急性脑血管病外周血血小板表面P-选择素阳性表达率变化及药物干预

目的　探讨血小板活化因子P 选择素 (CD62P)在急性脑血管病患者中的改变及其用奥扎格雷钠治疗后的变化。方法　采用流式细胞仪测定 78例急性脑梗死患者及 2 5例健康对照组外周血血小板表面P 选择素阳性表达率 ,将病例组分为奥扎格雷钠组与非奥扎格雷钠组 ,治疗前后测P 选择素作对比观察。 30例急性脑出血患者入院后测外周血P 选择素并与健康对照组作对比。结果　急性脑梗死患者外周血血小板表面P 选择素阳性表达率显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;用奥扎格雷钠治疗后的外周血血小板表面P 选择素阳性表达率明显低于非奥扎格雷钠组(P <0 .0 1 ) ;奥扎格雷钠组治疗后较治疗前血小板活化因子P 选择素阳性表达率明显降低 (P <0 .0 5) ;急性脑出血患者外周血血小板表面P 选择素阳性表达率明显高于健康对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ;合并冠心病、高血压、糖尿病的脑梗死患者与单纯脑梗死患者外周血P 选择素阳性表达率无明显差异(P >0 .0 5)。结论　血小板活化在急性出血及脑梗死的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

血清C反应蛋白与2型糖尿病性脑梗死的关系

目的　探讨2型糖尿病性脑梗死患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)变化及意义。方法　采用免疫浊度法测定5 2例2型糖尿病性脑梗死患者和63例非糖尿病性脑梗死患者发病后48小时内,7天,1 4天血清CRP浓度,并测定40例健康对照者的血清CRP浓度。同时应用B超检测各组病人颈动脉斑块数。结果　2型糖尿病性脑梗死、非糖尿病性脑梗死组3个时段血清CRP浓度均较健康对照组升高(P <0 . 0 1 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,非糖尿病性脑梗死组CRP浓度与病情严重程度呈正相关(r=0 .3 1 ,P <0. 0 5 ) ,2型糖尿病性脑梗死组则呈显著正相关(r=0 .5 2 ,P <0. 0 1 )。2型糖尿病脑梗死组颈动脉斑块数明显高于非糖尿病性脑梗死组(P <0 . 0 5 )。结论　血清CRP浓度在2型糖尿病性脑梗死的发病中具有一定作用,对判断病情严重程度具有参考价值。     

老年2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者血糖波动幅度对vWF、血小板活化指标、PON3、ApoA1表达及预后的影响

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者血糖波动状态对血管性血友病因子(vWF)、血小板活化指标、对氧磷酶(PON)3、载脂蛋白(Apo)A1表达及预后的影响。方法 选取2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者50例为合并急性脑梗死组,单纯2型糖尿病患者40例为2型糖尿病组;另选同期体检的健康志愿者40例为对照组。对合并急性脑梗死组进行动态血糖监测,记录日内平均血糖波动幅度。流式细胞仪检测血小板活化指标半胱天冬酶原活化物(PAC)-1、血小板2颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD62p)阳性率;酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清vWF、PON3、ApoA1水平;进行3年随访,记录脑梗死再发、死亡情况,纳入不良预后进行受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析。结果 各组vWF、PAC-1、CD62p、PON3、ApoA1差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中合并急性脑梗死组vWF、PAC-1、CD62p明显高于2型糖尿病组和对照组,2型糖尿病组明显高于对照组(P<0.05);合并急性脑梗死组PON3、ApoA1水平明显低于2型糖尿病组和对照组(P<0.05)。vWF、PAC-1、CD62p、PON3、ApoA1在不...     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者血小板一氧化氮合酶活性及表达改变

观察急性冠状动脉综合征患者血小板一氧化氮合酶活性及表达改变情况。急性冠状动脉综合征患者32例 ,以健康成人 2 2例作对照 ,取外周静脉血后 ,利用凝胶色谱柱法收集血小板 ,用同位素两步色谱法测定一氧化氮合酶活性 ;蛋白免疫印迹增强化学发光法检测内皮型一氧化氮合酶表达水平。结果发现 ,基础状态下血小板一氧化氮合酶活性正常人为 95 6 .0± 4 8.2pmol 10 8血小板 ,急性冠状动脉综合征患者为 5 2 5 .5± 6 0 .8pmol 10 8血小板 ,明显低于正常人 (P <0 .0 1) ,组胺刺激后血小板一氧化氮合酶活性仍低于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;与正常人相比 ,急性冠状动脉综合征患者血小板内皮型一氧化氮合酶表达无明显改变。结果提示 ,急性冠状动脉综合征患者血小板一氧化氮合酶活性降低 ,一氧化氮释放减少可能是其血小板活化的机制之一。由于血小板粘附 ,聚集白色血栓形成是急性冠状动脉综合征早期事件 ,这对我们认识冠心病发病机理、开发临床新药提供新的思路。     

经颅多普勒和P300检测评价老年糖尿病患者并发脑血管病变和认知功能的意义

目的　探讨老年糖尿病患者并发脑血管病变和认知功能的意义。方法　对 80例老年糖尿病患者及 6 0例年龄和性别相匹配的健康老年志愿者进行经颅多普勒 (TCD)和P30 0测试。结果　糖尿病患者颈内动脉颅外段血流速度明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。糖尿病并腔隙性脑梗死患者的动脉搏动指数明显高于无脑梗死组和对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。搏动指数与病程密切相关 (r =0 .4 9)。糖尿病并腔隙性脑梗死组与无脑梗死组和对照组比较 ,P30 0潜伏期显著延长 ,波幅降低 (P <0 .0 1)。糖尿病组P30 0潜伏期和波幅与糖尿病病程长短和有无高血压无明显相关性。结论　采用TCD、P30 0检测评价老年糖尿病患者的脑血管病变和大脑认知功能对临床有一定意义。     

糖尿病患者血小板活化功能的初步探讨

目的　探讨糖尿病 (DM )患者血小板活化功能 ,分析其与血管病变的关系。方法　用放免法检测 70例DM患者的血小板颗粒膜蛋白 14 0 (GMP 14 0 )、血栓素B2 (TXB2 )、6 酮 前列腺素1α( 6 酮 PGF1α)的水平进行了测定 ,并与 30名正常人作对照。结果　DM患者血小板GMP 14 0、血浆TXB2 均明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ,且有血管病变明显高于无血管病变 (P <0 .0 5 )。DM患者血浆 6 酮 PGF1α明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ,有血管病变与无血管病变间无明显差异。且DM 1型与DM 2型间无明显差异。结论　DM患者体内血小板处于活化状态 ,血小板高敏活性在DM患者血管病变的发生、发展起重要作用。血小板GMP 14 0是反映活化的特异性标记物。     

糖尿病并血管病变患者血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p、CD63的表达及血小板四参数的研究

目的 :探讨血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p、CD63的表达及血小板四参数与糖尿病并血管病变患者的关系。　　方法 :采用流式细胞术测定 42例 2型糖尿病并发血管性疾病患者 (糖尿病伴血管病变组 )血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p、CD63的表达 ,同时用自动血细胞计数仪对其进行血小板四参数的测定 ,并与 50例糖尿病不伴血管病变组和 46例正常对照组比较。　　结果 :糖尿病伴血管病变组CD62p (11 64± 3 79) %、CD63 (15 73± 4 2 2 ) %的表达和血小板平均体积 (11 85± 2 3 1)fl等 3指标与正常对照组CD62p (2 2 7± 2 11) % ,CD63 (6 83± 2 85) % ,血小板平均体积 (10 72± 1 63 )fl比较均显著性增高(P值分别为 <0 0 0 1,<0 0 0 1和 <0 0 1) ,血小板计数、血小板压积和血小板分布宽度在两组间差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5) ;与不伴血管病变组比较 ,CD62p (10 0 1± 3 65) %和CD63 (14 0 2± 3 87) %也显著性增高 (P <0 0 5) ,血小板平均体积、血小板计数、血小板压积和血小板分布宽度在两组间差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5)。结论 :2型糖尿病患者血小板大量活化及其体积的改变促进了血管病变的发生和发展     

流式细胞术对冠心病患者血小板表面活化标志蛋白的研究

目的 :探讨流式细胞术 (FCM)测定的血小板活化指标与冠心病 (CHD)的关系。方法 :利用 FCM和单克隆抗体测定 31例稳定型心绞痛 (SAP组 )、65例不稳定型心绞痛 (UAP组 )和 2 5例急性心肌梗死 (AMI组 )患者的外周血中血小板糖蛋白 CD62 P、CD63和凝血酶敏感蛋白 (TSP)的阳性表达率 ,并与 39例正常人作对照。结果 :FCM可简单、迅速地检测血小板的活化功能 ,CHD患者 CD62 P、CD63和 TSP的阳性表达率均显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5)。在 CHD患者中 ,UAP组和AMI组的 CD62 P、CD63和 TSP的表达率均显著高于 SAP组 (P <0 .0 5) ,AMI组又高于 UAP组。结论 :CHD患者血小板活化是导致血小板功能亢进的原因 ,并参与了 CHD尤其是 UAP和AMI的病理过程 ;FCM是测定血小板活化功能既准确又可靠的方法之一。     

高血压伴2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化病变与脑梗死的关系

目的　探讨高血压伴 2型糖尿病患者颈动脉病变与脑梗死的关系。方法　应用彩色多普勒显像仪对76例高血压伴 2型糖尿病患者、83例高血压患者、79例 2型糖尿病患者进行颈动脉超声检测 ,观察颈动脉病变 ,并作血脂、血凝测定。结果　高血压伴 2型糖尿病组颈动脉斑块的检出率 (76.3 % )显著高于高血压组 (5 6.6% )和 2型糖尿病组(5 0 .6% ) ,(P <0 .0 5 )。三组脑梗死的发生率分别为 5 9.2 %、5 1.8%、和 5 3 .2 % ,无明显差异 ,P >0 .0 5 ,但三组中有颈动脉内膜增厚或斑块病变者脑梗死的发生率均较颈动脉正常者显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　颈动脉超声对脑梗死的预测有一定的参考价值     

血小板活化与脑梗死及颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

探讨血小板活化程度与脑梗死及颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。用流式细胞术检测 73例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者及 6 1例对照者全血血小板膜糖蛋白PAC 1和CD6 2P阳性率 ,同时行颈动脉彩色多谱勒超声检查。与对照组相比 ,脑梗死组PAC 1和CD6 2P阳性率 (颈动脉粥样硬化脑梗死组分别为 14 .13± 5 .75和 15 .80± 8.89,颈动脉正常脑梗死组分别为 11.70± 5 .32和 12 .36± 6 .4 9)均显著高于对照组 (颈动脉粥样硬化对照组分别为 7.78± 5 .17和7.5 5± 5 .2 8,颈动脉正常对照组分别为 4 .77± 3.71和 5 .0 5± 4 .0 1) (P <0 .0 1) ;不管在脑梗死组还是对照组中 ,颈动脉粥样硬化者PAC 1和CD6 2P阳性率显著高于颈动脉正常者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且以颈动脉粥样硬化脑梗死组最高。此结果提示 ,血小板活化程度与脑梗死、颈动脉粥样硬化二者均有关系 ,活化血小板在动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者发病中可能起着重要作用。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症对2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者的影响研究

目的研究高同型半胱氨酸血症对2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者的影响。方法采用酶联免疫法,对43例2型糖尿病性急性脑梗死患者和50例非糖尿病性急性脑梗死患者及65例对照者,进行血清Hcy含量检测。结果糖尿病性脑梗死患者同型半胱氨酸含量为（28.07±14.86）μmol/L,显著高于非糖尿病性脑梗死患者的（20.18±6.21）μmol/L,差异有统计学意义。均显著高于对照组同型半胱氨酸含量。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症是2型糖尿病并发脑梗死的一个重要危险因素。     

Alteration in risk factor accumulations of acute myocardial infarction during the last one decade: analysis of patients admitted in Coronary Care Unit

The present study was undertaken to determine accumulation of risk factors in acute myocardial infarction during two periods of 2002 and 1990-1991. We collected 173 and 153 patients with acute myocardial infarction in 2002 and 1990-1991, respectively, and analyzed the history of multiple risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and obesity, and laboratory findings. The numbers and their percentages of all the risk factors increased in 2002 compared with 1990-1991. According to plasma glucose level, the patients who had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance had increased markedly from 41 to 65%. Multiple accumulation of risk factors had increased during the last one decade, and only one or no risk factor per se was not the case in the patients with acute myocardial infarction. Hyperlipidemia and hypertension became fairly controlled in the patients, but not hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the period of 2002. These findings may indicate that increased multiple accumulation of risk factors accelerates the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in 2002 as compared to 1990-1991.     

2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死的临床特点。方法选择住院的糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者(糖尿病组)150例,另随机选择同期的非糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者(对照组)1 50例。对2组患者年龄、性别、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、临床表现、脑梗死部位、病情轻重程度、并发症、临床疗效及预后进行比较。结果与对照组比较,糖尿病组患者年龄、男性比例明显降低,空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、TC、TG、LDL-C、偏盲、眩晕、复视、共济失调明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);糖尿病组患者后循环梗死多见,占40.0%,对照组患者部分前循环梗死多见,占45.3%(P<0.01),空腹血糖<7.0 mmol/L、7.0～11.1 mmol/L、>11.1 mmol/L患者的美国国立卫生院脑卒中量表评分分别为(5.12±1.21)分、(7.94±2.13)分、(11.90±2.35)分(P<0.01)。结论糖尿病和脑卒中的发病与年龄、性别密切相关;糖尿病合并急性脑梗死临床症状轻重程度与入院时血糖水平密切相关;糖尿病合并急性脑梗死后循环梗死多见,且并发症多,临床疗效及预后差。     

Nicht entdeckte Glukosestoffwechselstörungen bei koronarer Herzkrankheit

The numbers affected by diabetes mellitus type 2 have increased throughout the world in recent years, and it is assumed that there is also a high number of undiagnosed cases. A study in southern Germany showed that half of all cases of diabetes in the elderly general population were undiagnosed. Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance are among the main risk factors for coronary artery disease, which accounts for most of the high morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. The prevalence of hitherto unknown glucose metabolism disorder is far higher in patients with acute myocardial infarction than in the general population. Furthermore, a recent study showed that two-thirds of patients with stable coronary artery disease had undiagnosed diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. An oral glucose tolerance test is crucial to the diagnosis: the glucose metobolism disorder would have remained undetected in two-thirds of diabetic patients if only fasting blood glucose had been measured. In view of these high prevalence rates an oral glucose tolerance test should be considered in all patients with coronary artery disease to exclude any disorder of glucose metabolism.     

2型糖尿病合并急性脑梗死患者血糖波动与溶栓预后的关系

目的研究血糖波动对急性脑梗死溶栓治疗预后的影响。方法回顾性连续纳入2013年1—11月入住北京军区总医院神经外科(附属八一脑科医院)的83例急性脑梗死患者,给予患者阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗,剂量为0.9mg/kg体质量。将患者按照有无糖尿病史及入院7 d后口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果分为2型糖尿病合并脑梗死组(DMCI组)47例与非2型糖尿病合并脑梗死组(NDMCI组)36例,入院7d后应用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)对入选患者进行连续72h的血糖监测。观察并比较两组患者的平均血糖值、血糖水平的标准差、平均血糖波动幅度及随访期间脑出血转化及血管再通情况,并行90d改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评价其预后。结果 (1)两组急性脑梗死患者动态血糖参数的比较,DMCI组患者24 h平均血糖值、血糖水平标准差、平均血糖波动幅度均高于NDMCI组患者[(8.3±2.6)mmol/L比(5.8±1.3)mmol/L,(2.1±0.4)mmol/L比(1.6±0.6)mmol/L,(4.3±0.8)mmol/L比(3.6±0.5)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(t值分别为31.419、15.537、15.372,均P0.01)。(2)DMCI组随访期间发生脑出血转化4例(8.5%),再通良好17例(36.2%),预后良好(90d mRS评分2分)15例(31.9%);NDMCI组发生脑出血转化1例(2.8%),再通良好21例(58.3%),预后良好21例(58.3%)。两组患者溶栓后再通情况与预后情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论伴有2型糖尿病的急性脑梗死患者血糖波动过大,可能是影响其溶栓治疗预后的重要因素。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死56例临床分析

目的探讨2型糖尿患者合并脑梗死的特点。方法113例脑梗死患者分为治疗组56例,为糖尿病合并脑梗死患者,对照组57例为非糖尿病的脑梗死患者,两组患者入院后均采用综合治疗措施,控制血压、扩血管、降低颅内压、抗血小板聚集,改善循环,营养神经及对症治疗。同时治疗组通过饮食控制,口服降糖药或胰岛素治疗,将空腹血糖控制在6—8mmol／L,餐后2h血糖控制在10mmol／L以下。两组患者均测定血压（BP）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血清总胆固醇（TCH）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）及低密度脂蛋白（LDL）对比并分析其与病情、预后的关系。结果2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者组的脑神经损伤程度高于与非糖尿病脑梗死患者组（P〈0．05）。2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者组血压、血糖水平、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂均高于非糖尿病脑梗死患者组（P〈0．05）。2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者组的治疗效果低于非糖尿病脑梗死患者组,病死率高于非糖尿病脑梗死患者（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病合并脑梗死致残率高,糖尿病为急性脑血管病重要的独立危险因素,严格控制血糖、控制血压和纠正血脂是预防糖尿病合并脑梗死的重要手段。     

脑梗死患者糖耐量减低与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的探讨脑梗死患者糖耐量减低(IGT)与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法将120例急性脑梗死患者根据病史和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果分为糖尿病(DM)组、IGT组、糖耐量正常组(NGT组)。对3组患者进行颈动脉超声检查,测定各组生化指标。结果与NGT组相比,IGT组和DM组的体重指数(BMI)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、颈动脉内中膜厚度(CIMT)、斑块检出率及斑块积分均显著增高(P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析显示,CIMT与年龄、TC、LDL-C、2hPG呈正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论脑梗死患者在IGT阶段已经发生颈动脉粥样硬化改变,早期控制血糖,可减轻脑血管病变的严重程度、减少血管事件发生。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗塞与血脂、血压分析

分析2型糖尿病合并脑梗塞与血脂、血压异常的关系.收集我院2型糖尿病患者100例,其中合并脑梗塞者60例,正常对照组40例.分别测定血脂、血压并进行比较.结果糖尿病合并脑梗塞组血甘油三酯、载脂蛋白B、收缩压明显升高,高密度脂蛋白、载脂蛋白A1显著降低.血甘油三酯、收缩压升高、高密度脂蛋白降低是糖尿病并发脑梗塞的危险因素.     

Prevalence and prediction of unrecognised diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance following acute stroke

BACKGROUND: diabetes mellitus not only increases the risk of ischaemic stroke two- to four-fold but also adversely inXuences prognosis. The prevalence of recognised diabetes mellitus in acute stroke patients is between 8 and 20%, but between 6 and 42% of patients may have undiagnosed diabetes mellitus before presentation. Post-stroke hyperglycaemia is frequent and of limited diagnostic value and the oral glucose tolerance test assumes that the patient is clinically stable and eating normally. There is a need for a simple and reliable method to predict new diabetes mellitus in acute stroke patients. OBJECTIVES: to determine the prevalence of unrecognised diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance on hospital admission and 12 weeks later in acute stroke patients with post-stroke hyperglycaemia > or = 6.1 mmol/l. To measure the accuracy of hyperglycaemia and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin concentration in predicting the presence of unrecognised diabetes mellitus at 12 weeks. DESIGN: acute (<24 hours) stroke patients (cerebral infarction and primary intracerebral haemorrhage) with admission hyperglycaemia between 6.0 and 17 mmol/l and without a previous history of insulin-treated diabetes mellitus who were randomised into the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial between October 1997 and May 1999 were studied. The Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial is a randomised controlled trial investigating the benefits of maintaining euglycaemia in acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycaemia. At 12 weeks, survivors underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of admission plasma glucose > or = 6.1 mmol/l and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin concentration in predicting the presence of diabetes mellitus were used to estimate the prevalence of unrecognised diabetes mellitus in a consecutive series of 582 acute stroke admissions. RESULTS: 582 consecutive acute stroke patients were assessed for eligibility for the Glucose Insulin Stroke Trial, of whom 83 (14%) had recognised diabetes mellitus. One hundred and forty-two patients were randomised and 62 underwent a 3-month oral glucose tolerance test, of whom 26 (42%) had normal glucose tolerance, 23 (37%) had impaired glucose tolerance and 13 (21%) had diabetes mellitus. Admission plasma glucose > or = 6.1 mmol/l and glycosylated haemoglobin > or = 6.2% predicted the presence of previously unrecognised diabetes mellitus at 12 weeks with a positive predictive value of 80% and negative predictive value of 96%. The estimated prevalence of unrecognised diabetes mellitus in the total series of acute stroke admissions was 16-24%. CONCLUSIONS: one-third of all acute stroke patients may have diabetes mellitus. For patients presenting with post-stroke hyperglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus is present in two-thirds of survivors at 12 weeks. Admission plasma glucose > or = 6.1 mmol/l combined with glycosylated haemoglobin > or = 6.2% are good predictors of the presence of diabetes mellitus following stroke.     

MTHFR C677T基因多态性与浙江某地区汉族人群2型糖尿病患者急性脑梗死的相关性

目的 探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)C677T基因多态性与浙江某地区汉族人群2型糖尿病患者急性脑梗死的相关性.方法 选取2017年1月至2018年6月在台州市立医院住院患者、门诊及同期体检中心体检人群共396例,分为急性脑梗死合并2型糖尿病组(CIDM,125例)、单纯2型糖尿病组(DM,120例)和性别、年龄...