A comparison of two surveillance systems for deaths related to violent injury

OBJECTIVE: To compare violent injury death reporting by the statewide Medical Examiner and Vital Statistics Office surveillance systems in Oklahoma. METHODS: Using a standard study definition for violent injury death, the sensitivity and predictive value positive (PVP) of the Medical Examiner and Vital Statistics violent injury death reporting systems in Oklahoma in 2001 were evaluated. RESULTS: Altogether 776 violent injury deaths were identified (violent injury death rate: 22.4 per 100 000 population) including 519 (66.9%) suicides, 248 (32.0%) homicides, and nine (1.2%) unintentional firearm deaths. The Medical Examiner system over-reported homicides and the Vital Statistics system under-reported homicides and suicides and over-reported unintentional firearm injury deaths. When compared with the standard, the Medical Examiner and Vital Statistics systems had sensitivities of 99.2% and 90.7% (respectively) and PVPs of 95.0% and 99.1% for homicide, sensitivities of 99.2% and 93.1% and PVPs of 100% and 99.0% for suicide, and sensitivities of 100% and 100% and PVPs of 100% and 31.0% for unintentional firearm deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Both the Vital Statistics and Medical Examiner systems contain valuable data and when combined can work synergistically to provide violent injury death information while also serving as quality control checks for each other. Preventable errors within both systems can be reduced by increasing training, addressing sources of human error, and expanding computer quality assurance programming. A standardized nationwide Medical Examiners' coding system and a national violent death reporting system that merges multiple public health and criminal justice datasets would enhance violent injury surveillance and prevention efforts.     

Lissencephaly in two brothers detected by US

We report on two cases of lissencephaly in two brothers studied by high frequency ultrasound and subsequently confirmed by CT and, in one case, by post-mortem study. In addition to well known sonographic and CT signs described in the literature, a typical structural change of the brain (named pseudo-liver) was detected using high-frequency sonography.     

US adolescent food intake trends from 1965 to 1996

AIM—To examine adolescent food consumption trends in the United States with important chronic disease implications.METHODS—Analysis of dietary intake data from four nationally representative United States Department of Agriculture surveys of individuals 11-18 years of age (n = 12 498).RESULTS—From 1965 to 1996, a considerable shift in the adolescent diet occurred. Total energy intake decreased as did the proportion of energy from total fat (39% to 32%) and saturated fat (15% to 12%). Concurrent increases occurred in the consumption of higher fat potatoes and mixed dishes (pizza, macaroni cheese). Lower fat milks replaced higher fat milks but total milk consumption decreased by 36%. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in consumption of soft drinks and non-citrus juices. An increase in high fat potato consumption led to an increase in vegetable intake but the number of servings for fruits and vegetables is still below the recommended five per day. Iron, folate, and calcium intakes continue to be below recommendations for girls.CONCLUSIONS—These trends, far greater than for US adults, may compromise health of the future US population.     

US adolescent food intake trends from 1965 to 1996.

AIM: To examine adolescent food consumption trends in the United States with important chronic disease implications. METHODS: Analysis of dietary intake data from four nationally representative United States Department of Agriculture surveys of individuals 11-18 years of age (n = 12 498). RESULTS: From 1965 to 1996, a considerable shift in the adolescent diet occurred. Total energy intake decreased as did the proportion of energy from total fat (39% to 32%) and saturated fat (15% to 12%). Concurrent increases occurred in the consumption of higher fat potatoes and mixed dishes (pizza, macaroni cheese). Lower fat milks replaced higher fat milks but total milk consumption decreased by 36%. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in consumption of soft drinks and non-citrus juices. An increase in high fat potato consumption led to an increase in vegetable intake but the number of servings for fruits and vegetables is still below the recommended five per day. Iron, folate, and calcium intakes continue to be below recommendations for girls. CONCLUSIONS: These trends, far greater than for US adults, may compromise health of the future US population.     

New trends in child cancer information systems development in Poland

On the basis of previously performed system analysis, the structure, organisation and technological platform of children cancer information system in Poland is proposed. The postulated system should preserve the division into the national children's cancer register dedicated to epidemiological analyses and clinical information systems for deepened clinical analyses. The project anticipates evolutional development taking into account global norms and standards as well as modern telematic technology.     

尿道下裂的MAMLD1基因研究

目的分析尿道下裂患儿MAMLD1基因突变的比例,探讨该基因在尿道下裂发病中的作用。方法收集100例单纯尿道下裂患者进行MAMLD1基因检测,为实验组,随机选取健康人群来源的200条x染色体为对照组。直接测序检测MAMLD1基因编码区外显子的序列。结果发现2个位点碱基改变（c．1699C〉T,c．1985A〉G）,其中C．1985A〉G为已报道的SNP;c．1699C〉T未报道过,通过Fisher精确概率法比较正常和尿道下裂患者中出现的频率,结果无统计学意义（P=0．625）。结论MAMLD1基因不是我国单纯尿道下裂发生的热点基因。c．1699C〉T是MAMLDl基因新发现的SNP。     

尿道下裂术后尿瘘的修补

目的 探讨提高尿道下裂术后尿道瘘修补成功率的方法 .方法 总结216例尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿道瘘采取不同手术方法 进行修补的临床经验.其中小尿瘘162例,采用简单切开缝合法和Y-V皮瓣覆盖尿瘘修补术;大尿瘘54例应用Thiersch、Snodgrass、Duckett、Duplay、Mathieu和阴囊中隔皮瓣法等进行修补.结果 术后随访0.5～8.0 a,一次修补成功率92.7%,其中大瘘87%,小瘘94%.结论 尿道下裂术后尿道瘘修补术的手术方法 多种多样,而手术方法 的正确选择对提高手术成功率至关重要,应按照尿瘘的大小、位置、数量和局部条件选择不同的手术方法 ,以最大程度的提高手术成功率.     

Snodgrass尿道成形术在小儿尿道下裂中的应用

目的 总结Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂的适应证及方法、并评价其疗效。方法总结行Snodgrass尿道成形术的78例尿道下裂患儿的病例资料,其中冠状沟型18例,阴茎体型54例,阴茎阴囊型6例。14例为尿道成型失败者,52例合并阴茎下弯畸形行阴茎背侧12点处白膜折叠短缩,留置导尿管12～14d。拔管后常规前尿道扩张。结果术后随访4个月～2年,一次手术成功71例（91．0％）,阴茎外观正常。无下弯畸形,尿道口位于阴茎头正位,成纵行裂隙状,排尿通畅,无尿道狭窄。7例（9．0％）发生尿道瘘,经尿道扩张后自愈2例,4例已行尿瘘修补术,1例再行Snodgrass尿道成形术,均成功。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术适用于近、远端型,无或有轻中度阴茎下弯,尿道板发育良好的患儿,手术保留了尿道板,操作简单,并发症较少,手术成形效果好,易于掌握及推广。对尿道成形失败而阴茎所剩皮肤极少者也是一个非常有效的手术方法。     

Hypospadias and urethral abnormalities in Down syndrome

In the course of general medical evaluations of 149 children and adolescents (younger than 21 years of age) and 11 adults with Down syndrome, five of the 77 males were noted to have dorsal urethral duplications. In all instances, there proved to be a single urethral meatus. The second opening led into a pit or blind channel, reflecting the presence of a distal hypospadias. In these five patients, laboratory studies were normal, nephrology histories were negative, and radiographic studies did not demonstrate any anatomic abnormalities of the urethra, ureters, or kidneys. These findings indicate that there is an increased occurrence of distal hypospadias in males with Down syndrome that may present with dorsal urethral duplications and/or glanular hypospadias.     

再次尿道成形术治疗先天性尿道下裂术后严重并发症

目的：了解先天性尿道下裂行各种尿道成形术失败后，利用膀胱粘膜行尿道成形术的疗效。方法：将严重狭窄和（或）无法修补的尿瘘瘢痕组织彻底切除，取膀胱粘膜片形成尿道，正位开口于龟头，新尿道内置多孔硅胶支架管作引流。结果：２８例中，２３例治愈，３例有小尿瘘需作尿瘘修补，２例完全失败，再次作粘膜尿道成形术治愈。结论：各种类型先天性尿道下裂尿道成形失败后，可用膀胱粘膜移植尿道成形，效果良好     

Hypospadias in Istanbul: Incidence and risk factors

Background: The aim of the present prospective study was to determine the incidence of hypospadias in newborns in one of the busiest teaching hospitals of Istanbul, and to investigate the risk factors. Methods: All live‐born boys delivered between September 2007 and December 2008 were screened for hypospadias. A questionnaire was given to the parents of the hypospadias and control subjects for investigation. Results: Out of 1750 boys examined, 34 had hypospadias, that is, the frequency was 19.4 per 1000 male live‐births and 93.7 per 10 000 total live‐born deliveries. The incidence of additional coexistent anomalies was 29.4%, predominantly urogenital (17.6%), the majority of which were cryptorchidism (14.7%). Twelve (35.3%) of the 34 hypospadiac boys had a second family member with a genital anomaly, nine (26.5%) of whom had hypospadias, three (8.8%) being the fathers. Mean birthweight, length and head circumference were significantly lower in the hypospadiac infants than the control group (P= 0.003, P= 0.025, P= 0.002). Although parity, parental consanguinity, hypospadias in family members, and low birthweight also varied significantly among the groups, logistic regression analysis indicated that maternal age, prematurity, coexistence of cryptorchidism and presence of genital anomaly among family members were independent risk factors for hypospadias (P= 0.016, P= 0.0001, P= 0.041, P= 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: Genetic predisposition and placental insufficiency in early gestation might play a role in the etiology of hypospadias.     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂22例

目的 探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）手术治疗尿道下裂的适应证、手术技巧、并发症。方法 2005年9月～2006年11月本院应用Snodgrass手术治疗尿道下裂22例。年龄2～18岁。首次手术16例，采用尿道板正中切开卷管。再次手术6例，采用残余尿道板或阴茎皮肤正中切开卷管。卷管长度1～10cm。新尿道采用F6或飚号的硅胶气囊尿管作为支架管，术后10～14d拔除。结果 22例中18例一次手术成功，阴茎伸直良好，外形美观，排尿正常，成功率81．8％（18／22）。尿瘘3例，均已行尿瘘修补术痊愈。尿瘘并尿道狭窄1例，尿道扩张后狭窄改善，尿瘘待手术。结论 Snodgrass手术操作相对简单，手术者容易掌握，术后外形美观，并发症少。     

青春期前尿道下裂小儿内分泌变化的研究

对３５例尿道下裂小儿及２０例正常儿作黄体素释放激素（ＬＨ－ＲＨ）兴奋试验和人绒毛膜促性腺激素（ＨＣＧ）试验，应用放射免疫法测定了血清黄体素（ＬＨ）、卵泡刺激素（ＦＳＨ）、及睾酮（Ｔ）浓度。检查结果发现，尿道下裂患儿ＬＨ－ＲＨ刺激后的血清ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ浓度高于正常对照组，而注射ＨＣＧ３天后的血清Ｔ浓度较正常对照组低下。并对以上内分泌异常及其可能在尿道下裂形成过程中的作用进行了讨论     

小儿尿道下裂术后尿瘘的修复

目的探讨小儿尿道下裂术后尿瘘的修复方法,总结手术经验。方法收集1996年1月～2006年2月34例小儿尿道下裂尿道成形术后尿瘘的临床资料,平均年龄6.2岁(3～13岁)。共39个瘘口,瘘口直径小于3mm18个,瘘口直径为3～10mm15个,大于10mm6个。分别采用结扎包埋法、Y-V皮瓣覆盖法、瘘口连续内翻缝合法、Thiersch法、Denis-Browne法进行尿瘘修复。结果34例患儿一次修复成功30例,随访3个月～7年,排尿正常,阴茎外观满意,成功率为88.2%。结扎包埋法、Y-V皮瓣覆盖法、瘘口连续内翻缝合法、Thiersch法、Denis-Browne法一次修复成功率分别为90.9%(10/11)、100%(9/9)、80.0%(4/5)、85.7%(6/7)和50.0%(1/2)。结论小儿尿道下裂术后尿瘘的修复有多种术式,应根据尿瘘的部位、大小、数量和局部条件选择不同的手术方法。