Transoral robotic-assisted free flap reconstruction after radiation therapy in hypopharyngeal carcinoma: report of two cases

The objective was to assess the feasibility and safety of transoral robotic surgery (TORS)-assisted free flap reconstruction for hypopharyngeal carcinoma after radiation therapy. The study evaluated the feasibility, surgical margins, the need for a tracheotomy, a nasogastric tube as well as surgery-related complications. Two patients underwent TORS-assisted free flap reconstruction after radiation therapy. The resection margins were free of tumor in both patients. A tracheotomy was performed in one patient who had been decannulated on the sixth postoperative day. One patient resumed satisfactory oral feeding in the fourth postoperative month and the second patient on postoperative day 7. No intraoperative complication and one postoperative complication (neck hematoma) were reported. After a follow-up period of 24 and 30 months, no local recurrence was observed. TORS is feasible for hypopharyngeal resection and assisted free flap reconstruction after radiation therapy. It represents a further step in the development of minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of head and neck cancers with laryngeal preservation.     

Salvage surgery with free flap reconstruction: factors affecting outcome after treatment of recurrent head and neck squamous carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors predicting the outcome after salvage surgery with microvascular flap reconstruction for recurrent squamous cell cancer (SCC) of the head and neck. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective analysis of patients treated at an academic medical center. METHODS: One hundred six patients underwent salvage surgery and microvascular flap reconstruction after prior unsuccessful cancer treatment using surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. All patients had a follow-up interval after salvage surgery of at least 24 months unless cancer rerecurrence occurred within 24 months after salvage surgery. Factors including age, sex, comorbidity level, tobacco use, alcohol use, disease-free interval since prior therapy, prior radiation, prior chemotherapy, prior surgery, recurrent tumor T class, recurrent tumor N class, recurrent cancer stage, and tumor location were examined to determine their association with cancer rerecurrence after salvage surgery. Successful treatment was defined as patients who remained free from cancer rerecurrence for a minimum 2 year period after salvage surgery. RESULTS: Advanced recurrent T class (P = .02) was significantly associated with cancer recurrence. Recurrent cancer stage and patient smoking status approached statistical significance (P = .06). CONCLUSION: Patients with recurrent T1 and T2 class are the best candidates for salvage surgery and microvascular flap reconstruction for treatment of recurrent SCC of the head and neck. Patients with T3 and T4 class recurrent cancers and patients who continue to smoke after initial diagnosis and treatment of head and neck SCC are poor candidates to undergo salvage surgery.     

鼻及咽部树突细胞肿瘤4例临床分析并文献复习

目的：探讨树突细胞肿瘤的临床表现、病理特点、治疗和预后。方法：4例鼻及咽部树突细胞肿瘤患者中，滤泡状树突细胞肉瘤（FDCS）2例，朗格汉斯组织细胞增多症（LCH）1例，朗格汉斯细胞肉瘤（LCS）1例。2例FDCS中有1例行综合治疗（手术加放化疗），1例仅行放化疗；1例LCH及1例LCS患儿均行手术治疗。结果：2例FDCS患者，l例术后行4个疗程CHOP方案及同步放疗（50Gy）后达完全缓解，1例仅行放化疗者随访7个月仍带瘤生存；1例LCH患儿随访2年余，肿瘤无复发及转移；1例LCS患儿，术后未行放化疗，随访10个月后死亡。结论：树突细胞肿瘤罕见，临床易误诊，确诊需病理组织形态、免疫组织化学及电镜相结合，FDCS、LCH及LCS具有独特的病理表现、免疫表型、诊治及预后。     

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the mandible: report of a rare case

We describe what we believe is only the second reported case of primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the mandible. Our patient was successfully treated initially with surgery and adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy, but 18 months later she developed a fatal pulmonary metastasis. Although this tumor is aggressive and prone to recurrence and metastasis, early intervention might improve the prognosis in affected patients. In patients with unresectable disease, radiation and chemotherapy might have palliative value.     

中耳耵聍腺肿瘤3例并文献复习

目的 探讨中耳耵聍腺肿瘤的临床病理特点、诊治方法及预后情况.方法 回顾分析确诊为不同类型耵聍腺肿瘤3例患者的临床资料,加以总结.结果 随访至2014年12月,其中1例中耳耵聍腺瘤患者术后6年,未见复发及转移;1例中耳耵聍腺癌患者经手术及放疗后(20 Gy)1年复发,再次手术及放疗,2年后出现面瘫怀疑肿瘤复发,因患者放弃治疗,未能明确,但随访6年仍存活;1例腺样囊腺癌患者行2次手术及P53治疗1年后发生颌下转移,再次手术及放疗,随访9个月后,影像学提示肿瘤复发并转移至颅内,未再治疗,至随访结束时仍存活.结论 中耳耵聍腺肿瘤的早期诊断困难,易复发,其确诊有赖于临床特点、影像学和组织病理学检查,其治疗方式及预后与肿瘤类型相关,耵聍腺瘤以手术治疗为主,耵聍腺癌及腺样囊性癌应采用以手术治疗为主的综合治疗.     

Resection of extensive sellar tumors with extended endoscopic transseptal transsphenoidal approach

The endoscope has recently been used to extensive sellar lesions, but the extended areas of the lesions and operative techniques vary from each study. Here we present our experience with extended endoscopic transseptal transsphenoidal (EETT) approach to 16 patients with extensive sellar lesion and evaluate the feasibility of EETT in different extensive sellar tumor resection. Sixteen patients with extensive sellar lesion were operated by EETT approach in this study. The approach included unilateral posterior septum mucosa resection, posterior septectomy, extended ethmoidectomy and sphenoidoctomy, four tumoral circumferences (bilateral, superior, inferior aspects) isolated and subsequently tumoral removal from outside to inside of the tumors obtained. This surgical procedure is satisfactory for sellar lesion with different juxtasellar extension. After surgery, CT scan and MR image showed that total removal of the tumor was achieved in 10 patients. Six patients who received subtotal resection were treated with postoperative radiation therapy or gamma knife surgery. Two patients developed postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak that was successfully managed by conservative treatment within 6 days after surgery. No other new postoperative endocrinological or neurological defects occurred. Six months to 5 years follow up indicated that all 16 patients with the visual disturbances and 4 patients with endocrine impairments have recovered or improved. One patient with malignant meningioma died due to recurrence of the tumor 2 years postoperation. Another one patient with malignant inverted papilloma recurred 1 year postoperation and underwent operation and radiation therapy again. The EETT approach might better facilitate the removal of different extensive sellar lesions with maximal preservation of important anatomical structures and nasal function.     

小涎腺肿瘤的外科治疗

目的:分析和探讨小涎腺肿瘤的临床特征和诊疗要点。方法:对我院1997～2004年收治的54例小涎腺肿瘤患者的临床特征和治疗效果作回顾性分析。结果:54例患者中失访16例,在随访到的38例患者中,因肿瘤复发死亡4例,其中2例鼻腔腺样囊性癌分别于术后2年和3年死于肿瘤复发,1例喉肌上皮癌术后3年死于肿瘤复发,1例鼻窦黏液表皮样癌术后1年5个月死于肿瘤复发;2例鼻窦腺样囊性癌术后复发,再次手术后无瘤生存;1例鼻腔腺样囊性癌术后11个月复发,行伽玛刀治疗及中药治疗带瘤生存;其余患者均无瘤生存。结论:小涎腺肿瘤分布广泛,病理类型繁多,本组病例以恶性肿瘤多见,占81.4%。不同部位的肿瘤和不同病理类型的肿瘤临床表现和治疗方案各不相同。对良性肿瘤多采用肿瘤摘除术。而对恶性肿瘤治疗,手术结合放疗是主要的治疗方案。成功的关键是完整地切除肿瘤和有足够的切缘。     

Hypothyroidism following combined therapy in carcinoma of the laryngopharynx

There is an increasing trend to combine high dosage pre-operative radiation with radical surgery for carcinoma of the laryngopharynx. This could be a hazard to thyroid function, especially when surgery includes a partial thyroidectomy. We initiated a study in 1969 to determine the effect on thyroid function produced by external radiation of the neck followed by radical surgery of the laryngopharynx. A group of 24 patients previously treated with external radiation and/or surgery for carcinoma of the laryngopharynx, and without recurrence, were studied with laboratory determinations of PBI and total serum thyroxine (T₄). Out of 12 patients treated with 3,800 to 5,500 tissue rads of pre-operative Cobalt 60 to the neck, laryngectomy and hemithyroidectomy, eight or 66 percent were found to be hypothyroid at varying time periods (two to 74 months) after treatment. A PBI determination was done on five of these patients and ranged from 0.8 to 3.2 mcg percent (n = 4.0 to 8.0). A total serum thyroxine was done for all eight patients. Those performed by the column method ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 mcg percent thyroxine iodine (n = 2.9 to 6.4) and those performed by the Murphy-Pattee method ranged from 1.3 to 4.9 meg percent thyroxine (n = 5.0 to 13.7). Two of the other 12 patients were found to be hypothyroid. One patient received 7,000 tissue rads of Cobalt 60 and no surgery. One year following therapy his thyroid studies were normal, but two years after therapy his studies were within the hypothyroid range. The other patient found to be hypothyroid had a laryngectomy and hemithyroidectomy with no pre-op-erative Cobalt 60. The operative report indicated that both the superior and inferior thyroid vessels to the remaining lobe were ligated.     

Osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck. The UCLA experience

Eighteen cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck were treated at our institution between 1955 and 1987. The patients' ages ranged from 5 to 73 years, with a median age of 28 years. The sex distribution was equal. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 276 months, with a median of 79 months. The primary site of the tumor was the mandible in nine cases, maxilla and paranasal sinuses in six, skull in two, and orbit in one. Six of 18 patients were free of disease with greater than 5 years of follow-up. Four of the six received combined surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy as their primary treatment. Of the five patients treated with surgery alone, four suffered recurrences, one of whom was salvaged with further surgery and chemotherapy. Five patients were treated initially without surgery. They received radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy; all five developed local recurrence. We conclude that osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck is an aggressive tumor, prone to both local and distant failure. Based on our series and from published experience involving the extremities, osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck should be managed with multimodality therapy.     

Management decisions in laryngeal carcinoma in situ

Twenty-one patients with laryngeal carcinoma in situ (n = 12) or carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (n = 9) were treated with laser mucosal dissection of the vocal cords and/or superficial laser cordectomy. The normal architecture of the vocal cords was preserved because the depth of vaporization was usually superficial in these early cases. Five patients had recurrence, new tumor, or persistence of abnormal tissue that required additional laser surgical treatments. With a follow-up range of 6 months to 4 years, all patients currently are free of laryngeal abnormality, and no patient has needed open laryngeal surgery or radiation therapy. Transoral endoscopic laser resection of laryngeal carcinoma in situ with or without microinvasion should be the treatment of choice for these early lesions.     

Extramedullary plasmocytoma of the nasal cavity: a case report

PURPOSE OF STUDY: To establish a diagnosis and therapeutic management in patients with extramedullar plasmocytomas. METHOD: There is no consensus concerning extramedullar plasmocytoma treatment. One patient with a nasal cavity tumor location and a review of literature are reported. RESULTS: Extramedullar plasmocytoma is a rare tumor that occurs most frequently in the upper respiratory tract. The most common location is the nasal cavity. Diagnosis can only be made after histological and immunohistochemical examinations. Localized tumors are treated by radiation therapy, combined or not with surgery. Disseminated diseases are treated by chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis can only be confirmed after the exclusion of a systemic disease (multiple myeloma).     

60例鼻前庭肿块的临床分析

目的 总结鼻前庭肿块的临床诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析1982年5月～2003年4月收治的60例鼻前庭肿块患者的临床资料、手术方法及径路。结果 60例鼻前庭肿块中良性肿瘤51例，炎性疾病5例，恶性肿瘤4例，均行手术治疗，术后无并发症，痊愈出院。51例良性肿瘤和5例炎性肿块患者中，37例随访5个月～15年(平均97个月)无复发和恶性变；2例复发再次手术治疗；6例死于其他疾病；11例失访。4例恶性肿瘤患者中，2例恶性黑色素瘤分别于术后1年、4年10个月复发，再次行鼻侧切开肿瘤切除，分别于第2次术后1年3个月和6年10个月死于复发和肝转移；乳头状瘤癌变和非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者已无瘤生存超过17年和5年2个月。结论 鼻前庭解剖区域虽小，但各种性质的肿块均可发生，治疗以手术切除为主，手术途径根据肿块的位置、大小及性质而定。     

Therapeutic experience of recurrent myoepithelial carcinoma by superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy infused high-dose CDDP

Myoepithelial carcinoma is one of several new entities added to the updated classification of salivary gland tumors by the WHO in 1991. This tumor most frequently occurs in parotid gland. This is the first report presenting the tumor in floor of the mouth. It is a rare and prognostic poor cancer. Especially, there was not good therapy for recurrent cases. We treated the patient with repeated recurrences three times and presented in bilateral parapharyngeal space to skullbase in this time. We targeted function preservation and complete cure. In order to accomplish the both objections he received the superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy infused high-dose CDDP with radiation. We confirmed tumor free in FDG-PET in 2 months after the treatment. Now, we cannot detect any recurrence in 7 months after the treatment and he can eat anything and communicate anybody as before treated. We should follow-up him carefully.     

60例鼻前庭肿块的临床分析

目的　总结鼻前庭肿块的临床诊治经验。方法　回顾性分析 1982年 5月～ 2 0 0 3年4月收治的 6 0例鼻前庭肿块患者的临床资料、手术方法及径路。结果　 6 0例鼻前庭肿块中良性肿瘤5 1例 ,炎性疾病 5例 ,恶性肿瘤 4例 ,均行手术治疗 ,术后无并发症 ,痊愈出院。 5 1例良性肿瘤和 5例炎性肿块患者中 ,37例随访 5个月～ 15年 (平均 97个月 )无复发和恶性变 ;2例复发再次手术治疗 ;6例死于其他疾病 ;11例失访。 4例恶性肿瘤患者中 ,2例恶性黑色素瘤分别于术后 1年、4年 10个月复发 ,再次行鼻侧切开肿瘤切除 ,分别于第 2次术后 1年 3个月和 6年 10个月死于复发和肝转移 ;乳头状瘤癌变和非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者已无瘤生存超过 17年和 5年 2个月。结论　鼻前庭解剖区域虽小 ,但各种性质的肿块均可发生 ,治疗以手术切除为主 ,手术途径根据肿块的位置、大小及性质而定。     

Swallowing function and tracheotomy dependence after combined-modality treatment including free tissue transfer for advanced-stage oropharyngeal cancer

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: There are many treatments available for advanced oropharyngeal cancer. Organ-sparing protocols reserve surgery for salvage and are thought to provide adequate rehabilitation. Surgical resection with free tissue transfer may also provide adequate functional rehabilitation. The objective was to describe swallowing status and time to decannulation in a series of patients treated with combined-modality therapy that included free flap reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Patient data were obtained from medical records of 20 patients with stage III or IV oropharyngeal carcinoma, who were consecutively treated with surgical tumor extirpation, free flap reconstruction, and postoperative irradiation at a tertiary academic center from 1985 to 2002. The following variables were identified: patient and tumor characteristics, free flap type, irradiation data, and airway and swallowing status before and after treatment. RESULTS: One patient underwent total laryngopharyngectomy, and the remaining 19 patients underwent tracheotomy at the time of definitive surgery. Free flap reconstructions included 1 ulnar and 15 radial forearm fasciocutaneous flaps and 4 fibula osteocutaneous flaps. Postoperatively, all 19 tracheotomized patients had successful decannulation. Average time to decannulation was 15 days (range, 3-42 d). After surgery and before irradiation, 13 patients initiated oral intake, on average, at 19.5 days (range, 7-28 d); 6 patients required no additional supplementation. By 4 months after surgery, having completed radiation therapy, 10 patients were consuming all nutrition orally; the other 10 patients still required tube-feed supplementation, although 6 of these patients were also eating by mouth. CONCLUSION: Combined-modality treatment that includes free flap reconstruction for advanced-stage oropharyngeal cancer may provide reasonable functional rehabilitation with respect to postoperative airway and swallowing.     

Application of cyberknife for the treatment of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: a case report

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) tumors can be locally destructive when they spread submucosally. The purpose of this study was to present an image-guided, robotic radiotherapy (Cyberknife) to successfully treat a 12-year-old boy with Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA). He complained of progressive right nasal obstruction, intermittent epistaxis. Computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the presence of a tumor in the right nasal cavity and nasopharynx with significant hypervascularization from the right maxillary artery. Pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of JNA. Surgical treatment was recommended but refused by religious reasons. We initially treated the patient with external-beam radiation therapy (total treatments, 12; total dose, 2400 cGy), which, after 7 months, failed to reduce the size of the tumor or relieve the patient's symptoms. We subsequently treated the patient with Cyberknife therapy (total treatments, 3; total dose, 4512 cGy) and observed almost complete disappearance of the tumor after 7 months. After 2 years of observation, there has been no tumor recurrence. Cyberknife therapy is compared with other therapeutic options for JNA, and its benefits are discussed in the context of the findings in the literature.     

Fibrosarcoma of the head and neck. The UCLA experience

Between 1955 and 1987, twenty-nine patients with the diagnosis of fibrosarcoma of the head and neck were seen at the UCLA Medical Center. Follow-up ranged from 15 to 192 months, with a median of 66 months. Absolute 5-year survival was 62% (13/21). Five of 17 patients treated initially with surgery alone achieved local control and long-term survival. All five had low-grade lesions. Five patients received postoperative radiation therapy because of positive surgical margins. Three were rendered disease free, and all had low-grade lesions. Radiation therapy was used as primary treatment in six patients, four of whom received additional chemotherapy. Of these six, two are disease free with longer than 5-year follow-up. Surgery with and without adjuvant therapy successfully salvaged 42% (5/12) of the patients with local recurrence. Eighty percent (12/15) of the patients with low-grade lesions were ultimately rendered disease free vs only 8% (1/12) of the patients with high-grade histologic features. Seventy-two percent (13/18) of the patients with local recurrence were known to have positive surgical margins. Sixty-eight percent (13/19) of the patients with recurrent disease had high-grade lesions and/or tumor size larger than 5 cm. Tumor grade is the most important prognostic factor followed by tumor size and surgical margin status. Patients with low-grade lesions and adequate surgical margins are treated well with surgery alone. Patients with high-grade lesions or positive surgical margins should receive adjuvant treatment.     

Radiation failures in cancer of the larynx.

Overwhelming statistics have been published regarding the success of radiation therapy in the management of laryngeal carcinoma. The fate of those patients whose cancers are not controlled by radiotherapy is often left to speculation. An analysis is made of 61 patients with early and advanced laryngeal cancer treated initially with radiation therapy and subsequently operated upon because of recurrent or persistent tumor. Frequently, diagnosis of recurrence is difficult or delayed. Preservation of voice can only be accomplished when recurrence of T1 and T2 lesions is detected early and strict criteria are followed. Conservation surgery is not feasible for early lesions which progress after radiation failure. Advanced T2 and T4 lesions which become radiation failures also require laryngectomy for salvage. In cancer of the larynx, there is a definite, identifiable group of patients in whom surgery would be advisable as the initial therapy.     

自体游离空肠重建喉咽及颈段食管

目的探讨自体游离空肠移植重建喉咽及颈段食管的临床应用。方法回顾性研究1999年8月～2006年8月共进行的9例喉咽和(或)颈段食管肿瘤切除、自体游离空肠移植食管和(或)喉咽重建术病例。总结手术适应证的选择、手术方法、围手术处理方法及手术效果。结果9例患者移植游离空肠全部存活,无咽瘘、颈部感染或吻合口狭窄等颈部并发症。2例成功保留喉功能。9例患者最长随访时间37个月,最短22个月。1例患者术后22个月时发现舌根部肿瘤复发,经放射治疗后好转,术后25个月失访。1例患者术后17个月因肿瘤复发死亡。其余7例存活,无吞咽困难,未见肿瘤复发。结论正确的适应证选择,合理的围手术期处理,以及熟练的小血管吻合技术是游离空肠移植重建喉咽和颈段食管,治疗晚期喉咽癌、颈段食管癌成功的保证;再次证明,游离空肠移植重建喉咽和颈段食管不仅为肿瘤完全切除并一期重建提供技术保障,还能提高患者的无瘤生存率和生存质量。     

Radiation therapy for paragangliomas of the temporal bone

Treatment of paragangliomas of the temporal bone (glomus jugulare and glomus tympanicum tumors) is controversial, with both surgery and radiation therapy having their advocates. This paper discusses the experience at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in treating 10 cases of this uncommon tumor between 1971 and 1988. Seven of 10 cases were initially treated using irradiation and achieved complete tumor control for a mean of 67 months (range = 23-107 months). Two patients, one treated surgically and the other by embolization, had recurrences and were salvaged by radiation, and neither has recurred. The final patient is disease-free 9 months after embolization and surgery. There have been no serious sequelae of treatment. We conclude that moderate-dose irradiation can safely control most temporal bone paragangliomas.