病情告知干预对HIV感染父母社会支持和压力的影响

目的探讨一对一病情告知干预对HIV感染父母社会支持和压力的影响。方法将40例HIV感染父母随机分为观察组和对照组各20例。对照组给予常规随访和护理干预,观察组由经过心理学培训的护士实施3次一对一的病情告知技巧干预。结果与对照组比较,干预后第4周、第12周观察组信息和情感支持增加,感知压力与病情告知压力降低(均P0.05)。结论病情告知干预能提高HIV感染父母的社会支持,减轻其感知压力和病情告知压力。     

Cardiovascular reactivity to simulated social stress

This study tested the hypotheses that blood pressure reactivity to simulated social stress would be positively correlated with resting pCO₂ and with increased variability of blood pressure in the natural environment. Sixty white and black men and women participated in a role‐playing task involving scenarios describing common infringements of their rights. Blood pressure was higher during the role playing task than during a preceding structured interview and an intervening rest period, and decreased after role playing. Heart rate changes were small by comparison, though heart rate reactivity of women was greater than that of men. Blood pressure reactivity was not correlated with resting pCO₂ and was inversely correlated with ambulatory systolic blood pressure variability. Resting pCO₂ was, however, correlated with mean 24‐h ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This study confirms that social stress elevated blood pressure acutely via a vascular mechanism, is consistent with the view that hyperresponsive individuals tend to avoid arousing situations, and further implicates pCO₂ in long‐term blood pressure regulation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

社会支持和育儿胜任感对高危孕妇抑郁的影响

目的了解高危孕妇妊娠晚期抑郁状况及与社会支持、育儿胜任感的关系。方法采用领悟社会支持量表、育儿胜任感量表、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表对180例妊娠晚期高危孕妇进行调查。结果高危孕妇产前抑郁症状发生率为37.22%,抑郁组社会支持和育儿胜任感及各维度得分显著低于非抑郁组(均P0.01)。社会支持和育儿胜任感及其各维度与抑郁评分呈负相关(P0.05,P0.01);回归分析显示,家庭收入、计划妊娠、家庭支持、育儿满意度是高危孕妇抑郁的影响因素(调整R2=0.469)。结论高危孕妇妊娠晚期抑郁症状发生率较高,尤其低收入、非计划妊娠、育儿胜任感低及家庭支持少的高危孕妇更容易出现抑郁症状,应该采取必要的措施预防高危孕妇发生抑郁症状。     

A systematic review of social support and related factors among burns patients

Burn injuries, as a major public health problem, can lead to high morbidity and mortality. Burns is considered as one of the most devastating injuries globally and the fourth most common injury after traffic accidents, falls and interpersonal violence. Burn injuries can affect human life, such as physical and mental health, functional skills, and performance. Changes in appearance, social isolation, stress, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, unemployment, financial burden and family problems can occur in these patients. These burn complications can be exacerbated without adequate social support. This systematic review evaluated burn patients' social support and related factors. A systematic search was performed on the international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as ‘Burns’, ‘Social support’, ‘Perceived social support’ and ‘Social care’ from the earliest to 30 April 2022. The quality of the included studies in this review was assessed using the appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS tool). A total of 1677 burn patients were included in this review from 12 studies. Mean score of social support in burn patients based on multidimensional scale of perceived social support, Phillips's social support questionnaire, social support questionnaire, social support scale and Norbeck social support questionnaire were 5.04 (SD = 1.59) of 7, 22.06 (SD = 3.05), 78.20 (SD = 15.00) of 95, 82.24 (SD = 13.70) and 4.14 (SD = 0.99), respectively. Factors such as income, educational attainment, burn surface area, reconstructive surgery, quality of life, self-esteem, socialisation, posttraumatic growth, spirituality, and ego resilience had a significant positive relationship with social support of burns patients. Social support in patients with burn had a significant negative relationship with factors such as psychological distress, having children, life satisfaction, neuroticism and post-traumatic stress disorder. Overall, patients with burns had moderate levels of social support. Therefore, it is recommended that health policymakers and managers make it easier for burn patients to adapt to burns by providing psychological intervention programs and the social support needed by burn patients.     

Social identity,social influence and reactions to potentially stressful tasks: support for the self‐categorization model of stress

An experiment was conducted to investigate the role that social influence plays in the appraisal of a potentially stressful situation. Participants (N = 40) preparing for a mental arithmetic task were exposed to a message in which the task was described as stressful or challenging. The message was delivered by the same person in each condition but this person was said to be either an ingroup member (a University student) or an outgroup member (a stress disorder sufferer). Consistent with predictions derived from self‐categorization theory, message source and message content interacted to determine the stress experienced while performing the task. Findings imply that the impact of informational support is not constant but varies systematically as a function of the group membership of the support provider. Implications for theory and practice are discussed with emphasis on the importance of social context as a determinant not only of what information people are exposed to about stress but also of how that information is construed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program on stress,mindfulness self‐efficacy,and positive states of mind

Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) has grown in popularity over the last two decades, showing efficacy for a variety of health issues. In the current study, we examined the effects of an MBSR intervention on pain, positive states of mind, stress, and mindfulness self‐efficacy. These measures were collected before and following an 8‐week intervention. Post‐intervention levels of stress were significantly lower than pre‐intervention levels, while mindfulness self‐efficacy and positive states of mind were at significantly higher levels. The findings underscore the potential for stress management, awareness and attention training, and positive states of mind using MBSR. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Work stress and depression: the direct and moderating effects of informal social support and coping

This article investigated the relationship between job stressors and employee mental health (depression). It also examined the direct and moderating effects of informal social support (objective and subjective) and coping (active coping, overeating and drinking, passivity, and distancing) on the relationships. Survey data were collected from 843 employees in eight types of domestic- and foreign-invested enterprises in China. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that increased exposure to job stressors was directly associated with higher levels of depression. Subjective informal social support and passivity were found to have direct effect on employees' depression. Further, objective informal social support and distancing buffered the negative effect of job stressors on depression. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Post-traumatic stress and associated disorders among vietnam veterans: The significance of combat exposure and social support

The hypothesis is tested that individuals exposed to traumatic stress who currently have lower social support have higher rates of post-traumatic stress and associated disorders. To test this, the current prevalence of five psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress, generalized anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse, were studied among a random sample of veterans who served in Vietnam (N=2,490) and a random sample of era veterans who did not (N=1,972). Logistic regression was used to analyze each disorder, controlling for past combat exposure, current social status, childhood delinquency, military adjustment, and current social support. Combat exposure was the best predictor of post-traumatic stress and was also associated with anxiety and depression, but not alcohol or drug abuse. Substance abuse was associated with childhood delinquency, and the best predictor of drug abuse was illicit Army drug use. Lower social support was associated with all disorders, except drug abuse. Although the causal nexus is not clear in this case, this study suggests that future research and clinical interventions should not overlook the significance of social support among victims of traumatic stress.     

The influence of acculturation on endocrine reactivity during acute stress in urban black males

Urbanization is a world-wide phenomenon and results in a radical and sometimes total change in living conditions. This process is accompanied by a significant increase in the incidence of western-type diseases virtually unknown in traditional rural communities. Especially in a multicultural society like South Africa, rural people moving to the city will experience cultural shock leading in many cases to a large degree of acculturation. In this study the effect of acculturation on endocrine reactivity was studied in a population of Tswanas. It was found that significant differences in endocrine reactivity exist not only between rural Tswanas and urban whites but in some instances also between rural Tswanas and urban Tswanas. During the cold pressor test, the testosterone reactivity and to a lesser extent the prolactin reactivity of the urban Tswanas tended to approach that of the white group as a function of their level of acculturation. All the Tswana groups had a significantly higher plasma renin activity during acute stress than the whites, which could have a bearing on the tendency of urban blacks to develop hypertension.     

Associations among stress,gender, sources of social support,and health in emerging adults

This study aimed to examine how sources of social support intersect with stress and health by testing two theoretical models. Three relationship‐specific sources of social support (family, friends, and romantic partners) and two health indicators (self‐rated physical health and depressive symptoms) were investigated. The sample consisted of 636 emerging adults attending college (age range: 18–25). Results suggest that only support from family was a stress‐buffer, in that it buffered the adverse association between stress and depressive symptoms. Holding stress constant, only support from family was related to self‐rated physical health and only support from friends or romantic partners was associated with depressive symptoms. There were no gender differences in the mean levels of self‐rated physical health and depressive symptoms. However, gender moderations were found, in that the positive relationship between friends support and physical health was observed only in women, that the association between friends support and depressive symptoms was greater in men than in women, and that family support buffered the negative relationship between stress and physical health only in men. Findings of this study suggest that the associations among stress, social support, and health vary by the sources of support, the health outcome, and gender.     

Association of psychological and physiological measures of stress in health‐care professionals during an 8‐week mindfulness meditation program: mindfulness in practice

Work stress, burnout, and diminished empathy are prevalent issues for health‐care professionals. Mindfulness meditation (MM) is one commonly used strategy to manage stress. Measuring salivary cortisol allows for the assessment of serum cortisol level, a known stress level indicator. This study evaluated the association of subject‐reported stress symptoms and salivary cortisol in health‐care professionals, in an 8‐week MM program, with data collected prospectively at baseline and 8 weeks after program completion. Questionnaires [Profile of Mood States—Short Form (POMS‐SF), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)] measured mood, burnout and empathy. A paired t‐test between groups for pre/post‐salivary cortisol yielded no significant change. The POMS‐SF was most sensitive to change (mean increase 12.4; p = 0.020). Emotional exhaustion, measured in the MBI, was also affected by MM (mean decrease 4.54; p = 0.001). Changes in empathy may not have been captured due to either absence of effect of MM on empathy, subject number or scale sensitivity. Baseline and 8‐week correlations between salivary cortisol and survey results, and correlations between changes in these measures, were weak and not statistically significant. Nevertheless, psychometric results present a strong case for additional clinical trials of MM to reduce stress for health‐care professionals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stress in nurses: The effects of coping and social support

Sources of stress, job satisfaction and coping were investigated in 245 general hospital nurses using standardized questionnaires. It was hypothesized that coping strategies, social support and job satisfaction would moderate or buffer the effects of the stressor on psychological distress, such that those who were lower in coping skills, social support and job satisfaction would be more reactive to stress effects. Negative main effects on mental well-being, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire, were found for workload, lack of social support, inadequate preparation, conflict with other nurses, conflict with doctors and use of avoidance coping strategies. Proposed buffering effects were investigated using multiple regression analysis to control for the main effects. Although consistently in the predicted direction, the buffering effects were found to be very small and non-significant. It was concluded that for stress in nurses the results supported a transactional model rather than an interactive model for social support and coping.     

Life stress,emotional reactivity and their relation to plasma lipids in employed women

The few studies exploring the association of chronic life stress with plasma lipid levels have yielded inconsistent results. However, these levels have been more consistently associated with the individual's state of emotional arousal. This study examined whether women prone to sustained emotional arousal in the face of emotional events would manifest elevated plasma lipid levels when exposed to chronic life stress. Subjects were 941 employed women free of medical factors potentially affecting plasma lipids. Proneness was measured by the emotional reactivity (ER) scale. Multiple regression analyses indicated that lipid levels were related neither to life stress nor to the life stress × ER interaction. However, ER was negatively related to HDL (p = 0.041) and positively to cholesterol/HDL (p = 0.006) and LDL (p = 0.063), even after adjusting for several possible confounders. Furthermore, women who scored in the upper third of the ER scale showed the highest proportion of ‘high-risk’ LDL and cholesterol/HDL levels. These findings indicate that it is not reported life stress, but the propensity to experience sustained emotional arousal that is associated with chronic plasma lipid elevation.     

Educators' emotion regulation strategies and their physiological indicators of chronic stress over 1 year

Studies show teaching is a highly stressful profession and that chronic work stress is associated with adverse health outcomes. This study analysed physiological markers of stress and self‐reported emotion regulation strategies in a group of middle school teachers over 1 year. Chronic physiological stress was assessed with diurnal cortisol measures at three time points over 1 year (fall, spring, fall). The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the changes in educators' physiological level of stress. Results indicate that compared to those in the fall, cortisol awakening responses were blunted in the spring. Further, this effect was ameliorated by the summer break. Additionally, self‐reported use of the emotion regulation strategy reappraisal buffered the observed blunting that occurred in the spring.     

Depression in diabetic foot ulcer: Associated factors and the impact of perceived social support and anxiety on depression

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) exerts a heavy physical and emotional burden on patients with diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the present study was to explore the impact of anxiety and perceived social support on depression of DFU patients well as patients'' characteristics associated with depression. The sample of the study consisted of 180 DFU patients. Data collected by the completion of “Self‐rating Depression/Anxiety Scale‐ Zung” (SDS/SAS) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Patients had moderate levels of anxiety and depression (median: 36, 42, respectively) and high levels of perceived social support from their significant ones, their family and friends (median: 24, 24, 17, respectively). After multiple regression factors that were found to have an impact on depression after taking into account all other factors, were patient''s age of above 70 years, patient''s anxiety and the social support they received from their significant ones. More specifically, patients aged above 70 years had 9.51 points higher depression than patients aged <50 years of age (β = 9.51, 95% CI: [0.76, 18.25], P = .034). Moreover, one point increase in patient''s anxiety score indicated an increase of 0.71 points in patient''s depression (β = 0.71, 95% CI: [0.43, 1.00], P = .001). On the contrary, one point increase in patient''s social support from their significant ones indicated a decrease of 1.52 points in patient''s depression (β = −1.52, 95% CI: [−0.25, −2.79], P = .020). Clinically, a better understanding of factors having an impact on depression on DFU may provide an essential in planning cost effective interventions.     

二胎孕妇妊娠焦虑状态调查及相关因素分析

目的了解二胎孕妇妊娠焦虑的发生状况并分析其相关因素,拟为开展针对性护理干预提供参考。方法采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、社会支持量表(SSRS)、自行设计的一般情况问卷,对成都市5所医院的592例二胎孕妇进行调查。结果 592例二胎孕妇妊娠焦虑发生率为16.38%;年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、夫妻关系、既往疾病史、社会支持总分为二胎孕妇焦虑的影响因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论二胎孕妇存在焦虑情绪。低龄、低文化程度、低收入水平、夫妻关系紧张、有既往疾病史、社会支持低的二胎孕妇是妊娠焦虑的高危人群,应加强心理支持和健康指导。     

Trait dominance and cardiovascular functioning during social stress

Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to stress has been found to be an important indicator of future ill health, and individual differences in personality have been posited to explain disparities in outcomes. Dominance is associated with forceful persons who desire hierarchy in social interactions. This study investigated dominance and CVR during social or asocial stressors. Sixty‐one women, categorized as low, moderate, or high in dominance using the Jackson Personality Research Form, completed a social or asocial stressor while undergoing cardiovascular measurement during baseline, stressor, and recovery phases. A 3 × 2 × 3 analysis of covariance revealed a significant Phase × Stressor × Dominance interaction for systolic blood pressure (SBP). Women with lower and moderate dominance—but not women with higher dominance—exhibited greater SBP responses to stress in the social condition compared with the asocial condition. No significant difference was found for women with higher dominance, indicative of blunted SBP during the social stressor. During recovery, women with lower dominance had marginally elevated SBP in the social condition compared with the asocial condition. The current study extends prior knowledge of the association between dominance and CVR, such that greater dominance was associated with blunted SBP and lower dominance was associated with attenuated recovery to social stress.     

Examining the psychological and emotional mechanisms of mindfulness that reduce stress to enhance healthy behaviours

Engagement in modifiable health behaviours plays a critical role in the development of chronic illnesses. Research suggests that mindfulness facilitates health‐enhancing behaviour, yet the influence of mindfulness on different health behaviours and the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. This study investigated a mediation model that explores psychological and emotional coping processes (reappraisal, suppression, and psychological flexibility) as mechanisms connecting mindfulness to reduced stress perceptions and reactions, which then predict physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, and sleep quality. Adults (n = 233) completed self‐report measures via Amazon's Mechanical Turk and path modelling was used to test the model for direct, indirect, and total effects. Results revealed that greater mindfulness was indirectly associated with greater engagement in all 3 health behaviours through the proposed mediators, although the association with fruit and vegetable consumption was only trending in significance. Among the coping processes, psychological flexibility emerged as the strongest mechanism in the prediction of stress. Findings suggest that being more mindful may have downstream stress‐reductive effects that enhance engagement in healthy behaviour, supporting mindfulness as a potential addition to behavioural health interventions.     

成都市孕妇孕前及孕早期膳食行为习惯调查

目的 了解孕妇孕前、孕早期膳食相关行为习惯的现状,为进一步对孕妇进行膳食行为干预提供参考.方法 采用自行设计的调查问卷对成都市4所医院587名孕妇进行调查.结果 成都市孕妇孕前存在饮咖啡、茶、饮酒等不良膳食行为;孕早期膳食行为与孕前比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);孕妇营养不合理最主要的因素为营养知识缺乏;获得营养知识的主要来源为家人与朋友;79.56％的孕妇希望获得营养指导.结论 成都市孕妇孕前及孕早期膳食相关行为习惯有待改善,建议加强孕妇及家人围孕期、围生期健康宣教,以优化妊娠结局.     

Mediating effects of intrapersonal and social support on mental health 1 and 3 years after a natural disaster

Knowledge regarding social support has increased expotentially in the last decade; however, it remains unclear how support prevents or relieves stress and whether persons experiencing different kinds of stress need different kinds of support. This paper explores these issues. First, some of the stressful encounters reported by disaster victims are identified. Next, alternative schools of thought regarding how social support is conceptualized and measured is discussed. Finally, a longitudinal disaster study conducted by the author in which two rival hypotheses (self-efficacy and social support) were tested in mediating the relationship between stress and health is reported. Recommendations for future study are suggested in light of current methodological issues and study findings.