,r=0.990 3(权重1/c2×106)。结论该方法简便、快速、准确,适于盐酸特拉唑嗪临床药物动力学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸特拉唑嗪及其胶囊中的有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸特拉唑嗪及其胶囊剂中的有关物质.方法:采用色谱柱:DiamonsilC18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm 5um);流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(330:670:10:0.3);检测波长:246nm;流速:1.0ml·min-1.结果:原料药可检测出5个杂质峰,胶囊剂可检测出6个杂质峰.结论:本法简便,准确,灵敏度高,可用于盐酸特拉唑嗪及其胶囊剂中中有关物质的测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.