氯化镁－孔雀绿培养基增菌效果与改良

氯化镁－孔雀绿培养基增菌效果与改良杜兆丰，李惠萍在沙门氏菌属检验中，经常使用的选择性增菌培养基有亚硒酸胱氨酸增菌液（ＳＣ）、四硫磺酸盐增菌液（ＴＴＢ）和氯化镁－孔雀绿增菌液（ＭＭ）等。许多学者指出，至今还没有一种对常见沙门氏菌型都有作用的选择性增菌培...     

预防性健康检查中沙门菌分离方法的优化与评估

[目的]沙门菌检测方法在预防性健康检查中的优化与效果评估。[方法]用实验室保存菌株测试CHROMagarTM沙门菌显色琼脂平板（CAS）、木糖赖氨酸胆酸盐琼脂平板（XLD）和武汉SS琼脂平板（WS）的敏感性、特异性;使用单盲法比较经亚硒酸盐增菌液（SF）增菌后用CAS与WS、亚硒酸煌绿增菌液（SBG）与SF增菌后,用XLD与WS分别在1 717件和1 000件食品从业者体检肛拭中分离沙门菌的效果;评价优化检测方法在上海市静安区预防性健康检查中的应用。[结果]CAS和XLD菌株测试和现场检测的敏感性和特异性均明显优于WS,SBG-XLD/CAS组合的优化方法的检测效果明显优于传统的SF-WS的结果。2008年静安区职业体检的年度阳性率分别是2006年的8倍和2007年的10倍,月度阳性率也是历史同期水平的2～10倍,7、8月份的阳性率高达1%。[结论]CAS能兼备伤寒、副伤寒在内的所有沙门菌的分离能力;SBG-XLD/CAS组合的沙门菌优化检测流程具有易于掌握和高敏感性的优点,适于预防性职业体检中沙门菌常规分离。     

不同方法分离牦牛粪便中沙门菌的比较

目的比较不同培养条件对牦牛粪便中沙门菌的增菌效果,获得分离效率高的牦牛粪便分离培养方法。方法使用沙门菌标准菌株制备含不同菌浓度的牦牛粪便模拟标本,分别使用SBG和RVS 2种增菌液,在37℃和42℃条件下进行增菌培养,然后分别接种于XLD和沙门显色培养基,观察目标菌生长情况,统计分析沙门菌在不同培养条件下的分离效果。同时使用上述方法对40份牦牛粪便进行沙门菌的分离鉴定。结果当样本中的目标菌浓度低时,RVS的增菌效果优于SBG;对牦牛粪便标本而言,当样本中的目标菌浓度≥103时,目标菌的分离不受温度和增菌液的影响;当温度为42℃,增菌液为RVS时对目标菌的分离不受浓度的影响。结论温度为42℃,增菌液为RVS适合牦牛粪便中沙门菌的分离。     

两种检测方法在沙门菌初筛中的应用比较

[目的] 比较常规检测方法和新方法在沙门菌初筛中的阳性检出率。[方法] 将健康体检人员的肛拭样品用SF增菌液增菌后转种WS平板、用SBG增菌液增菌后转种CHROMagar^®沙门菌显色平板,之后各挑取相应可疑菌落进行生化反应和血清凝集试验进行鉴定。[结果] 6676件体检肛拭标本用两种方法分离后,SBG-CAS分离和SF-WS分离阳性检出率分别是1.03%和0.24%,用SBG-CAS分离的方法优于SF-WS分离的方法。[结论] 用SBG增菌液增菌后转种CHROMagar^®沙门菌显色平板的方法,其阳性检出率明显高于SF增菌液增菌后转种WS平板,并且在平板上的菌落特征明显,极易辨认,方法也较易掌握。     

二级处理出水中沙门菌的改良多管发酵最大可能数定量检测方法

目的建立二级处理出水中沙门菌的改良多管发酵最大可能数(most probable number,MPN)定量检测方法。方法以某污水处理厂二沉池出水为水样,比较了滤膜法和改进的MPN法对沙门菌定量计数的结果。以滤膜法比较了木糖赖氨酸去氧胆酸盐琼脂(XLD)培养基、Hekton Enteric Agar(HE)培养基、亚硫酸铋琼脂(BS)培养基对水样中沙门菌的选择分离效果。采用改进的MPN法并以PCR法作为最后的鉴定手段,考察了四硫磺酸钠煌绿(TTB)增菌液、亚硒酸盐胱氨酸(SC)增菌液、氯化镁孔雀绿(MM)增菌液在37、42℃培养24、48h的选择性增菌效果。结果滤膜法中三种选择性培养基都无法对沙门菌进行准确计数。采用改进的MPN法,选用MM增菌液在42℃培养24h后的选择性增菌效果最好。结论改进的MPN法不仅具有良好的准确性和灵敏度,而且显著缩短检测时间,提高检测效率,适用于城市污水二级处理出水中沙门菌的监测。     

应用多种方法检测食源性甲型副伤寒沙门菌的研究

甲型副伤寒由甲型副伤寒沙门菌（以下称甲副）引起，是宁波市常见的肠道传染病。近年来，其发病率呈上升趋势，据流行病学调查，该市的甲型副伤寒以食源性为主，疾病的诱发因素主要与生吃、半生吃贝类海产品有关。对该类海产品的甲副检测，大多数实验室均采用国标方法，但尚无从食品特别是海产品检出甲副的报道。为查明食源性甲型副伤寒病原，提高食品中甲副的检出率，我们应用3种方法同步检测生吃、半生吃贝壳类海产品中甲副，并对增菌方法进行改良，现报告如下。     

沙门菌增菌培养基增菌效果的探讨与分析研究

〔目的〕选择好的商品增菌培养基 ,以提高沙门菌的检出率。〔方法〕用一定数量的大肠埃希菌与不同数量种类的沙门菌混合培养 ,观察不同增菌液的增菌效果。〔结果〕目前市售的沙门增菌培养基的增菌效果差距很大 ,差的只有在 1:10状况下沙门菌呈优势生长 ,好的可达 1:1× 10 8或以上状况下仍呈优势生长。〔结论〕自配的SC和TTB增菌液增菌效果最好。     

改良TT增菌液对沙门菌属和志贺菌属的分离效果研究

目的探讨改良硫代硫酸钠碳酸钙(TT)增菌液对肠道感染菌种沙门菌属和志贺菌属的分离效果。方法收集2015年3月-2016年9月288例因急性腹泻住院患者的粪便作为研究样本,对照组和观察组各144例,采用常规接种法接种于麦康凯琼脂培养基(MAC)和沙门氏菌-志贺氏菌琼脂培养基(SS),另外加种改良TT增菌液进行增菌培养,同时使用改良TT增菌液、革兰阴性(GN)增菌液、亚硒酸盐胱氨酸(SC)增菌液分别对外购的沙门菌属和志贺菌属进行培养,比较不同增菌液对肠道感染菌种沙门菌属和志贺菌属的分离效果。结果对照组采用直接接种培养基的方法检测出沙门菌属15株,志贺菌属4株,检出率分别为10.42%和2.78%;观察组采用改良TT增菌液培养后接种方法检测出沙门菌属43株,志贺菌属12株,检出率分别为29.86%和8.33%;观察组沙门菌属与志贺菌属的检出率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);改良TT增菌液对沙门菌属的增菌效力与SC增菌液相当,其中对鼠伤寒沙门菌属增菌效果最高达到10-8,优于SC增菌液10-7,改良TT增菌液对志贺菌属的增菌效力与GN增菌液相似,两种志贺菌属的最大增菌效果均达到10-7。结论改良TT增菌液对沙门菌属和志贺菌属的增菌效果与SC、GN增菌液相当,不仅可以有效促进沙门菌属和志贺菌属的增殖,提高病原菌分离效果,还能简化工作流程,提高实验室工作效率。     

多种方法同步检测海产品中甲型副伤寒沙门菌的应用

目的：为查找食源性甲型副伤寒的病因,提高检出率.方法：采用国标法、mini VIDAS仪器法和PCR 3种方法同步检测11种生吃、半生吃海产品中甲型副伤寒沙门菌.检出菌株用VITEK32全自动微生物分析系统鉴定以及血清分型.结果：mini VIDAS仪器法和PCR 2种方法从1份牡蛎样品中检测出甲型副伤寒沙门菌,检出率为0.73%.结论：多种方法同步检测有利于提高生吃、半生吃海产品中甲型副伤寒沙门菌和沙门菌的检出率.用mini VIDAS或/和PCR过筛检测,具有简便快捷、灵敏度高的特点,阳性时再用国标法分离,可及时获得菌株,以提高检测工作效率,值得应用,尤其适用于杂菌量较多、目标菌易被掩盖以及不适宜甲型副伤寒沙门菌和其它沙门菌生长的样品.     

宁波市1988--2007年伤寒副伤寒流行病学和病原学研究

目的 探讨伤寒副伤寒高发地区的流行病学和病原学特征.方法 运用描述流行病学与分析流行病学对1988-2007年伤寒副伤寒疫情资料和暴发资料进行分析.采集市场贝壳类海产品进行污染情况检测,并对患者中分离到的菌株进行实验室系统研究.结果 1988-2007年全市累计报告伤寒副伤寒病例19 404例,死亡7例,年平均发病率为17.68/10万,病死率为0.36‰.发病呈现周期性波动,冬春季高发,且存在明显地区聚集性,发病以20～50岁年龄的青壮年为主.流行菌株以甲型剐伤寒沙门菌为主.传播因素调查分析显示,居民生吃毛蚶和牡蛎是造成伤寒副伤寒高发的主要危险因素;同时从市场所采集的毛蚶和牡蛎中,各检出1株甲型副伤寒沙门菌,并带有TEM-1型耐药基因.甲型副伤寒沙门菌在海产品牡蛎中存活观察试验证实菌株在带壳牡蛎活体水体中至少能存活10 d以上.PFGE基因分型表明,X2型是宁波地区甲型副伤寒优势流行株.结论 宁波地区居民生吃毛蚶和牡蛎是造成伤寒副伤寒高发的丰要危险因素,加强对贝壳类海产品的卫生监督管理和对居民的健康教育是预防控制伤寒副伤寒的关键措施.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.