超声刀在腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的：观察超声刀在复杂的腹腔镜手术中的切割止血效果。方法：比较使用超声刀（57例）和高频电刀（50例）行腹腔镜手术的临床效果。结果：所有病例均在腹腔镜下完成手术，无1例中转开腹，无术中及术后并发症或大出血发生。使用超声刀的平均手术时间，平均出血量均少于使用高频电刀者。结论：超声刀具有精确切割，凝血可控制的功能，损伤小，提高了腹腔镜手术的安全性及微创水平，是一种重要和有用的腹腔镜手术设备。     

腹腔镜逆行阑尾切除术中超声刀与电刀作用的比较研究

目的：腹腔镜逆行阑尾切除术中超声刀与电刀的作用进行对照比较分析,探讨超声刀的优越性。方法回顾分析总结2007-2013年逆行阑尾切除术中使用超声刀的38例及使用电刀的44例临床资料进行对比分析。结果平均手术时间超声刀组为（43.05±3.65）min,电刀组为（47.25±6.36）min,与电刀组相比超声刀组手术时间显著下降（P 〈0.01）。出血量分别为（3.51±1.05）ml、（10.05±2.33）ml,超声刀组显著低于电刀组（P 〈0.01）。超声刀组无开腹病例,术后无肠梗阻发生,电刀组开腹7例,术后肠梗阻3例,两组间差异有统计学意义（P 〈0.01）。结论超声刀在腹腔镜逆行阑尾切除中具有创伤小、手术时间短、并发症少等优点,切割止血、手术操作安全性方面超声刀应用效果优于电刀。     

超声刀在开放性甲状腺手术中应用的前瞻性研究

目的：探讨超声刀在开放性甲状腺手术中应用的有效性及安全性。 方法：采用前瞻性随机对照方法,将2010年2月—2012年5月210例患者分为超声刀组与电刀组,各105例,分别采用超声刀与传统电刀手术方法行开放性甲状腺切除术,手术均由普外科甲状腺手术经验丰富同一手术团队完成。比较两组在不同手术方式中手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后并发症等指标。 结果：两组患者年龄、性别、肿块大小及疾病构成比差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。在相同的手术方式中,超声刀组手术时间手术、术中出血量及术后引流量（减少10~40 mL）均较传统结扎结合电刀组明显减少,组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组间术后并发症的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：超声刀集切割、止血于一体,简化手术操作过程;在开放性甲状腺手术中应用超声刀,可缩短手术时间,减少出血。     

开腹手术、高频电刀与超声刀治疗粘连性肠梗阻疗效分析

目的比较开腹手术、高频电刀与超声刀治疗粘连性肠梗阻的临床效果,探讨粘连性肠梗阻手术方式以及腹腔镜治疗肠粘连的优越性。方法回顾性分析1999年6月至2010年6月应用超声刀治疗粘连性肠梗阻27例及高频电刀手术治疗粘连性肠梗阻23例患者的临床资料,并与同期30例开腹手术对比分析。结果平均手术时间超声刀组为（62．1±17．7）min,高频电刀组为（98．0±37．0）min,开腹手术组为（115．0±20．2）min。与另外两组比较,超声刀组手术时间显著降低;与开腹手术组比较,高频电刀组手术时间显著下降（P〈0．01）。3组平均术中出血量分别为（13．9±4．4）ml、（35．0±6．4）ml和（150．0±35．0）m1．超声刀组低于另外两组,高频电刀组低于开腹手术组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。平均术后住院时间分别为（3．2±0．5）d、（6．1±1．0）d和（11．8±4．0）d,超声刀组与高频电刀组显著低于开腹手术组（P〈0．01）。超声刀组无一例发生并发症,高频电刀组发生2例,开腹组发生7例,组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论超声刀及高频电刀治疗粘连性肠梗阻具有创伤小、术后康复快、并发症少及住院时间短等优点。超声刀治疗效果优于高频电刀。     

超声刀在腹腔镜子宫切除术中的应用

目的 :探讨腹腔镜下应用超声刀行筋膜内子宫切除术 (CISH)、腹腔镜协助阴式子宫切除术(LAVH)的可行性。方法 :对用超声刀施术 2 4 0例与用单极电刀行子宫切除 16 0例和用双极电凝行子宫切除16 0例的手术时间、手术难度、术中腹腔出血量及患者术后恢复情况进行比较。结果 :超声刀手术组在手术时间 ,术中腹腔出血量 ,术后体温恢复 ,术后肛门排气时间 ,术后患者自觉症状等方面明显优于单极电刀手术组和双极电凝手术组。结论 :超声刀在子宫切除手术中具有安全、可靠、作用迅速、操作便捷等优点 ,有很高的临床应用价值     

超声刀在开放结直肠癌根治手术中的应用

目的探讨在开放结直肠癌根治手术中使用腹腔镜下超声刀与使用电刀的差异。方法2007年4月至2007年12月期间我院同一治疗组收治结直肠癌患者59例，其中29例使用强生公司GEN300超声刀手术（超声刀组），另30例使用电刀手术作为对照（电刀组）。2组患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、Dukes分期、大体类型、组织学分化程度等因素间差异均无统计学意义。结果超声刀组均采用较电刀组短的手术切口，直肠、乙状结肠癌自脐下部至耻骨上部，不绕脐向上延长切口；右半、左半结肠癌手术切口较电刀组短约3～5cm。所有病例手术均获得成功。超声刀组和电刀组平均手术时间分别为126和119min（P〉0．05），术中平均失血量分别为50（20-140）ml和90（40-200）ml（P〉0．05）。术后胃肠功能恢复时间、平均住院时间和并发症发生率2组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。超声刀组术后腹腔引流液由血性转为浆液性的平均时间为8（2-20）h，电刀组平均为48（16～80）h（P〈0．05）。结论开放结直肠癌根治手术中使用腹腔镜下超声刀和相应手术器械操作，具有手术切口缩小、组织损伤降低等优势，深化了开放手术中的微创理念，值得推广。     

电刀、超声刀在腹腔镜直肠癌手术中的联合应用体会

目的:探讨电刀、超声刀在腹腔镜直肠癌手术中联合应用的临床价值及手术方法。方法:回顾分析联合应用电刀、超声刀为61例患者行腹腔镜直肠癌手术的临床资料(联合组),并与同期42例单纯使用电刀(电刀组)及50例单纯使用超声刀(超声刀组)的患者进行对比分析。结果:手术均顺利完成,术中无输尿管、膀胱、阴道损伤发生,术后无死亡病例及腹腔出血、吻合口漏、腹腔感染、切口感染等并发症发生,其中55例行腹腔镜辅助直肠癌前切除术,6例行腹腔镜辅助Miles术;手术游离时间平均(53.3±7.46)min,术中出血量平均(42.10±10.93)ml,平均清扫淋巴结(10.92±2.39)枚。3组患者手术游离时间差异有统计学意义,联合组术中出血量少于电刀组,淋巴结清扫数量3组相比差异无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌手术中联合应用电刀、超声刀进行游离既可获得充分、干净的显露,亦可使解剖更精细安全、术中出血少、游离速度加快。     

超声刀在甲状腺腺叶囊内切除术中应用（附351例分析）

目的：总结超声刀在甲状腺腺叶囊内切除手术中应用效果。方法回顾分析我院2012年1月至2014年1月351例甲状腺腺叶囊内切除病例,比较超声刀手术组和传统手术组间手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量的差异。结果采用超声刀手术组手术时间较传统手术组平均手术时间缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。术中出血超声刀手术组虽平均可减少出血3 ml,但两组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。术后引流量超声刀手术组较传统手术组24 h内引流量平均减少,两组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论超声刀可以在有限的空间内进行精细的切割、凝固与分离,缩短手术时间,减少术后引流量,较传统手术操作在甲状腺腺叶囊内切除术中具有优势。     

超声刀FOCUS在开放甲状腺手术中的应用

目的比较超声刀FOCUS与传统手术方法在开放甲状腺手术中应用的特点。方法收集我科自2010年7月至2011年12月接受开放甲状腺手术的患者共计126例,随机分为两组,超声刀组66例,使用超声刀FOCUS进行手术;传统手术组60例,采用高频电刀结合缝扎止血。两组均由同一手术组医生进行手术。分别比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、切口大小、住院时间和手术并发症发生率(喉返神经损伤、喉上神经损伤、甲状旁腺功能低下)。结果超声刀组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、切口大小、住院时间方面均短于或少于传统手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组中均有1例甲状旁腺损伤,而喉上神经损伤、喉返神经损伤各1例仅见于传统手术组。两组间的手术并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论使用超声刀行开放甲状腺手术要优于传统手术方法,可尽量兼顾美容的优点,符合现代微创外科理念,值得应用和推广。     

超声刀在腹部外科腹腔镜手术中的应用

作使用超声刀代替电刀行腹腔镜肠粘连松解、阑尾切除、结直肠切除、胆囊切除、疝修补、胆总管探查、脾切除：胃大部分切除、先天性巨结肠切除等手术。90例13种手术全部顺利完成。无中转开腹。手术时间12～300分钟。其中80例病人完全使用超声刀完成手术。手术出血均小于100毫升。无术后继发出血。超声刀凝血功能强。术中出血减少,使网膜和系膜的处理及粘连的分离变得简单容易。术野清晰。安全。是腹部外科腹腔镜手术的一种理想的切割止血工具。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.