中国汉族人群SLC30A8基因rs13266634多态性与2型糖尿病的关联

目的研究中国汉族人群solute carrier family 30,member 8(SLC30A8)基因rs13266634单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的等位基因、基因型频率分布及其与代谢指标的关系,了解该基因与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链结合限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法对765例[T2DM患者(T2DM组) 454例、健康者(NC组)311名]重庆及周边地区汉族人rs13266634进行基因分型;同时进行人体测量学及代谢指标的检测,并分别采用稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛B细胞分泌功能指数(HOMA-β)评估胰岛素抵抗和胰岛B细胞功能。结果T2DM组中rs13266634的C等位基因频率、CC基因型频率分别为57.6%和33.5%,均显著高于NC组的50.6%和28.0%(P值均<0.05);而T2DM组的TT基因型频率为18.3%,显著低于NC组的26.7%(P<0.05)。C等位基因携带者患T2DM的风险是T等位基因的1.36倍(OR=1.36,95% CI为1.11～1.67);CT和CC基因型患T2DM的危险显著增加,分别为TT型的1.55倍(OR=1.55,95% CI为1.07～2.25,X~2=5.42,P=0.02)和1.75倍(OR=1.75,95% CI为1.17～2.61,X~2= 7.38,P=0.006)。此外,通过对代谢指标的比较分析发现C等位基因可能与胰岛素分泌减少有关。结论SLC30A8基因rs13266634多态性位点的C等位基因可能是T2DM的风险等位基因,SLC30A8基因可能是中国汉族人T2DM的易感基因之一。     

甘肃汉族人群溶质载体家族30成员8基因多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性

目的探讨甘肃汉族人群溶质载体家族30成员8(SLC30A8)基因多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析法,随机选取甘肃116例2型糖尿病患者(2型糖尿病组)及80例体检者(对照组)进行SLC30A8基因rs13266634C/T单核苷酸多态性检测,比较两组间基因型频率和等位基因频率及相关性;以稳态模型胰岛B细胞分泌功能指数评估胰岛B细胞功能,胰岛素抵抗指数评估胰岛素抵抗。结果 2型糖尿病组CC基因型频率明显高于对照组,而TT基因型频率低于对照组。2型糖尿病组CC基因型频率与TT基因型频率比较,有显著性差异(P<0.01);C风险等位基因患2型糖尿病的风险是T等位基因者的2.40倍,有显著性差异(P<0.01);CC基因型的胰岛B细胞分泌功能指数、空腹胰岛素显著低于TT基因型,差异有统计学意义P<0.05)。CC、CT、TT3种基因型的胰岛素抵抗指数,差异无统计学意义。结论甘肃汉族人群存在SLC30A8基因rs13266634多态性,rs13266634多态性与甘肃汉族2型糖尿病的发生相关;SLC30A8基因rs13266634的C等位基因可能是2型糖尿病的风险等位基因。SLC30A8基因增加2型糖尿病的易感性可能与胰岛B细胞功能下降有关,与胰岛素抵抗无明显相关性。     

锌转运蛋白-8及转录因子7类似物-2基因多态性与中国南方汉族人2型糖尿病的相关性

目的 研究锌转运蛋白一8基因(SLC30A8)多态性位点rs13266634及转录因子7类似物-2基因(TCF7L2)多态性位点rs11196218与2型锫尿病(T2DM)以及相关代谢指标的关系.方法 T2DM患者(T2DM组)259例,健康者(NC组)200名,均来自上海及周边地区.应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术判断标本基因型,同时进行人体测量学及代谢指标的检测,并分别采用稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛B细胞分泌功能指数(HOMA-B)评估胰岛素抵抗和胰岛B细胞功能.结果 ①T2DM组中,rs13266634的C等位基因频率和CC基因型频率分别为57.3%和33.6%,均显著高于NC组的45.4%和17.2%(P值均<0.05).②C等位基因携带者患T2DM的风险是T等位基因携带者的1.59倍(OR=1.59,95%CJ为1.19～2.11,χ~2=9.831,P=0.002).与TT基因型相比,CC基因型患T2DM的风险增加2.63倍(OR=2.63,95%CI为1.42～4.87,χ~2=9.69,P=0.002).③T2DM组与NC组的TCF7L2(rs11196218)基因型及等位基因频率的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).④T2DM组中,CC基因型的HOMA-B显著低于TT基因型(P=0.002).结论 SLC30A8基因rs13266634多态性位点的C等位基因可能是中国人T2DM的风险等位基因,而TCF712基因rs11196218单核苷酸多态性可能与T2DM的遗传易感性无关.     

朝鲜族2型糖尿病与诸微效基因多态性的相关性及交互作用

[目的]探讨朝鲜族SLC30A8,CDKN2A/B,HHEX和IRS-l等基因多态性与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性及交互作用.[方法]用多因子降维法(MDR)分析313例朝鲜族T2DM患者及178例健康对照者的SLC30A8(rs13266634),CDKN2A/B(rs10811661),HHEX(rs7923837)和IRS-l(rs1801278)等基因多态性的交互作用.[结果]朝鲜族T2DM患者CDKN2A/B(rs10811661)基因的T等位基因频率与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).3位点rs13266634-rs10811661-rs7923837模型为最佳模型(P=0.000 3;Odd Ratio:2.063 2;95%CI:1.391 4³.059 4),且交叉验证一致性系数最大(10/10).[结论]朝鲜族T2DM患者CDKN2A/B(rs10811661)基因的T等位基因可能与T2DM易感性相关.rs13266634,rs10811661,rs7923837基因位点之间可能存在基因-基因交互作用,rs13266634与rs7923837 2个SNP间的交互作用占主导地位.     

溶质载体家族30成员8基因rs13266634C/T多态性与甘肃东乡族、汉族2型糖尿病的关系

目的探讨溶质载体家族30成员8（SLC30A8）基因rs13266634C/T单核苷酸多态性在甘肃东乡族、汉族人群中的分布及其与2型糖尿病（T₂DM）的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）法检测甘肃东乡族、汉族T₂DM患者组（T₂DM组）和体检对照者组（对照组）SLC30A8基因rs13266634C/T多态性。结果 rs13266634C/T的CC基因型频率、C等位甚因的频率在东乡族和汉族T₂DM组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。东乡族C等位基因携带者患T₂DM的风险是T等位基因的1.62倍;汉族C等位基因携带者患T₂DM的风险是T等位基因的1.54倍。结论甘肃东乡族和汉族人群均存在SLC30A8基因rs13266634C/T位点变异,C等位基因是其风险等位基因,SLC30A8基因可能是甘肃东乡族和汉族人群T₂DM的易感基因。     

类KQT亚科-钾离子电压门控通道成员1基因多态性与赣州市居民2型糖尿病的相关性

目的探讨类KQT亚科-钾离子电压门控通道成员1(KCNQ1)基因单核苷酸多态性与赣州市居民2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病的关系。方法采用巢式病例对照研究方法,选择新发T2DM患者521例(T2DM组)、糖调节正常(NGT)者521例(NGT组)。应用多重PCR技术、MassARRAY iPLEX单碱基延伸技术和基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF)技术,对KCNQ1基因rs2237892、rs151290位点进行基因分型,比较rs2237892、rs151290位点基因型和等位基因在2组中的差异。结果 rs2237892位点存在CC、CT、TT 3种基因型,其在T2DM组的分布频率分别为49.41%、43.48%、7.11%,NGT组的分布频率分别为43.26%、46.48%、10.26%,CC基因型在2组之间的频率分布差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.502,P=0.034),OR(95%CI)值为1.647(1.036~2.620);等位基因C、T在T2DM组的分布频率分别为71.15%、28.85%,NGT组分别为66.50%、33.50%,等位基因C在2组之间的频率分布差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.049,P=0.025),OR(95%CI)值为1.242(1.028~1.501)。rs151290位点存在CC、CA、AA 3种基因型,其在T2DM组的分布频率分别为39.09%、49.01%、11.90%,NGT组分别为36.57%、47.27%、16.16%,2组之间各基因型分布频率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);其等位基因C、A的分布频率在2组之间比较差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 KCNQ1基因rs2237892位点多态性与赣州市居民T2DM的发病相关,而rs151290位点多态性可能与赣州市居民T2DM的发病无关。     

TCF7L2基因rs3814570多态性与新疆维吾尔族人群T2DM的相关性研究

目的 探讨新疆地区维吾尔族人群转录因子7类似物2(TCF7L2)基因的rs3814570位点与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性.方法 采用病例-对照研究设计,以经确诊的949例T2DM患者作为观察组,选取963例健康体检者作为对照组.应用基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时间质谱分析质谱技术(MALDI-TOF)对TCF7L2基因多态性进行检测.结果 两组对象rs3814570位点基因型CC、CT和TT,等位基因C和T的分布比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),CT基因型携带者患T2DM的风险是CC基因型携带者的0.331倍(OR=0.331,95％CI:0.166～0.661,P=0.002),TT基因型携带者患T2DM的风险是CC基因型携带者的0.539倍(OR=0.539,95％CI:0.348～0.834,P=0.005),T等位基因携带者患T2DM的风险是C等位基因携带者的0.501倍(OR=0.501,95％CI:0.377～0.664,P＜0.01).两组对象中,TCF7L2基因rs3814570位点的CT+ TT基因型组的空腹血糖(FPG)水平均明显低于CC基因型组(P＜0.05).结论 TCF7L2基因的rs3814570位点可能与新疆维吾尔族人群T2DM的发生相关,T等位基因和TT基因型可能是T2DM发生的保护因素.     

口服葡萄糖-胰岛素释放试验者β细胞功能及胰岛素敏感性分析

目的 观察145例口服葡萄糖-胰岛素释放试验(OGIRT)受试者的β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性.方法 分析145例受试者OGIRT结果,比较正常糖耐量组(NGT组)、葡萄糖调节异常组(IGR组)、2型糖尿病组(T2DM组)受试者的胰岛β细胞功能[采用胰岛素分泌指数(△I30/△G30)和Homa胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)评价]及胰岛素敏感性[采用Homa胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素敏感指数(IAI)评价].结果 NGT组、IGR组、T2DM组FPG水平依次升高,ΔI30/ΔG30依次降低,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01＝.IGR组FINS显著高于NGT组(P<0.05＝.NGT组、IGR组的HOMA-β显著高于T2DM组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01＝;IGR组、T2DM组的HOMA-IR显著高于NGT组,IAI显著低于NGT组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01＝.结论 从NGT到IGR,胰岛素敏感性显著下降;从IGR到T2DM,胰岛β细胞功能显著受损.     

KCNQ1 及 SLC30A8 基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者相关性研究

目的分析KCNQ1及SLC30A8基因多态性与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的相关性。方法选取2015年9月~2017年9月间在本院确诊并接受治疗的T2DM患者100例作为观察组,选取同期在本院进行体检健康者100例作为对照组,收集两组对象早晨空腹静脉血5 m L,全自动生化分析仪检测糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖水平、胰岛素和血脂的水平,基因型检测使用单碱基延伸法,分析不同基因位点和T2DM相关性状况。结果 SLC30A8基因对照组TT、CT及CC基因型的频率依次为16%、52%及32%,观察组依次为13%、49%、38%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.290,P0.05);对照组T、C等位的基因频率依次为61%、39%,观察组依次为73%、27%,差异有统计学意义(95%CI=0.795~1.684,OR=1.205,χ~2=11.553,P0.05)。观察组TT基因型血清FINS及HOMA-B高于CT基因型和CC基因型,观察组TT基因型血清TC、TG和FPG低于CT基因型和CC基因型,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);KCNQ1基因对照组TT、CT及CC基因型的频率依次为27%、41%及32%,观察组依次为24%、45%、31%,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.006,P0.05);对照组T、C等位的基因频率依次为53%、47%,观察组依次为64%、36%,差异有统计学意义(95%CI=0.863-2.104,OR=1.171,χ~2=12.995,P0.05),CC基因型血清TC、TG、FPG及Hb A1c低于CT、TT基因型,血清FINS高于CT、TT基因型,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SLC30A8基因多态性rs13266634位点和KCNQ1基因多态性rs2237892位点和T2DM发病及血管并发症有一定相关性。     

β细胞素基因-226A＞G多态性与糖耐量减低人群的相关性研究

目的 探讨β细胞素基因(BTC)-226A＞G多态性与云南省昆明地区糖耐量减低人群的相关性.方法 根据口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)将1 076例云南省昆明地区人群分为糖耐量减低组(IGT)、2型糖尿病组(T2DM)和健康对照组(NGT),用稳态模型法胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、稳态模型法β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、早期胰岛素分泌指数(△I30/△G30)等进行组间比较.同时采集血样后提取基因组DNA,应用高分辨率熔解曲线分析方法(HRM)检测BTC基因-226A＞G基因型,观察3组人群中基因型和等位基因的分布情况,同时分析糖耐量减低人群中不同基因型相关临床变量的差异性.结果 ①BTC基因-226A＞GGG基因型及A等位基因在T2DM组中的频率分别为0.133和0.657,在IGT组中为0.085和0.715,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);G等位基因在T2DM组中为0.343,在IGT组中为0.285,两组之间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.041).②IGT组-226位点AA基因型和AG+GG基因型的表型间的空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、OGTT 2 h血糖(PBG)、OGTT 2 h胰岛素(PINS)、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β和△I30/△G30比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 BTC基因-226A＞G多态性可能与云南省昆明地区人群糖耐量减低相关,推测含有G等位基因的糖耐量减低人群更易进展为T2DM.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.