流行性感冒疫苗的免疫效果观察

目的 为了解流行性感冒（流感）疫苗免疫效果及安全性。方法 1999年1－2月在杭州市192名7－9岁儿童进行了疫苗接种前后免疫水平观察。结果 甲1型（H2N2）、甲3型（H3N2）和乙型流感HI抗体阳性保护率分别由1．56％、53．13％152．60％上升到82．81％，87．50％和97．92％；平均抗体增长幅度分别是免疫前的18．9，2．9和5．69倍。副反应发生率为1．6％。结论 证实流感疫苗具有良好的免疫效果和安全性，值得进一步推广应用。     

接种流行性感冒裂解疫苗福禄立适不良反应观察

流行性感冒（流感）是由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,临床表现为发热、头痛、肌痛、乏力、鼻炎、咽痛和咳嗽。接种流感疫苗是预防流感大流行最经济有效的方法。自1996年以来,我国开始使用进口流感灭活疫苗，国产流感灭活疫苗也投入生产。随着人们对流感危害性的进一步认识，对流感疫苗的需求也日益增加。但人群接种疫苗引起的接种反应为人工计划免疫的实施提出了新的要求。     

111例血清流感抗体检测结果报告

流行性感冒(简称流感)是常见的急性呼吸道感染病,人群对流感的免疫力是决定流感是否能发生流行的一个重要因素.在流感流行季节前采集健康人血清,检测甲1、甲3和乙型流感病毒血凝抑制抗体,对了解人群对流感病毒的免疫状况,预测流感的流行,指导流感疫苗的正确使用有重要的意义.     

健康人群血清流感抗体检测结果分析

决定流感流行的因素除流感病毒的变异外，人群的免疫状况也是决定流感流行的重要因素。为此，我们对内蒙部分地区人群的流感抗体水平进行了调查分析。１材料与方法１．１血清标本１９９６年９月（流感流行前期）和１９９７年３月（流感流行后期）采自呼和浩特市、乌海市、...     

关于流行性感冒

流行性感冒 (简称流感 )是由流行性感冒病毒 (简称流感病毒 )引起的急性呼吸道传染病 ,临床表现为发热、头痛、肌痛、乏力、鼻塞、咽痛和咳嗽 ,可有肠胃不适 ,早期与传染性非典型肺炎的鉴别诊断困难。流感能加重潜在的疾病 (心肺疾患 )或者引起继发细菌性肺炎或原发流感病毒性肺炎 ,老年人以及患有各种慢性病或者体质虚弱者患流感后容易出现严重并发症 ,病死率较高。流感病毒传播迅速、流行广泛 ,抗原易变异 ,人群的特异性免疫状况不稳定。流感病毒分甲、乙、丙三型 ,其中甲型和乙型流感对人类威胁较大。流感流行具有一定的季节性 ,我国北方…     

为什么“接种流行性感冒疫苗后仍患感冒”

接种流行性感冒 (流感 )疫苗是当今预防流感样疾病发生和流行较有效的一种手段。随着人们自我保健意识的不断增强 ,每年到秋冬季节主动到卫生防疫部门接种流感疫苗的人数在不断增加。但是因对病种及疫苗防病机理不了解 ,部分人对少数免疫效果不理想的现象完全归罪于疫苗 ,甚至抱怨说 :“为什么有的人注射流感疫苗后仍得感冒 ?” ,甚至于一些基层医生也出现类似的困惑。下面就此问题作一解答。首先 ,需要搞清两个概念 :什么是流感 ?什么是普通感冒 ?流行性感冒简称流感 ,是由甲 (Ａ)、乙 (Ｂ)、丙 (Ｃ)三型流感病毒分别引起的急性呼吸道传染…     

四川省1992年流行性感冒病原学和血清学监测

四川省１９９２年流行性感冒病原学和血清学监测邓萍，许凤琴，余佳，曾莉，阎侗有指导流感是人类目前还不能有效控制的世界性传染病，此病传播迅速，常引起广泛流行和爆发，并伴有一定的死亡率。决定流感流行的基本因素是流感病毒的抗原性变异和人群的免疫水平。流感在南...     

接种流行性感冒裂解疫苗福禄立适(R)不良反应观察

流行性感冒(流感)是由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,临床表现为发热、头痛、肌痛、乏力、鼻炎、咽痛和咳嗽.接种流感疫苗是预防流感大流行最经济有效的方法.自1996年以来,我国开始使用进口流感灭活疫苗,国产流感灭活疫苗也投入生产.随着人们对流感危害性的进一步认识,对流感疫苗的需求也日益增加.但人群接种疫苗引起的接种反应为人工计划免疫的实施提出了新的要求.为了观察流感疫苗接种不良反应的发生规律,对我院在2006年10月8～20日之间接种过流感疫苗的人员进行了疫苗不良反应的跟踪调查,现报告如下.     

西北某部战士人群流感抗体的横向检测分析

目的 了解某部战士人群流感抗体免疫水平和流感的流行趋势,为流感的预防和了解流感病毒的变异提供资料。方法 于1997年11月、1998年4月、1998年11月、1999年4月,连续4次用微量半加敏血凝抑制法对驻西北某部战士不固定人群进行了血凝抑制抗体的横向检测。结果 甲3亚型 流感抗体水平较高,波动也较大,1999年春季几乎达极限;甲1亚型流感抗体水平不均一,有些流行株抗体水平高,而有些则很低;两种乙型流感流行株抗体水平都很低,波动也很小。结论 西北某部军营中1997－1999年同时流行着甲3亚型流感和甲1亚型流感,以甲3为主,乙型流感未见流行。     

哈尔滨市流行性感冒1998～2002流行年度监测结果分析

流行性感冒(流感)病毒因结构不断发生变异,人群特异免疫状况不稳定,所以对流感进行监测十分重要。我们对哈尔滨市1998年10月至2003年3月流感监测情况总结分析如下。     

Data and product needs for influenza immunization programs in low- and middle-income countries: Rationale and main conclusions of the WHO preferred product characteristics for next-generation influenza vaccines

In 2017, WHO convened a working group of global experts to develop the Preferred Product Characteristics (PPC) for Next-Generation Influenza Vaccines. PPCs are intended to encourage innovation in vaccine development. They describe WHO preferences for parameters of vaccines, in particular their indications, target groups, implementation strategies, and clinical data needed for assessment of safety and efficacy. PPCs are shaped by the global unmet public health need in a priority disease area for which WHO encourages vaccine development. These preferences reflect WHO’s mandate to promote the development of vaccines with high public health impact and suitability in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). The target audience is all entities intending to develop or to achieve widespread adoption of a specific influenza vaccine product in these settings. The working group determined that existing influenza vaccines are not well suited for LMIC use. While many developed country manufactures and research funders prioritize influenza vaccine products for use in adults and the elderly, most LMICs do not have sufficiently strong health systems to deliver vaccines to these groups. Policy makers from LMICs are expected to place higher value on vaccines indicated for prevention of severe illness, however the clinical development of influenza vaccines focuses on demonstrating prevention of any influenza illness. Many influenza vaccine products do not meet WHO standards for programmatic suitability of vaccines, which introduces challenges when vaccines are used in low-resource settings. And finally, current vaccines do not integrate well with routine immunization programs in LMICs, given age of vaccine licensure, arbitrary expiration dates timed for temperate country markets, and the need for year-round immunization in countries with prolonged influenza seasonality. While all interested parties should refer to the full PPC document for details, in this article we highlight data needs for new influenza vaccines to better demonstrate the value proposition in LMICs.     

Accuracy of influenza vaccination status in a computer-based immunization tracking system of a managed care organization

Influenza vaccine safety and effectiveness studies conducted using electronic medical records rely on accurate assessment of influenza vaccination status. However, influenza immunization in non-traditional settings (e.g., the workplace) may not be captured in patient immunization tracking systems. We compared influenza vaccination status from electronic records with self-reported vaccination status for five hundred and two 50–79 years olds enrolled in a large managed care organization. Influenza vaccination status in the medical record had a high positive predictive value and specificity (both >99%). The negative predictive value was 80% and sensitivity was 78%. These data suggest that an electronic record of influenza vaccination reliably indicates immunization, while the absence of such a record is only moderately accurate, partly due to vaccines received in non-traditional settings.     

Announcing the publication of the WHO immunological basis for immunization series module on influenza vaccines

In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a document aimed at facilitating influenza vaccine introduction and use in low- and middle-income countries. The document “The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series: Influenza Vaccines” is freely available on the WHO website. The main purpose of this document is to give immunization managers and vaccination professionals an authoritative but easily-understood overview of the scientific basis of influenza vaccination and the immunological basis for the WHO position on influenza vaccines. The influenza vaccine document comprises one module of the WHO Immunological Basis for Immunization series. We invite the immunization community to use these references, and we hope the influenza vaccine module will be a valuable resource for persons who manage and monitor influenza vaccine programs, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.     

Shaping meeting to explore the value of a coordinated work plan for epidemic and pandemic influenza vaccine preparedness

In March 2019, a group of global health leaders with expertise in influenza, vaccinology and pandemic preparedness was convened for a meeting titled “Shaping Meeting to explore the value of a coordinated work plan for epidemic and pandemic influenza vaccine preparedness.” Influenza epidemics occur annually in every country in the world, resulting in significant global burden of illness and deaths. While every country is effected, most deaths and severe disease occur in low- and lower middle-income countries (LIC and LMIC). Influenza immunization programs that limit the burden of disease, deaths, and reduce economic impact are a fundamental public health intervention for seasonal epidemics. In addition, they provide the experience, systems and infrastructure for the timely and efficient use of vaccines and other medical countermeasures critical for effective pandemic responses. Pandemic influenza response activities, including vaccination efforts, will be most effective if used and practiced regularly. Consequently, countries with seasonal influenza prevention and control programs should be better prepared for, and have more effective pandemic responses than countries without such programs. A decade after the 2009 pandemic, despite ongoing prevention efforts, most LICs and LMICs still lack access to robust seasonal influenza immunization programs. Given this current state, meeting participants concluded that there is critical need to advance the expansion and strengthening of seasonal influenza immunization programs in LICs and LMICs not only to reduce the economic and public health effects of annual influenza epidemics, but also to increase preparedness to mitigate the threat of future pandemics and improve global heath security. Many government and private sectors, in a whole of government approach, need to be working together to support and advance countries' epidemic and pandemic influenza capacities preparedness objectives. Accomplishment of these objectives can be achieved with a coordinated work plan developed and guided by an alliance of international stakeholders, to include, among others, government, and nongovernment organization representation, civil society representatives, vaccine manufacturers, international organizations, and health security and influenza experts.     

高风险人群流感疫苗接种现况和免疫策略分析

流感是由流感病毒引起的一种呼吸道传染性疾病,严重疾病负担常见于高风险人群。接种流感疫苗是预防流感及其并发症的有效方法,尤其是对高风险人群。虽然已有部分国家将流感疫苗纳入国家免疫规划,但全球范围内高风险人群流感疫苗接种率仍然较低。目前,流感疫苗在我国仍属于自愿自费接种的非免疫规划疫苗,且全国各地流感疫苗免疫策略差异化明显,接种率与发达国家仍有差距。进一步优化我国流感疫苗全人群免疫策略,加强流感疫苗全人群免疫策略的宣传,降低我国流感的疾病负担,是目前迫切需要解决的问题。     

Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalization in children in Hong Kong, 2010–2020

BackgroundInfluenza virus infections can cause hospitalizations in children, and annual vaccination of children can provide protection against influenza.MethodsWe analyzed a test-negative design study with data spanning from 2010/11 through 2019/20 to evaluate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza hospitalization in children by age group, influenza type/subtype and time period within each season. We enrolled children admitted to hospital with acute febrile respiratory illnesses. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by culture and/or RT-PCR to determine influenza status, and vaccination status was obtained by interviewing parents or legal guardians and was verified where possible. VE was estimated by conditional logistic regression model adjusting for sex, age and age-squared, matching on week.ResultsInfluenza seasons in Hong Kong are prolonged with influenza-associated hospitalizations occurring in almost every month of the year during the study period. Influenza vaccination was effective in preventing influenza-associated hospitalizations in children of all ages. Influenza VE was higher in younger children than in older children, and higher against hospitalization due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 than A(H3N2) and B.ConclusionsThe childhood influenza vaccination program in Hong Kong has prevented influenza-associated hospitalizations particularly in younger children. Our findings support the use of influenza vaccines in children as an effective approach to influenza control and prevention.     

进口与国产流感疫苗血清学免疫效果对比

目的 了解进口流感疫苗与国产流感疫苗对中国健康人群的血清学免疫效果，为流感疫苗的使用选择提供科学依据。方法 选择中国北方较为广泛使用的进口和国产2种疫苗，分别接种于2组健康人群，在免疫后不同时间，检测其抗体滴度，计算抗体保护率。结果 仅乙型抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)在免疫后150d，2组差异有显著性(t＝2．0339，P＜0．05)，2种疫苗在免疫后各时期，其抗体保护率差异均无显著性。甲l型和甲2型抗体GMT在免疫后各时间差异无显著性。结论 2种疫苗血清学免疫效果基本相同。     

Outer membrane vesicles harboring modified lipid A moiety augment the efficacy of an influenza vaccine exhibiting reduced endotoxicity in a mouse model

Influenza is an acute respiratory disease and a major health problem worldwide. Since mucosal immunity plays a critical role in protection against influenza virus infection, mucosal immunization is considered a promising vaccination route. However, except for live-attenuated vaccines, there are no effective killed or recombinant mucosal influenza vaccines to date. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nano-sized vesicles produced by gram-negative bacteria, and contain various bacterial components capable of stimulating the immune system of the host. We generated an OMV with low endotoxicity (fmOMV) by modifying the structure of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide and investigated its effect as an intranasal vaccine adjuvant in an influenza vaccine model. In this model, fmOMV exhibited reduced toll-like receptor 4-stimulating activity and attenuated endotoxicity compared to that of native OMV. Intranasal injection of the vaccine antigen with fmOMV significantly increased systemic antibody and T cell responses, mucosal IgA levels, and the frequency of lung-resident influenza-specific T cells. In addition, the number of antigen-bearing CD103⁺ dendritic cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes was significantly increased after fmOMV co-administration. Notably, the mice co-immunized with fmOMV showed a significantly higher protection rate against challenge with a lethal dose of homologous or heterologous influenza viruses without adverse effects. These results show the potential of fmOMV as an effective mucosal adjuvant for intranasal vaccines.     

Intranasally administered Endocine™ formulated 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccine induces broad specific antibody responses and confers protection in ferrets

Influenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by an influenza virus. Due to continuous antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses, influenza vaccines need to be adjusted before every influenza season. This allows annual vaccination with multivalent seasonal influenza vaccines, recommended especially for high-risk groups. There is a need for a seasonal influenza vaccine that induces broader and longer lasting protection upon easy administration. Endocine™ is a lipid-based mucosal adjuvant composed of endogenous lipids found ubiquitously in the human body. Intranasal administration of influenza antigens mixed with this adjuvant has been shown to induce local and systemic immunity as well as protective efficacy against homologous influenza virus challenge in mice. Here we used ferrets, an established animal model for human influenza virus infections, to further investigate the potential of Endocine™ as an adjuvant. Intranasal administration of inactivated pandemic H1N1/California/2009 split antigen or whole virus antigen mixed with Endocine™ induced high levels of serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) antibody titers that were also cross reactive against distant swine viruses of the same subtype. HI and VN antibody titers were already demonstrated after a single nasal immunization. Upon intratracheal challenge with a homologous challenge virus (influenza virus H1N1/The Netherlands/602/2009) immunized ferrets were fully protected from virus replication in the lungs and largely protected against body weight loss, virus replication in the upper respiratory tract and pathological changes in the respiratory tract. Endocine™ formulated vaccines containing split antigen induced higher HI and VN antibody responses and better protection from body weight loss and virus shedding in the upper respiratory tract than the Endocine™ formulated vaccine containing whole virus antigen.     

A decade of adaptation: Regulatory contributions of the World Health Organization to the Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (2006–2016)

The Global Action Plan (GAP) for Influenza Vaccines is a decade-long initiative that brings together a diverse range of stakeholders to work towards reducing anticipated global shortage of influenza vaccines and ensuring more equitable access to vaccines during the next influenza pandemic. Since its inception in 2006, significant progress has been made towards all the main objectives of GAP, namely: (1) an increase in seasonal vaccine use, (2) an increase in vaccine production, and (3) progress in research and development of more effective vaccines. The Technology Transfer Initiative (TTI), conceived and managed by WHO under the GAP, contributed to increasing regional influenza vaccine production capacity. This was achieved by facilitating technology transfer in 14 low- and middle-income countries, through grants to manufacturers to establish or strengthen influenza vaccine production capacity and support to their national regulatory authorities. Five of the countries subsequently licensed locally produced influenza vaccines; two pandemic and three seasonal vaccines received WHO prequalification. The success of GAP can be largely attributed to the regulatory support provided by WHO to both manufacturers and regulators. This support had two components: (1) direct regulatory support to GAP/TTI, and (2) support to GAP-related WHO programmes, such as the Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Deployment Initiative in 2010 and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework since 2013, especially in non-vaccine-producing countries. Temporary adaptation of the assessment process for influenza vaccines in the WHO Vaccine Prequalification Programme to the A(H1N1) pandemic situation in 2009 was instrumental to the success of the WHO Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Deployment Initiative in its attempt to meet the demand for pandemic vaccines in countries that received donated vaccines.