Effects of petroleum hydrocarbon solvents on alkaline phosphatase of rats

Summary After administration of benzene, gasoline, IOMEX or petroleum ether, liver alkaline phosphatase showed over 200% increase in activity whereas kidney alkaline phosphatase activity was depressed by 50%. The pattern of separation of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in liver, kidney and serum indicated involvement of one of the isoenzymes. A simple method of detecting the incipent toxicity is described.     

In vivo effect of endrin on three phosphatases in kidney and liver of the fish Ophiocephalus punctatus.

The effect of endrin (0.030 ppm) on the acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities in the kidney and liver of a teleost fish, Ophiocephalus (Channa) punctatus has been studied. The period of exposure was twenty days. An increase in the acid phosphatase activity is noted in the two tissues examined here. There is no significant change in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in kidney while in liver the enzyme is inhibited. In the kidney glucose-6-phosphatase showed a slight increase in activity but it is inhibited in liver.     

In vivo effect of endrin on three phosphatases in kidney and liver of the fishOphiocephalus punctatus

Summary The effect of endrin (0.030 ppm) on the acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities in the kidney and liver of a teleost fish,Ophiocephalus (Channa) punctatus has been studied. The period of exposure was twenty days. An increase in the acid phosphatase activity is noted in the two tissues examined here. There is no significant change in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in kidney while in liver the enzyme is inhibited. In the kidney glucose-6-phosphatase showed a slight increase in activity but it is inhibited in liver.     

The effect of in vivo exposure of endrin on the activities of acid, alkaline and glucose-6-phosphatases in liver and kidney of Ophiocephalus (Channa) punctatus.

The effect of in vivo exposure of a sublethal concentration (0.01 mg/l) of endrin on the activities of acid, alkaline and glucose-6-phosphatases in the liver and kidney of Ophiccephalus punctatus was studied. The period of exposure was twenty days. In the liver, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were decreased but acid phosphatase was stimulated. Kidney showed stimulation in the activity of all the three phosphatases.     

The effect ofin vivo exposure of endrin on the activities of acid,alkaline and glucose-6-phosphatases in liver and kidney ofOphiocephalus (Channa) punctatus

Summary The effect ofin vivo exposure of a sublethal concentration (0.01 mg/l) of endrin on the activities of acid, alkaline and glucose-6-phosphatases in the liver and kidney ofOphiccephalus punctatus was studied. The period of exposure was twenty days. In the liver, alkaline phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were decreased but acid phosphatase was stimulated. Kidney showed stimulation in the activity of all the three phosphatases.     

In vivo effects of cadmium on some enzyme activities in tissues of the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis

Alterations in the activities of some enzymes in a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, have been examined in liver, kidney, intestine, ovary, gills, and muscles after exposure to 0.26 mg/liter of cadmium for 15, 30, and 60 days. The fish were hyperglycemic and hyperlactemic after 15 and 30 days of exposure. The liver and muscle glycogen content was depleted in the first two periods of exposure. In contrast, 60 days of cadmium treatment increased the glycogen content of the two tissues. Liver lactic acid level was elevated after 15 days. Muscle lactic acid content fell significantly after 15 and 60 days of exposure, but it was elevated after 30 days. Acid phosphatase activity was inhibited in liver, ovary, and gills but the enzyme activity increased in kidney and intestine. The activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased in liver, kidney, and intestine but elevation was recorded in ovary and muscles. In all three exposure periods, hexokinase activity of kidney and ovary was inhibited but the enzyme activity increased in intestine. Hexokinase showed elevation in liver, gills, and muscle after 15 and 30 days of exposure and inhibition after 60 days of exposure. The activity of xanthine oxidase decreased in liver and muscles and elevated in the rest of the tissues. Glutamate dehydrogenase fell significantly in intestine, ovary, and gills. In liver, kidney, and muscles the enzyme activity was elevated. Liver, intestine, gills, and muscles showed elevation in aminoacid oxidase activity. However, the enzyme activity was inhibited in kidney and in ovary.     

Biochemical studies on nickel toxicity in weanling rats -- influence of vitamin C supplementation.

The influence of high intake of vitamin C in the young growing rats under administration of nickel sulphate in toxic doses has been studied. Ingestion of nickel sulphate depresses the growth rates of rats, alters the vitamin C status in different tissues, inhibits certain enzymes of vitamin C metabolism and changes the activities of alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase in the liver and kidney tissues. The acid phosphatase activity of liver, kidney and brain tissues of rats and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in liver, and serum GOT activity were stimulated, with reduction in the in the liver GOT activity. There is stimulation in the activities of rat brain inorganic pyrophosphatase and cholinesterase. Kidney tissues of rats were found to be more susceptible towards nickel toxicity as compared to the hepatic tissues in respect of morphological alterations. There is almost no alteration in the hepatic lipid composition. Administration of vitamin C in high doses to rats fed nickel salts in toxic doses can restore not only the growth rates but also certain enzyme activities to a significant extent.     

Diagnostic value of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes

Among the serum enzymes used for diagnostic purposes the alkaline phosphatase (AP) is one of the oldest and the most frequently applied laboratory tests. Increased activity found in the serum is a consequence of certain hepato-biliary disorders, different bone diseases, endocrine syndromes, kidney illnesses and malignant tumors as well. From the study of the pattern of the isoenzymes of the serum-AP information of practical importance may be gained by which many differential-diagnostic problems can be solved. For the clinical-chemical laboratories methods that use electrophoretic separation on different membranes or gels are recommended. Patterns characteristic for different diseases may well be differentiated from normal constellation. AP-isoenzymes help to reveal cholestases at early stages, some disorders of bone metabolism and malignant processes as well.     

The differential effect of magnesium deficiency on isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) in rat tissues.

1. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) from many rat tissues was separated into two or three bands by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Ten of the bands had different electrophoretic mobilities, but some were present in more than one tissue. 2. Bands from the corresponding tissues of magnesium-deficient and control rats were qualitatively similar, but there were quantitative differences in the distribution of enzyme activity between them. 3. Mg deficiency had differential effects on the absolute activity of individual bands, but two main types of response were observed. There was an increase in the activity of the first bands from liver and kidney, the second band from femur and both bands from spleen, whereas the first band from femur, the first and second bands from intestinal mucosa and the second bands of serum, liver and kidney all decreased in activity during the deficiency. 4. The change in total alkaline phosphatase activity of a tissue during Mg deficiency depended on the ratio between the enzyme components within it.     

Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on lactate dehydrogenase. Quantitative and isoenzymatic study]

Light, acute vitamin C deficiency or repletion had no uniform effect on lactiodeshydrogenase, each organ reaching specifically (skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, spleen, liver adrenals, testes). There was no correlation with the age of the animal except in the case of testicular lacticodeshydrogenase isoenzymes. Reduction of food intake caracteristic of the late state of scurvy had no effect on the distribution of isoenzymes which was also independent of quantitative variations of enzyme activity. Vitamin C repletion restored the normal distribution of isoenzymes in spleen and liver but not in skeletal muscle. In the last phase of acute vitamin C deficiency, lactiodeshydrogenase activity was generaly elevated (heart and skeletal muscle excepted). When ascorbic acid was given back lacticodeshydrogenase activity remained elevated in liver and spleen but was lowered in skeletal muscle.     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by analysis of microvillar enzymes of the amniotic fluid

Prenatal diagnosis was performed in 92 pregnancies high-risk for cystic fibrosis during six years. Amniotic fluid samples obtained by amniocentesis were examined with regard to their microvillar membrane enzyme activity. However, trehalase, alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and L-gamma-glutamyl-transferase in the amniotic fluid are not specific markers of the cystic fibrosis, their activity is significantly lower than in normal pregnancies. By measuring the three enzymes simultaneously, sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the method were found to be over 92%. It is concluded that the mid-trimester amniotic fluid diagnosis is useful for some heterozygotic couples for cystic fibrosis even in the possession of the DNA methods.     

Anticonvulsant drugs and bone disease in the elderly.

Elderly psychiatric inpatients were studied to find the prevalence of osteomalacia in those taking anticonvulsant medication (n = 19) and a comparison group not taking these drugs (n = 37). Only one biopsy-proven case was discovered among the anticonvulsant group, and none in the comparison group. This was an unexpectedly low rate. The clinical and biochemical data (including alkaline and acid phosphatase isoenzymes) were further analysed to detect subclinical osteomalacia, but none was found. A difference between the two subgroups was found for total and liver alkaline phosphatase only. The possible explanations for these unexpected findings are discussed. The effect of anticonvulsants on vitamin D and bone metabolism is reviewed and the hypothesis that drug-induced changes in vitamin D metabolism are responsible for the bone changes described in earlier series is questioned.     

Proteomics in clinical enzymology: polymorphism of creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase

INTRODUCTION: The clinical proteomics is dedicated to the use of the proteomics in the clinical laboratory science. AIMS: Examples for the importance of clinical proteomics are provided by studies on the polymorphisms of creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. METHODS: The different (immunoinhibition, electrophoretic, immunochemistry) assays for determination of a cardiac marker (creatine kinase 2) are compared in hospital patients. Isoform analysis of alkaline phosphatase is performed in benign, transient hyperphosphatasemia. RESULTS: The author reviews recent knowledge on polymorphism of creatine kinase (isoenzymes, isoforms, macro types), and alkaline phosphatase (isoenzymes, their cancer related variants, isoforms). The origin of falsely high cardiac marker (creatine kinase 2) determined by the immunoinhibition assay could be related to the presence of macro creatine kinase (both types), creatine kinase isoenzyme 1, and their mixtures. After reviewing the recent findings on the syndrome of benign, transient hyperphosphatasemia, a case of a 1-year-old Hungarian boy with this syndrome is presented. CONCLUSIONS: The author points out that the appropriate use of clinical proteomics (the polymorphisms of creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes) may improve the diagnostic efficiency of the clinical laboratory tests.     

Biochemical alterations in fish fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to sublethal concentration of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate

Fish fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (0.005 ppm) for 24, 48, and 96 h under static laboratory conditions. Alterations were noted in the levels of glycogen, lactic acid, sialic acid, and acid and alkaline phosphatases in the gill, liver, and kidney. This chemical may impair metabolic processes in fingerling carp, because increased exposure resulted in significant increases in lactic acid and decreases in glycogen and sialic acid along with inhibition of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity.     

锌营养水平诊断指标的动物实验研究

将40只断乳的WKA系雄性健康大鼠,随机分成5组,其中3组分别畏以含锌6、15和24ppm的合成饲料8周,不锈钢单笼饲养。结果表明6ppm组大鼠体重增长缓慢,摄食量下降,蛋白质功效比值、蛋白质净比值及食物效能也均显著降低(P<0.05)。除了这些低锌的一般反应外,值得特别注意的是大鼠的毛锌浓度、碱性磷酸酶活性(AKP)、胫骨锌和肾锌浓度及含量,肝、肾、脑、睾丸及胫骨中的锌含量及其~(65)Zn的比值、粪、尿~(65)Zn排出率都显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)地低于15ppm组和24ppm组。我们认为这些指标较敏感地反映了大鼠锌营养状况。对锌营养不良有重要诊断意义。另外,6ppm组大鼠全血超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)试验后期也显著降低,有一定诊断意义。     

Alterations in the activity of some digestive enzymes ofChanna punctatus,exposed to lead nitrate

Summary The effect of exposure ofChanna punctatus to a sub-lethal concentration of lead nitrate on the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase amylase, maltase, lactase, trypsin and pepsin has been investigated. A decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase has been recorded after 15 days of exposure but there was no significant change after 30 days. Acid phosphatase showed an elevation in activity of both stages. All the three carbohydrases shows elevation after 15 days, followed by an inhibition after 30 days of treatment. The activity of pepsin and trypsin remained above the normal level throughout the tenure of the experiment reveal that the pattern of alteration in enzyme activities is different in liver and digestive system.     

Tissue-specific contaminant accumulation and associated effects on hepatic serum analytes and cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence

The current study aims to assess contaminant levels and tissue burdens in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) blubber, liver, and blood in association with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP1A and -3A) and serum analytes (hepatic enzymes like alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase [AP], and γ-glutamyltransferase [GGT], serum proteins, and creatine kinase). Contaminant accumulation levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) differed between tissues and seal groups, with the highest levels in liver. Pups showed higher liver contaminant levels, especially for PBDEs, than adults. These high levels might be associated with the ingestion of large amounts of contaminated milk and subsequent accumulation in the liver. Adult males and females mainly differed in PBDE levels, which were higher in females, possibly due to a sex-specific diet. The association between blubber contaminant burdens and the diagnostic enzymes ALT, GGT, and AP, and serum albumin, was inconclusive. In contrast, several CYP isoenzymes showed a clear positive relationship with the overall blubber contaminant burden, indicating enzyme induction following exposure to polyhalogenated hydrocarbons. Therefore, liver CYP isoenzymes may serve as a sensitive biomarker for long-term exposure to polyhalogenated hydrocarbons.     

Subcutaneous kerosene toxicity in albino rats

Biochemical, histopathological, and hematological parameters were studied in male Wistar rats after repeated subcutaneous administration of commercial kerosene (0.5 ml/kg body wt, 6 days a week) for a period of 35 days. At necropsy, treatment-related increases in the weights of liver, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes were noted. Correspondingly, there was an increase in DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid contents of liver and spleen. Histopathological examination of liver, spleen, thymus, kidney, adrenal, and lymph nodes revealed treatment-related lesions. Similarly, biochemical indices studied in liver revealed an increase in alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase levels. Furthermore serum cholinesterase, carboxylesterase, and albumin levels were significantly diminished while serum alkaline phosphatase levels were found to be greatly enhanced. The findings might be related as the likely systemic effects in workers upon percutaneous kerosene exposure during work.     

Effects of high dose application of lindane to rats and influence of L-ascorbic acid supplementation

Oral application of lindane at a dose of 2 mg/100 g body weight of rat/day for 15 days produced alterations in the activities of several enzymes viz, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and inorganic pyrophosphatase in different organs and serum. Histological changes in liver and kidney tissues and changes in whole liver and liver plasma membrane lipids were also noted by chronic administration of lindane. Partial alleviation of the toxic symptoms with respect to some of these parameters were noted by high dose administration of L-ascorbic acid.     

Effects of prostaglandin modifiers and zinc deficiency on possibly related functions in rats

Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of prostaglandins (PG) in zinc absorption and biological functions (food intake and weight gain, alkaline phosphatase activity, T-cell-mediated immune response). PG levels were modified by administering an inhibitor of their synthesis, aspirin or indomethacin in the diet. Zinc level was modified by controlling the dietary concentration. Weanling rats were fed the assigned diets for 1 month after which they were anesthetized with ether. Samples of blood, gut contents and mucosa, liver, lung and tibia were collected for zinc, PG, lymphocyte stimulation with T-cell mitogen, and alkaline phosphatase assays. There was more than 50% inhibition of PG synthesis by indomethacin and aspirin. This inhibition of PG synthesis, however, did not affect the zinc status of the rats as measured by general appearance, food intake, weight gain, organ weight, zinc concentration in different organs, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and cell-mediated immune response to T-cell mitogens. It is concluded that under physiological conditions inhibitors of PG synthesis do not alter these zinc metabolic functions.