乙双吗啉的致突变作用

研究乙双吗啉的遗传毒性。乙双吗啉５，１０和１５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，腹腔注射观察诱发的小鼠骨髓染色体／染色单体畸变；应用Ａｍｅｓ试验观察对测试菌株ＴＡ９７，ＴＡ９８，ＴＡ１００，ＴＡ１０２的诱变作用。乙双吗啉显著诱发小鼠骨髓染色体／染色单体畸变，其诱发的畸变细胞率显著增加；在不加Ｓ９条件下，乙双吗啉对ＡＴ９８，ＴＡ１０２有一定的诱发回复突变的作用。乙双吗啉是一种遗传毒物质。     

聚乙二醇修饰降纤酶的遗传毒性评价

目的检测聚乙二醇修饰降纤酶的遗传毒性。方法应用鼠伤寒沙门菌回复突变试验(Ames试验)、体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验检测聚乙二醇修饰降纤酶的遗传毒性。结果 Ames试验结果显示每平皿100、20、4、0.8、0.16 U各个剂量组,在加或不加S9代谢活化系统时对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门菌TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102及TA1535所诱发的回复突变菌落数均与溶剂对照的突变菌落数相近。体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验结果显示2.5、5.0和10.0 U.mL-1各个剂量组在加S9代谢活化系统于24 h和不加S9代谢活化系统于24 h、48 h培养的CHO细胞染色体畸变率与溶剂对照组比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。小鼠骨髓微核试验显示425、850、1700 U.kg-1各个剂量组对ICR小鼠的微核诱发率与溶剂对照组比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论聚乙二醇修饰降纤酶对鼠伤寒沙门菌无致突变性,对哺乳动物培养细胞的染色体无致畸变作用,对ICR小鼠无诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的效应。表明聚乙二醇修饰降纤酶在本实验条件下无遗传毒性。     

雷公藤内酯醇的遗传毒性评价

目的 观察雷公藤的主要有效成分之一雷公藤内酯醇的遗传毒性。方法 采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验(Ames试验)、体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验检测雷公藤内酯醇的遗传毒性。结果 Ames试验提示在每皿1.6~1000 μg受试剂量下,在加或不加S9代谢活化系统时,受试物对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102及TA1535所诱发的回复突变菌落数均与溶媒对照的突变菌落数相近。体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验结果显示0.01、0.02和0.04 μg/ml 3个剂量的受试物,对加与不加S9代谢活化系统培养的CHO细胞的染色体畸变率无明显影响。小鼠骨髓微核试验设180、360、720 μg/kg 3个剂量,在720 μg/kg剂量时,雷公藤内酯醇有诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率增高的效应。结论 在本实验条件下,雷公藤内酯醇对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌无致突变性,对哺乳动物培养细胞染色体无致畸变作用,720 μg/kg剂量下对ICR小鼠有诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率增高的效应。提示雷公藤内酯醇对人体可能具有潜在的遗传毒性。     

银参胶囊遗传毒性研究

目的探讨银参胶囊的遗传毒性。方法选用SPF级健康ICR小鼠,通过Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验等遗传毒性试验验证银参胶囊的安全性。结果 Ames试验中,银参胶囊在8~5 000μg/皿剂量范围内,无论是否加入哺乳动物肝脏微粒体酶(S9),鼠伤寒沙门菌TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102等4株菌的回复突变菌落数均未出现剂量依赖性增加;微核试验中,2 500,5 000,10 000 mg/kg剂量组均未见骨髓中含微核的嗜多染红细胞数增加;小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验中,药物质量分数为2 500,5 000,10 000 mg/kg时,细胞的染色体畸变率均未出现剂量依赖性增加。结论银参胶囊未显示致突变作用,可初步判定其在遗传毒性方面是安全的。     

连翘酯苷冻干粉的遗传毒性试验

目的检测连翘酯苷冻干粉的遗传毒性,为临床前安全性评价提供依据。方法分别应用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验、体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验、CHO细胞和正常人肝细胞Chang liver两个细胞株单细胞凝胶电泳法。结果Ames试验选用组氨酸营养缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(S.typhimurium)TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102及TA1535为指示菌株,加和不加代谢活化系统(S9)时对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌均无致突变性。小鼠骨髓微核试验采用ICR小鼠,尾静脉注射给药,剂量分别为0.2、0.4和0.8g/kg,结果显示:雌性小鼠微核诱发率分别为1.50、2.67和6.75%,雄性小鼠微核诱发率分别为1.87、5.79和6.57%;其中雌性小鼠在0.8g/kg剂量下、雄性小鼠在0.4、0.8g/kg剂量下的微核诱发率与阴性对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。表明受试物连翘酯苷冻干粉在0.4、0.8g/kg剂量下对ICR小鼠有诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的效应。CHO细胞染色体畸变试验结果显示:受试物连翘酯苷冻干粉在受试剂量下作用24h,-S9的染色体畸变率分别为3%、7%和9%,与阴性对照组比较164.0和328.0μg/ml2个剂量组均显示差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);-S9作用48h的染色体畸变率分别为3%、5%和8%,与阴性对照组比较164.0和328.0μg/ml剂量组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); S9的染色体畸变率分别为1%、1%和6%,各剂量组与阴性对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。重复试验结果一致。以上结果说明连翘酯苷冻干粉在无代谢活化系统时,作用24h328μg/ml以上剂量对CHO细胞有致染色体畸变作用,作用48h164μg/ml以上剂量对CHO细胞具有致染色体畸变作用,在有S9代谢活化系统时,在受试剂量下对CHO细胞均无致染色体畸变作用。细胞彗星试验结果显示,在各试剂量的拖尾率和尾长与溶剂对照组相比较差异无统计学上意义,表明酯苷冻干粉在受试剂量下无损伤CHO细胞和人肝细胞Chang liverDNA的能力。结论连翘酯苷在体外培养CHO细胞染色体畸变试验和微核试验中,在较高剂量时呈阳性,无损伤CHO细胞和人肝细胞Chang liver DNA的能力。连翘酯苷冻干粉有一定的遗传毒性,分析连翘酯苷所致染色体畸变和微核的机制,可能不是通过损伤DNA机制诱导的,而是通过抑制DNA合成的、抑制拓扑异构酶、细胞毒性等非DNA损伤所致。     

驱钩新化合物三苯双脒的诱变性和致畸性检测

驱钩新化合物王苯双脒(Tribendimidin)用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌/微粒体酶系统检测,对 TA 97,TA98,TA 100及 TA 102菌株未见诱变性。小鼠 ig 500 mg/kg 后24 h 的骨髓微核试验结果为阴性,未见染色体畸变。培养的中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞系的染色体畸变试验也为阴性。孕大鼠于 d 8～d 10每日 ig 200 mg/kg,未见有胚胎毒性及致畸性。     

赤苷脉通注射液的致突变研究

目的探讨中药制剂赤苷脉通注射液的致突变性。方法采用鼠伤寒沙门氏组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株回复突变实验(Ames实验)、中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(CHL)染色体畸变实验和小鼠骨髓微核实验来检测赤苷脉通注射液的致突变作用。结果 Ames实验中,赤苷脉通注射液在312.5～5 000μg.皿-1剂量范围内,无论加或不加S9,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102和TA1535 5株菌的回复突变菌落数均未出现剂量依赖性的增加;染色体畸变实验中,非活化条件或代谢活化条件下,药物质量浓度为1 200,600和300μg.mL-1时,细胞的染色体畸变率均未出现剂量依赖性增加;微核实验中,在1 150,575和287.5mg.kg-1剂量组中均未见骨髓中含微核的嗜多染红细胞数增加。结论在该实验室条件下,Ames实验、CHL细胞染色体畸变实验和小鼠骨髓微核实验结果均为阴性,即中药制剂赤苷脉通注射液无潜在的遗传毒性。     

爱宁的致突变作用研究

目的检测爱宁的致突变性,以提供有关致突变的遗传毒性安全评价数据。方法设1.6,8,40,200和1000μg/皿5个剂量组,进行Am es试验;设0.3,1,3和9μg.mL-14个剂量组,进行仓鼠肺成纤维细胞染色体畸变试验;设15,100和250 mg.kg-13个剂量组,观察其对小鼠骨髓细胞微核的影响。结果Am es试验表明,爱宁在加和不加S9的条件下,对TA97,TA98,TA100和TA102菌株回复突变菌落结果为阴性。仓鼠肺成纤维细胞染色体畸变试验表明,爱宁对中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞体外培养染色体无畸变作用。小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验表明,爱宁三个剂量组的微核出现率与阴性对照组比较无显著性差异。结论在本实验条件下,爱宁无致突变性。     

益母草碱对胚胎-胎仔发育毒性和遗传毒性的评价

目的 检测益母草碱的发育毒性和遗传毒性。方法 在SD孕鼠妊娠第6~15天经口灌胃给予500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg体重的益母草碱,同时设溶媒对照组,经口灌胃0.5% CMC-Na溶液。妊娠第20天剖杀孕鼠,分析其生殖毒性。分别采用反映基因突变的鼠伤寒沙门菌回复突变试验（Ames试验）、反映染色体畸变的细胞染色体畸变试验（体外培养CHO）和ICR小鼠骨髓微核试验（体内）检测益母草碱的遗传毒性。结果 在500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg剂量益母草碱的作用下孕鼠的增重与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义;各受试剂量组孕鼠各项指标与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义;各剂量组胎鼠各类指标与溶媒对照组相比,无明显差异。Ames试验结果提示：在0.5、5、50、500、5 000 μg/皿受试剂量下,在有或无代谢活化S9系统时,与溶媒对照组相比,受试物对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门菌（TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102及TA1535）所诱发的回复突变菌落数均相近。染色体畸变试验结果显示：250、500和1 000 μg/ml 3个剂量的受试物,对有或无代谢活化系统S9培养的CHO细胞的染色体畸变率无明显影响。微核试验显示100、500和2 000 mg/kg各个剂量组对ICR小鼠的微核诱发率与溶媒对照组比较均无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论 益母草碱在500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg剂量下未观察到明显的母体毒性、胚胎毒性、胎儿毒性和致畸作用。益母草碱对鼠伤寒沙门菌无致突变性,对哺乳动物培养细胞的染色体无致畸变作用,对ICR小鼠无诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的效应。上述结果表明在本试验条件下,益母草碱无发育和遗传毒性。     

喹烯酮遗传毒性的研究

喹烯酮由中国农科院兰州畜牧与兽药研究所研制的一类低毒的抗菌促生长药物。为了探讨其遗传毒性,采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验,预测其遗传危害和潜在致癌的可能性。方法在Ames试验中,以1.0、2.6、6.9、18.2和50.0μg/皿的剂量,对TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102、TA1535、TA1537等6个菌株,采用直接掺入法进行试验;在微核试验中,以1700、3600和7200mg/kg的剂量,采用30h2次给药法制片观察,并计算微核率;在体外染色体畸变试验中,以1.25、2.5、5.0和10.0μg/ml的剂量为终浓度,采用V79细胞株,进行制片观察,并计算染色体畸变率。在Ames试验中,除TA102、TA1535为阴性外,各剂量组在18.2μg/皿时加和不加代谢活化系统都为阳性,且呈现一定的剂量-反应关系;在微核试验中,各剂量组微核率与阴性对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在体外染色体畸变试验,各剂量组加和不加代谢活化系统时染色体畸变率均小于5%,为阴性。本研究首次进行了6种菌株的Ames试验、微核试验和体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验,结果表明,喹烯酮对Ames试验菌株具有一定的致突变性,提示喹烯酮具有一定的遗传毒性。     

Developmental toxicity and genotoxicity studies of wogonin

We studied the developmental toxicities and genotoxic potency of a widely bioactive plant medicine-wogonin in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo developmental experiments, high dose of wogonin (40mg/kg, intravenous injection) significantly induced the maternal weight gains and affected fetus including bodyweight, resorptions, live birth index and fetal skeletal alterations. In Ames test, no concentration-dependently increased TA98, TA100, and TA102 revertants were detected in wogonin groups whether in presence of metabolic activating enzymes or not. In the chromosome aberration test, wogonin dose-dependently increased structural chromosomal aberrations in CHL cells both with and without S9, even the effect was all judged (-). In micronucleus assay, no significant changes of MNPCE/PCE and PCE/NCE were found on mouse bone marrow micronucleus in wogonin groups. We concluded that wogonin induced developmental toxicities on pregnant mice and fetus, and the genotoxicities were positive. However no significant malformation was observed and only in vitro potency of chromosome aberration was weak, which suggested us wogonin could be a relatively safe drug in clinic.     

乙双吗啉对有丝分裂原诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应的抑制作用

当浓度为1.56mg/L时,乙双吗啉就可明显抑制LPS诱导的体外小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应,其作用随浓度的增高而加强。当此药浓度增大到6.25mg/L时,ConA和PHA诱导的体外小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应才开始出现明显抑制。表明乙双吗啉对B细胞增殖反应的抑制作用强于对T细胞增殖反应。乙双吗啉对淋巴细胞无非特异细胞毒作用。     

Genotoxicity evaluation of lithium hypochlorite

Lithium hypochlorite (LiOCl), the pool and spa sanitizer/algicide, was evaluated for genotoxicity in a battery of studies designed to evaluate potential mutagenicity, DNA damage and chromosome aberrations. LiOCl was not mutagenic in the Ames test when tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 or in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells without metabolic activation. LiOCl did not induce DNA damage in the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay using rat primary hepatocytes. Effects on metaphase chromosomes were evaluated in vitro in CHO cells at 12 and 18 h exposure without S9 and at 12 and 22 h following a 2 h exposure with S9. LiOCl induced a statistically significant increase in chromosome aberrations at the high dose only at both harvest times without S9 and at the late harvest time with S9. There were significant increases in chromosome aberrations at the low dose, low-mid and high doses, but not at the high mid-dose at the early harvest time with S9. However, LiOCl did not increase chromosome aberrations when tested orally in rats at maximally tolerated doses. Bone marrow cells, collected 6, 24 and 48 h after a single oral dose of LiOCl to rats (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg in males; 50, 250, 500 mg/kg in females) showed no increase in the incidence of aberrations. In general, the weight of the evidence indicates that LiOCl is not genotoxic.     

Study of mutagenicities of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid using in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests

Genotoxicities of phthalic acid (PA) and terephthalic acid (TPA) were examined using three mutagenicity tests: Ames, chromosome aberration (CA), and micronucleus (MN). In the Ames test, these two agents did not produce any mutagenic responses in the absence or presence of S9 mix on the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, or TA1537. The CA test also showed that PA and TPA exerted no significant cytogenetic effect on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In the mouse MN test, no significant alteration in occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in ICR male mice ip administered any of these agents at doses of 0, 20, 100, 500, 2500 or 12,500 microM/kg. These results indicate that PA and TPA produced no mutagenic effects using these in vitro and in vivo mutagenic test systems.     

Genotoxicity of dicrotophos, an organophosphorous pesticide, assessed with different assays in vitro

Dicrotophos is a systemic insecticide with a wide range of applications. We investigated the genotoxicity of dicrotophos using the Ames test, the chromosome aberration test in CHO-K1 cells, and the comet assay in the Hep G2 cells, while this chemicals' toxicity to both the cell lines was evaluated with the MTT assay. Results showed that dicrotophos did not show any cytotoxicity to CHO-K1 cells, whereas it was cytotoxic to HepG2 cells incubated for 24 h but not for 2 h. For genotoxicity of dicrotophos, a significant change in the numbers of bacterial reveratnts using Salmomella typhimurium TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 as the tester strains, an increase in the frequencies of chromosome aberration in CHO-K1 cells, and an induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were observed, indicating that dicrotophos was genotoxic in these three performed assays. From this study, we provide further evidence towards of genotoxic effects of dicrotophos.     

Detection of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of chlorthiophos using micronucleus,chromosome aberration,sister chromatid exchange,and Ames tests

Potential mutagenic and genotoxic effects of Chlorthiophos, an organophosphate pesticide, were evaluated using four standard assays. Five different concentrations of the pesticide were tested by an Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102, with and without S9 metabolic activation. No concentrations of Chlorthiophos showed mutagenic activity on the TA97, TA100, and TA102 strains, with and without S9 fraction, but were all mutagenic to the TA98 strain without S9. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberration (CA), and micronucleus (MN) tests were used to investigate the genotoxic effects of Chlorthiophos in human peripheral lymphocytes treated with 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL concentrations of Chlorthiophos for 24 and 48 h. The nuclear division index (NDI), replication index (RI), and mitotic index (MI) were also calculated to determine the cytotoxicity of Chlorthiophos. No increase in SCE frequency was seen for any treatment period or concentration, but Chlorthiophos at 200 µg/mL increased the frequency of CAs. Increases in MN formation were only observed at Chlorthiophos concentrations of 200 µg/mL following 24 and 48 h treatments. Chlorthiophos treatment reduced the MI and NDI significantly, but had no effect on the RI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 937–945, 2015.