病毒性心肌炎、扩张型心肌病患者TNF、sIL—2R、IL—6、IL—8、T细胞亚群的改变

目的：免疫反应在病毒性心肌炎（VMC）、扩张型心肌病（DCM）发病中所起的作用。方法：对30例VMC患者、40例DCM患者分别采用放免法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）水平;ELISA法测定血清可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL-2R)、白细胞介素6（IL－6）、白细胞介素I（IL－8）水平;ABC染色法测定外周血T淋巴细胞亚群,并与30例正常从（NC）对照。结果：VMC组、DCM组血清TNF、sIL-2R、IL－6、IL－8水平均显著高于NC组（P＜0．01－0．001）,T细胞亚群中CD4、CD8显著低于NC组（P＜0．05－0．01）,CD4／CD8显著高于NC组（P＜0．001）。结论：一系列细胞因子介导的免疫、炎症反应,免疫调节网络功能的失衡在VMC、DCM的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

SIRS MODS患者活化血小板与细胞因子关系的研究

目的　研究全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)、多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)患者活化血小板、细胞因子变化及其两者之间关系。方法　采用流式细胞仪测定SIRS、MODS患者的CD6 2P、CD6 3阳性血小板的百分率 ,采用酶放大化学发光免疫法测定TNF -α、IL - 6、IL - 8、sIL - 2R值 ,同时对两者之间进行相关性分析。结果　SIRS、MODS患者的CD6 2P、CD6 3、TNF -α、IL - 6、IL - 8、sIL - 2R值较正常对照组均明显升高 (P均 <0 0 1) ;MODS组CD6 2P、CD6 3、TNF -α、IL - 6、IL - 8、sIL - 2R值均高于SIRS组 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ;死亡组CD6 2P、CD6 3、TNF -α、IL - 6、IL - 8、sIL - 2R值均高于存活组 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 ) ;相关性分析显示 ,CD6 2P、CD6 3与TNF -α、IL - 6、IL - 8呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　SIRS、MODS患者血小板活化明显 ,促炎细胞因子高表达 ,血小板活化与促炎细胞因子高表达正相关 ,两者均与病情、预后有关。     

大肠癌患者手术前后T细胞亚群与血清TNFα和sIL—2R的变化及意义

目的研究大肠癌患者围手术期的免疫状态。方法检测了21例大肠癌患者手术前后T细胞亚群（CD3、CD4、CD8）及血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNEα）和可溶性白细胞介素2受体（sIL－2R）,并与非肿瘤患者进行对照。结果大肠癌患者术前CD3、CD4均显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）,CD8高于对照组（P＜0．05）;血清TNFα、sIL－2R显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）;术后CD3、CD4明显高于术前（P＜0．05）,CD8低于术前（P＜0．05）,血清TNFα、sIL－2R显著下降（P＜0．01）。结论大肠癌患者术前免疫功能低下,切除肿瘤有益于改善患者的兔疫功能;测定T细胞亚群和血清TNFα、sIL－2R有助于判断患者的免疫功能及预后,指导治疗。     

急性冠脉综合征患者颈动脉斑块和血清IL-6、sIL-6R的变化

目的 :检测急性冠脉综合征患者血清白介素 6 (IL - 6 )、可溶性白介素 6受体 (sIL - 6R)水平及颈动脉斑块性质的变化并探讨其临床意义。方法 :随机选择急性心肌梗死 13例 ,不稳定心绞痛 5例 ,对照组 15例 ,以ELISA法测定血清IL - 6、sIL- 6R值 ,并进行比较 ;同时采用高分辨率B型超声进行双侧颈动脉斑块检测 ,并根据超声回声特点分成稳定和不稳定斑块。结果 :ACS组血清IL - 6值和不稳定斑块数明显高于对照组 (均P <0 .0 1) ,而sIL - 6R则低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,两组间硬斑数无显著差异。结论 :急性心血管事件的发生主要与动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性有关 ,炎症反应可能是其中的机制之一。     

白血病患者外周血IL-2、sIL-2R和IFN-γ测定的临床意义

目的　观察白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )、可溶性白细胞介素 2受体 (sIL 2R)及γ 干扰素 (IFN γ)与白血病发病的关系及临床意义。方法　采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)测定 2 0例正常对照和 6 0例白血病患者治疗前后外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)产生的IL 2、IFN γ和血清中sIL 2R的水平。结果　白血病患者治疗前IL 2、IFN γ水平低于正常对照组 ,而sIL 2R水平高于正常对照组 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;治疗后IL 2、IFN γ水平高于治疗前 ,而sIL 2R水平低于治疗前 ,二者差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　IL 2、sIL 2R和IFN γ的测定在白血病的治疗监测中有较好的应用价值。     

儿童肾病综合征sIL-2R与T细胞亚群变化的意义

目的 :探讨儿童原发性肾病综合征 (NS)淋巴细胞免疫功能的动态变化 ,阐明可溶性白细胞介素 2受体 (sIL 2R)和T细胞亚群变化的临床意义。方法 :应有酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA )方法 ,对 2 5例NS活动期和缓解期患儿的血清和尿液检测sIL 2R浓度。应用流式细胞仪检测T细胞亚群的变化。结果 :(1)NS活动期组血清和尿液sIL 2R浓度分别高于缓解期组 (P <0 0 1)和对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;(2 )NS活动期组CD 3、CD 4、CD 4/CD 8比值、NK[CD16 56 ] 细胞均明显低于缓解期组 (P <0 0 1)和对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :NS细胞免疫功能减低 ,血和尿中sIL 2R浓度的变化可作为肾病综合征活动指标之一。     

氯氮平对不同病程女性精神分裂症患者血清白细胞介素 6及可溶性白细胞介素 6受体的影响

目的探讨女性精神分裂症患者血清白细胞介素 6(IL 6)、可溶性白细胞介素 6受体 (sIL 6R)治疗前后变化及其与抗精神病药物氯氮平血清水平的关系. 方法采用酶联免疫吸附法测定 40例女性精神分裂症患者 (病程≥ 5年组和病程 < 5年组,每组 20例 )治疗前及治疗后第 1、 2和 4周血清 IL 6和 sIL 6R水平,同时用高效液相色谱法测定氯氮平水平,以 20例女性健康者血清 IL 6、 sIL 6R水平作对照.治疗前与治疗后第 4周评定阴性和阳性症状量表 (PANSS)各一次. 结果①病程≤ 5年组患者治疗前血清 IL 6和 sIL 6R水平均显著高于正常对照组 (P< 0.01);治疗后第 1、 2和 4周血清 IL 6和 sIL 6R水平均显著低于对照组 (P< 0.01).②病程 >5年组患者治疗前及治疗后第 1,2和 4周血清 IL 6、 sIL 6R水平均显著低于正常对照组( P< 0.01).③除病程 >5年组患者第 1周血清 IL 6水平与氯氮平水平呈负相关( r=0.57,P< 0.01)外,余各时点血清 sIL 6R水平与氯氮平水平均无显著相关性( r=- 0.36～ 0.17,P >0.05).④氯氮治疗 4周后, PANSS减分率与 IL 6,sIL 6R减分率无显著相关( r=- 0.22～- 0.01,P >0.05). 结论女性精神分裂症患者血清 IL 6、 sIL 6R水平与健康女性差异显著 ,氯氮平对 IL 6和 SIL 6R有抑制作用,氯氮平的抗精神病作用可能与对 IL 6,sIL 6R的调节作用有关.     

急性一氧化碳中毒患者TNF-α和IL-8水平的变化及临床意义

目的　探讨急性一氧化碳中毒 (ACOP)患者血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF -α)、白细胞介素 8(IL - 8)的水平 ,进一步加深对ACOP病理机制的认识。方法　选择不同中毒程度的ACOP患者 6 0例分别于入院即刻、12、2 4、4 8和 72h抽血测定血清中TNF -α、IL - 8的浓度。结果　中度一氧化碳中毒组与轻度中毒组比较 ,TNF -α、IL - 8水平有差异 ,但不具有显著性(P>0 0 5 ) ,中度中毒组与重度中毒组比较 ,TNF -α、IL - 8水平变化具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,2 4、4 8h后重度中毒组血清TNF -α、IL - 8浓度仍维持在较高水平。结论　ACOP时存在血清TNF -α、IL - 8水平的升高 ,重度中毒组显著高于轻、中度中毒组 ,且高水平维持较长时间 ,提示TNF -α、IL - 8在ACOP的病理过程中起着重要作用 ,两者可作为病情评估的指标。     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎腹水TNF-α和IL-6测定的临床意义

目的 :探讨肝硬化并自发性细菌性腹膜炎 (SBP)病人腹水中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)和白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )水平的变化和临床意义。方法 :采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定48例肝硬化腹水病人血清和腹水的TNF α和IL 6的变化。结果 :在 2 8例SBP病人血清和腹水中TNF α和IL 6水平明显高于 2 0例漏出性腹水病人 (P <0 0 1) ,SBP病人腹水中TNF α和IL 6水平又明显高于血清中的水平。随着感染的控制 ,腹水中TNF α和IL 6水平明显下降 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :腹水TNF α和IL 6的检测有助于SBP的诊断和疗效观察。     

高原酒精性肝病患者血清NO、IL-6和TNF-α的变化及临床意义

目的 :探讨高原地区酒精性肝病患者血清一氧化氮 (NO)、白细胞介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )和肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF -α)的变化及其临床意义。方法 :采用放射免疫法和酶联免疫吸附法检测高原地区 4 8例酒精性肝病三个不同时期 [酒精性脂肪肝 (AF)、酒精性肝炎 (AH)和酒精性肝硬化 (AC) ]患者血清NO、IL - 6和TNF -α的水平。结果 :AH患者血清TNF -α和IL - 6浓度高于AF和AC患者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;AC患者血清NO、IL - 6和TNF -α浓度均高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :NO、IL - 6和TNF -α在高原AF、AH和AC的发展过程中起重要作用 ,联合检测对判断高原酒精性肝病病程及预后有一定的指导意义     

恶性淋巴瘤患者血清中IL-2、sIL-2R、IL-6、IL-8和TNFα的测定

目的：探讨血清中细胞因子变化在恶性淋巴瘤（ＭＬ）中的意义。方法：采用放射免疫分析法及酶联免疫吸附法测定了４９例ＭＬ患者血清中白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）等５种细胞因子浓度。结果：除肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）外，大部分初治、复发患者中治疗前ＩＬ－２，可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ），ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８升高；治疗有反应的下降，完全缓解时与对照组无差异；治疗无反应的仍保持高水平。ＩＬ－２及ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ升高与患者的临床分期有关，Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者较Ⅰ、Ⅱ期明显增高；ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ与肿瘤负荷有关；ＩＬ－６与患者有无Ｂ组症状相关，Ｂ组患者明显高于Ａ组，而与分期无关；ＩＬ－８升高与临床分期及Ｂ组症状有关，与其他临床血液学指标无关。结论：细胞因子的变化可以作为观察ＭＬ病情及监测治疗反应的一种手段。     

子宫内膜异位症腹水内血管内皮细胞生长因子及白介素8的测定

目的 :探讨子宫内膜异位症 (内异症 )患者腹腔液中血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)及白细胞介素 8(IL - 8)在内异症发病中的作用。方法 :采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)检测 2 5例内异症患者 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 13例 ,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期 12例 ) ,15例非内异症患者 (对照 )腹腔液中VEGF及IL - 8的含量 ,分析VEGF、IL - 8的浓度及其与内异症分期 [美国生殖协会修正标准分期 (R -AFS) ]的相关性。结果 :内异症患者腹腔液中VEGF及IL - 8的浓度明显高于对照组 ( P <0 0 5及 P <0 0 1) ,VEGF及IL - 8与R -AFS分期无相关 ,VEGF与IL - 8之间无明显相关。结论 :内异症患者腹水中VEGF、IL - 8的水平升高是腹腔微环境改变导致内异症的可能及部分原因     

Expression and release of IL-2 receptor and production of IL-2 by activated T lymphocyte subsets.

T lymphocyte subsets differ in expression of cell surface antigen and functional properties. Both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets express interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) following their activation in vitro. In the present investigation T lymphocyte subsets were activated by different mitogens and IL-2R expression was enumerated on these stimulated subsets. Peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC) were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and then stained with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibody conjugated with phycoerythrin using a direct immunofluorescence technique. The percentage of IL-2R positive lymphocytes was enumerated by flow cytometry. The results showed that mitogen activated lymphocytes expressed variable degrees of IL-2R which were significantly higher than the control. 53% of CD4+ lymphocytes and 28% of CD8+ expressed IL-2R following PHA stimulation in vitro. Similarly, 47% of CD4+ lymphocytes and 23% of CD8+ lymphocytes expressed IL-2R following PWM stimulation. The present study also revealed that the release of soluble IL-2R (sIL-2R) and IL-2 production in supernatant from cultured PBMC varied with different mitogen stimulation. Using the same concentration of PHA and PWM as used to study IL-2R expression, higher activity of sIL-2R was detected in PHA stimulated lymphocytes as compared to PWM treated lymphocytes. However, IL-2 production was more in culture medium from PMW treated PBMC. Thus, there was a significant correlation between the cellular and soluble IL-2R but the production of IL-2 from activated PBMC cells had no good correlation with either the cellular IL-2R expression or the release of sIL-2R.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

外周血T细胞亚群、IL-32、IL-6水平在乙型肝炎患者的表达及相关性分析

目的 探讨乙型肝炎患者外周血T细胞亚群及IL-32、IL-6水平并进行相关性分析.方法 选择2010年6月-2012年6月来我院就诊的120例乙型肝炎患者,急性乙型肝炎患者25例（急性乙肝组）,慢性乙型肝炎95例（慢性乙肝组）,其中轻度34例,中度31例,重度30例;同期选择来我院体检健康的志愿者30例作为对照组.使用流式细胞仪检测T细胞亚群,采用Elisa法检测细胞因子IL-6、IL-32水平.结果 与对照组相比,乙肝患者外周血中的CD4＋T细胞比例降低,CD4＋/CD8＋细胞的比值也降低,而CD8＋T细胞的比例升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;各病例组与对照组血清中的IL-32、IL-6水平平行比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;乙型肝炎患者血清中的IL-32、IL-6水平与丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素水平呈正相关,而与白蛋白水平呈负相关.结论 乙型肝炎病毒感染机体后,IL-32、IL-6可能通过参与免疫应答增强了肝脏的炎性损伤.     

再生障碍性贫血患者细胞免疫功能与造血细胞因子的研究

目的：进一步探讨再生障碍性贫血（再障）的免疫发病机制，阐明细胞免疫、造血细胞因子在再障患者中发生变化的基础与临床意义。方法：用单抗试剂盒，采用改良ＡＰＡＡＰ法及酶联免疫试剂盒，采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３８例再障患者及２０名正常人外周血Ｔ细胞亚群，ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达以及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＮＣ）培养上清诱生Ｇ－ＣＳＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦα、ＩＦＮα及ＩＬ－８水平进行测定。结果：再障患者外周血ＣＤ４细胞减低、ＣＤ８细胞增高、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８降低或倒置，ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达率增高。再障患者ＰＢＭＮＣ培养上清中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性率减低，ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦα、ＩＦＮα及ＩＬ－８水平增高。相关分析发现Ｇ－ＣＳＦ与ＣＤ４细胞及ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８呈正相关，而与ＩＦＮα呈负相关；ＩＬ－６与白细胞数及ＣＤ４细胞呈负相关；ＴＮＦα与ＣＤ８细胞呈正相关而与ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８呈负相关；ＩＬ－８与ＣＤ８细胞及ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ呈正相关。结论：细胞免疫功能异常及细胞因子网络失调在再障发病中起一定的作用。     

Diagnostic value of peripheral blood T-cell activation and soluble IL-2 receptor for acute rejection in liver transplantation

Background: T-cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of rejection. Monitoring T-cells activation markers in peripheral blood may contribute to diagnosis of acute rejection after liver transplantation (LTX). Methods: Lymphocyte subset distribution, expression of T-cell activation markers (flow cytometry), concentration of soluble (s) interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) (solid phase chemiluminescence immunoassay), and liver enzymes as well as bilirubin were prospectively tested in peripheral blood samples of LTX patients with (n=69) and without acute rejection (n=50). Acute rejection was assessed by standard criteria including liver biopsies. Results: Intra-individual monitoring of immune parameters revealed an up-regulation of IL-2 receptor (CD25) expression on CD4 and CD8 T-cells together with increases in sIL-2R levels in patients with acute rejections. Measuring sIL-2R levels resulted in highest diagnostic efficiency (>85%). This level of diagnostic efficiency was not reached by any other marker tested. From all conventional markers of hepatocellular integrity and function, alkaline phosphatase reached the highest level of diagnostic efficiency with 70%. Conclusions: Monitoring of up-regulation of the IL-2/IL-2R pathway represents a useful tool for assessment of acute rejection after LTX.     

缺铁性贫血合并反复呼吸道感染患儿细胞免疫功能观察

目的：测定６３例缺铁性贫血（ＩＤＡ）合并反复呼吸道感染（ＲＲＩ）患儿外周血白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）活性、血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平和Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群，并分析它们之间的相关性。方法：ＩＬ－２活性和ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平测定分别采用ＭＴＴ法和双抗体夹心法，Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群测定采用ＡＰＡＡＰ法。结果：ＩＬ－２活性，ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋细胞百分率和ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋细胞比值均显著低于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１），而ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＣＤ８＋细胞百分率无明显变化。结论：ＩＤＡ合并ＲＲＩ患儿细胞免疫功能低下且紊乱。     

腹腔镜手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎及对TNF-α、IL-6和sIL-2R水平的影响

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)腹腔镜手术治疗的临床疗效及对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和可溶性白细胞介素-2受体(s IL-2R)水平的影响。方法收集到西安交通大学第一附属医院接受外科手术治疗的SAP患者92例作为本次研究对象,将其分为开腹组46例,给予传统开腹手术治疗,腹腔镜组46例,实施腹腔镜手术治疗,对比两组相关指标差异及对TNF-α、IL-6、s IL-2R水平的影响。结果腹腔镜组手术时间(82.21±14.56)min、术中出血量(172.23±23.31)ml、手术总费用(21 512.46±121.35)元及住院天数(16.81±0.58)d均少于开腹组;腹腔镜组治愈率93.48%(43/46)明显高于开腹组76.08%(35/46);其并发症率10.86%(5/46),死亡率2.17%(1/46)均明显低于开腹组;术后腹腔镜组TNF-α(24.70±6.90)ng/L、IL-6(18.31±8.91)ng/L及s IL-2R(98.60±8.91)pmol/L明显低于开腹组,以上数据组间对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用腹腔镜手术治疗SAP,其疗效显著,可有效降低并发症率与死亡率,且提高治愈率,值得推广应用。     

Levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in blood of patients with various forms of ischemic heart disease

AIM: To quantify interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble receptor of IL-2 (sIL-2r) in blood serum of patients with various forms of ischemic heart disease (IHD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Levels of IL-8, IL-2 and sIL-2r were measured with enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in the serum of 75 patients with IHD: angina of effort (group 1), progressive angina (group 2) and acute myocardial infarction (group 3). The EIAs were performed at admission and 2 weeks later. RESULTS: Baseline levels of IL-2 in group 1 and 2 patients were close (9.1 +/- 1.6 and 10.1 +/- 3.8 pg/ml) being significantly lower in group 3 (0.81 +/- 0.57 pg/ml, p < 0.01). 14 days of therapy did not change the values noticeably. IL-8 level was the highest in group 1 (94.2 +/- 27.6, 20.03 +/- 7.4, 22.47 +/- 4.8 pg/ml, respectively). sIL-2r in the three groups did not vary greatly (73.95 +/- 12.23, 89.46 +/- 18.17, 89.2 +/- 14.17 pg/ml, respectively). SIL-2r levels rose in 2 weeks in group 3 (to 147.67 +/- 18.17 pg/ml). CONCLUSION: It is confirmed that IL-2, IL-8 and sIL-2r take part in pathogenesis of IHD. IL-2 and IL-8 levels are persistently high in anginal patients while in patients with acute myocardial infarction they are low. Low concentrations of IL-2 in the latter may be attributed to high levels of its soluble receptor.     

Activation of T lymphocytes in dengue virus infections. High levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor, soluble CD4, soluble CD8, interleukin 2, and interferon-gamma in sera of children with dengue.

It has been reported that the severe complication of dengue virus infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is much more commonly observed during secondary dengue virus infections than primary infections. In order to elucidate the role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of DHF, we attempted to determine whether T lymphocytes are activated in vivo during dengue virus infections, by examining the levels of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble CD4 (sCD4), soluble CD8 (sCD8), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) in the sera of 59 patients with DHF and 41 patients with dengue fever (DF). The levels of sIL-2R, sCD4, sCD8, IL-2, and IFN gamma were significantly higher in the acute sera of patients with DHF than in the sera of healthy children (P less than 0.001 for all markers). The acute sera of patients with DF contained higher levels of sIL-2R, sCD4, IL-2, and IFN gamma than the sera of healthy children (P less than 0.001 for sIL-2R, IL-2, and IFN gamma; P less than 0.05 for sCD4), but did not have elevated levels of sCD8. The levels of sIL-2R (P less than 0.05), sCD4 (P less than 0.001), and sCD8 (P less than 0.001) were higher in DHF than in DF on days 3-4 after the onset of fever. The levels of IL-2 and IFN gamma in patients with DHF were highest 1 d before defervescence. There were no significant differences in the levels of sIL-2R, sCD4, sCD8, IL-2, and IFN gamma among grades 1, 2, and 3 of DHF. These results indicate (a) T lymphocytes are activated and produce IL-2 and IFN gamma in vivo during DHF and DF, (b) CD4+ T lymphocytes are activated in DHF and DF, and the level of activation is higher in DHF than in DF, and (c) activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes is evident in DHF, but not in DF.