高压氧联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的疗效及对血清内皮素-1的影响

目的:高压氧联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病(AD)的疗效及对血清内皮素(ET-1)的影响。方法:根据简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分选择轻中度AD患者60例,分成研究组和对照组各30例。2组均给予口服盐酸多奈哌齐,研究组在对照组治疗基础上加高压氧治疗,2组均治疗8周。比较2组治疗前及治疗第4、8周阿尔茨海默病评定量表-认知部分(ADAS-cog)评分、日常生活活动量表(ADL)评分、精神行为评价量表(NPI)评分,并测定比较2组患者治疗前后血清ET-1水平,观察2组不良反应。结果:2组治疗第4周与治疗前ADAS-cog、ADL、NPI评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗第8周各项评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗第8周2组治疗前后各评分差值均值比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗第8周2组血清ET-1水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组均未出现严重不良反应。结论:高压氧联合多奈哌齐治疗AD可改善患者认知障碍、改善精神症状和生活能力,降低血清ET-1水平,优于单用多奈哌齐治疗     

多奈哌齐联合尼膜同治疗阿尔茨海默病临床研究

选择62例阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者给予盐酸多奈哌齐+尼膜同治疗24周,治疗前后采用简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)及日常生活能力量表(ADL)进行疗效评定。结果治疗组治疗后16、24周MMSE评分分别为23.16±2.52和27.32±2.94,与治疗前(19.74±3.45)比较差异显著(P<0.01);ADL评分分别为25.2±7.5和23.4±8.1,与治疗前(31.3±8.2)比较差异显著(P<0.01)。盐酸多奈哌齐联用尼膜同可安全地用于AD的治疗。     

盐酸多奈哌齐改善阿尔茨海默病患者认知功能及日常生活能力的效应

背景:盐酸多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimerdisease,AD)受到临床关注,但其对认知功能及日常生活能力的改善是否有显著作用?目的:探讨盐酸多奈哌齐改善AD患者认知功能及日常生活能力的疗效,评价盐酸多奈哌齐治疗AD患者的有效性及安全性。设计:以诊断为依据的自身对照研究。地点和对象:1998-01/2001-03华中科技大学同济医学院附属梨园医院门诊和住院32例AD患者。干预:采用盐酸多奈哌齐5mg/d治疗16周。治疗前后用简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、阿尔茨海默病评定量表(theAlzheimerdiseaseassessmentscale,ADAS)及Blessed-RothScale痴呆量表评定患者认知功能及痴呆严重程度、精神行为异常和日常生活自理能力,并进行安全性评价。主要观察指标:①AD患者治疗前后MMSE,ADAS,Blessed-RothScale痴呆量表评分。②AD患者治疗期间不良反应。结果:盐酸多奈哌齐治疗后,患者MMSE评分较治疗前平均提高(4.1±1.1)分(P<0.01),ADAS认知部分改善(5.1±1.3)分(P<0.05);Blessed-Roth日常生活自理能力改善(1.2±0.5)分(P<0.05);ADAS的非认知行为部分减少(3.7±0.9)分,(P<0.05),2例(6%)出现轻度副作用。结论:盐酸多奈哌齐治疗AD有较好的疗效并安全性好,副作用小。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的临床对照研究

目的:探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合多奈哌齐对轻、中度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者的疗效及安全性。方法:52例轻、中度AD患者随机分为研究组和对照组各26例,研究组采用rTMS联合多奈哌齐治疗,对照组单用多奈哌齐治疗。2组患者分别在治疗前及治疗4周、8周、12周后进行阿尔茨海默病评定量表认知分量表(ADASCog)、简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定,于治疗前及治疗12周后进行事件相关电位P300检测。通过实验室检查和临床观察评定不良反应。结果:治疗4周后,研究组ADAS-Cog、MMSE、ADL评分与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义,治疗8及12周后,研究组ADAS-Cog及ADL评分较治疗前呈持续下降(P0.05),MMSE评分较治疗前持续增高(P0.05);对照组治疗4及8周后ADAS-Cog、MMSE、ADL评分与治疗前比较均差异无统计学意义,治疗12周后ADAS-Cog评分、ADL评分较治疗前明显下降(P0.05)、MMSE评分较治疗前明显增高(P0.05)。组间比较,治疗4周、8周后2组各量表评分差异均无统计学意义,治疗12周后研究组ADAS-Cog评分、ADL评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)、MMSE评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗12周后,2组P300潜伏期均较治疗前明显缩短(P0.05)、波幅明显升高(P0.05);组间比较,研究组P300潜伏期明显低于对照组(P0.05)、波幅明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:rTMS辅助多奈哌齐治疗AD,能有效改善患者的认知功能和日常生活能力,延缓大脑功能衰退,安全性高,且疗效优于单用多奈哌齐。     

尼莫地平联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的疗效分析

目的:分析尼莫地平联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的临床疗效。方法:选择我院2013年9月~2017年3月收治的120例阿尔茨海默病患者为研究对象,按就诊时间的先后分为三组。尼莫地平组仅给予尼莫地平口服,40 mg/次,3次/d;多奈哌齐组仅给予多奈哌齐治疗,首次用药5 mg/d,睡前服用,若无严重不良反应,1个月后剂量增加至10 mg/d,否则恢复至5 mg/d;联合用药组以尼莫地平联合多奈哌齐治疗,两种药物剂量和用法同前两组。三组患者均治疗3个月,随访6个月。观察各组患者治疗前后智能状态(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、AD评估量表认知分量表(ADAS-Cog)评分,同时观察患者不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗前三组患者MMSE、ADAS-cog、ADL评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗6个月时三组患者MMSE、ADAS-cog、ADL评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但联合组各项数据改善均明显优于其他组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:多奈哌齐联合尼莫地平治疗阿尔茨海默病在一定程度上会产生协同作用,且不良反应未见增加。两种药物联用治疗阿尔茨海默病对患者认知、智力及日常生活能力改善作用明显,且疗效明显优于单一用药,安全有效,值得推广。     

多奈哌齐联合重复经颅磁刺激对老年性痴呆患者认知功能和尿AD7c-NTP水平的影响

目的观察多奈哌齐联合重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)对老年性痴呆(AD)患者认知功能和尿AD7c-NTP水平的影响。方法采用信封法将70例AD患者分为对照组和观察组各35例,对照组予多奈哌齐口服治疗,观察组予多奈哌齐联合r TMS治疗,两组均持续治疗12周;分别于治疗前后行阿尔茨海默病病理行为评定量表(BEHAV-AD)、AD评估量表认知量表(ADAS-cog)、简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知功能测量表(MoCA)、改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)等量表评分,血清S100B、脂联素(ANP)、晨尿神经丝蛋白(AD7c-NTP)等生化指标水平测定,观察两组治疗过程中不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,观察组BEHAV-AD、ADAS-cog评分及血清S100B、晨尿AD7c-NTP水平低于对照组,MMSE、MoCA、MBI评分及ANP水平高于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论多奈哌齐联合r TMS治疗可有效改善AD患者认知功能,其可能是通过调节S100B、ANP、AD7c-NTP水平而实现的。     

阿立哌唑联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的效果及对认知及行为能力的影响

目的探讨阿立哌唑联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的效果及对认知及行为能力的影响。方法选取100例阿尔茨海默病患者按照随机数字表法纳入对照组(50例)与观察组(50例),分别予以多奈哌齐与阿立哌唑+多奈哌齐治疗,对比两组患者的症状评分[痴呆行为量表(BEHAVE-AD)]、临床疗效、认知功能[简易智能状态量表(MMSE)]、行为能力[日常生活能力量表(ADL)]。结果治疗后观察组的BEHAVE-AD评分[(7.8±1.4)分]低于对照组[(9.6±1.7)分],观察组总有效率(94.0%)高于对照组(80.0%),治疗后观察组的MMSE评分[(22.0±3.4)分]高于对照组[(17.6±3.7)分],治疗后观察组的ADL评分[(33.2±3.5)分]低于对照组[(36.5±3.9)分],各组差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论阿立哌唑联合多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病疗效满意,可明显减轻患者的临床症状,提高其认知功能与行为能力。     

盐酸美金刚与多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的临床对照研究

目的对照研究盐酸美金刚与多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病的临床疗效。方法选择2015-02—2016-12在某院接受治疗的阿尔茨海默病患者120例,给予对照组患者盐酸多奈哌齐进行治疗。在对照组的基础上给予观察组患者盐酸美金刚。比较两组患者治疗前后的ADL、MMSE、BEHAVE-AD、ADAS-cog评分。比较两组患者的不良反应发生情况。结果治疗前两组患者的ADL和MMSE评分均接近,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。治疗后,两组患者的ADL明显下降,MMSE明显升高,ADL和MMSE均明显改善,但观察组患者的两项评分均较对照组改善明显,P0.05,组间比较差异有统计学意义;治疗前两组患者的BEHAVE-AD和ADAS-cog评分均接近,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。治疗后,两组患者的BEHAVE-AD与ADAS-cog明显下降,BEHAVE-AD和ADAS-cog均明显改善,但观察组患者的两项评分均较对照组改善明显,P0.05,组间比较差异有统计学意义;本研究中无严重不良反应发生,有部分病例出现头晕头痛、失眠或疲惫症状,观察组患者的不良反应总发生率为11.7%(7/60)与对照组的13.3%(8/60)比较,组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论盐酸美金刚与多奈哌齐联合用药治疗阿尔茨海默病,能有效改善患者的生活活动能力、精神状态、痴呆症状病理行为和认知功能,效果可观,不良反应少,安全性好。     

不同剂量多奈哌齐对阿尔茨海默病患者认知功能及血清IGF-1水平的影响

目的探讨不同剂量多奈哌齐对阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者认知功能与血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平的影响。方法选取四川省科学城医院2016年9月至2017年8月收治的AD患者96例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组3组,每组32例。低剂量组每次口服2.5 mg多奈哌齐,中剂量组每次口服5.0 mg多奈哌齐,高剂量组每次口服10.0 mg多奈哌齐。比较3组患者治疗前,治疗后3、6、9个月的简易精神状态量表(MMSE量表)、阿尔茨海默病评定量表认知分量表(ADAS-cog量表)评分及血清IGF-1水平。结果低剂量组治疗前与治疗后3、6、9个月的MMSE量表评分、ADAS-cog量表评分、IGF-1水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。中剂量组与高剂量组治疗后6、9个月的MMSE量表评分、ADAS-cog量表评分、IGF-1水平与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且高剂量组治疗后6、9个月的MMSE量表评分、IGF-1水平高于中剂量组、低剂量组,ADAS-cog量表评分低于中剂量组、低剂量组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论多奈哌齐可显著改善AD患者认知功能、提升日常生活能力和升高血清IGF-1水平,且存在剂量相关效应,高剂量多奈哌齐疗效更佳。     

盐酸多奈哌齐联合尼莫地平治疗血管性痴呆的临床观察

目的 观察盐酸多奈哌齐联合尼莫地平治疗血管性痴呆(VD)的临床疗效和安全性.方法 将轻、中度VD患者57例随机分为联合治疗组、多奈哌齐组、尼莫地平组.联合治疗组服用盐酸多奈哌齐5 mg,每晚1次顿服,尼莫地平30 mg,每日3次;盐酸多奈哌齐组服用盐酸多奈哌齐5 mg,每晚1次顿服;尼莫地平组服用尼莫地平30mg,每日3次.3组疗程均为12周.分别于治疗前、治疗后4周、12周时采用简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评定患者的日常生活能力和认知功能;同期行血常规、尿常规、肝肾功能、心电图检查监测其药物安全性.结果 联合治疗组、盐酸多奈哌齐组、尼莫地平组治疗后MMSE、ADL评分均较治疗前有改善,MMSE评分:多奈哌齐组(17.4±3.1)分vs(23.1±1.5)分,尼莫地平组(18.1±2.0)分vs (22.3±1.5)分,联合治疗组(17.1±2.3)分vs (24.2±3.2)分(P＜0.05);ADL评分:多奈哌齐组(47.3±6.0)分Vs(43.1±5.8)分,尼莫地平组(47.8±7.3)分vs (44.1±6.1)分,联合治疗组(48.1±6.9)分vs (41.05±6.2)分(P＜0.05),联合治疗组的评分改善优于盐酸多奈哌齐组、尼莫地平组(P＜0.05).在治疗过程中无明显不良反应.结论 盐酸多奈哌齐联合尼莫地平能显著改善轻、中度VD患者的认知功能,疗效显著,优于两种药物单独使用,且药物安全性好.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.