Somatotopic organization of facial nucleus of rabbit. With particular reference to intranuclear representation of perioral branches of the facial nerve

Somatotopic organization of the facial nucleus was examined in the rabbit by the retrograde HRP (horseradish peroxidase) method; HRP was applied to the peripheral branches of the facial nerve. The facial nucleus is cytoarchitectonically divided into 5 division: the ventromedial, medial, dorsal, lateral and intermediate divisions. The ventromedial division contains neurons supplying the cervical branch. The medial division supplies the anterior auricular branch as well as the posterior auricular branch. The dorsal division is small and contains motoneurons innervating the periorbital regions through the zygomatico-orbital branchlets as well as the anterior auricular branch. Motoneurons innervating the perioral regions are numerous and distributed in the lateral and intermediate division; each of the lateral and intermediate divisions supplies both superior labial and inferior labial branches.     

Topographical representation of peripheral branches of the facial nerve within the facial nucleus: A HRP study in the cat

Representation of peripheral branches of the facial nerve within the facial nucleus of the cat was examined by utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which was injected into groups of muscles supplied by each of the main peripheral branches of the facial nerve. The cervical branch was represented in the ventromedial division of the facial nucleus, the posterior auricular branch in the medial division, the temporal branch in the intermediate division, the zygomatico-orbital branch in the dorsal division, the superior labial branch in the lateral division and the inferior labial branch in the ventrolateral division.     

Topographical arrangement of hypoglossal motoneurons: an HRP study in the cat

Myotopical localization of hypoglossal motoneurons and representation of the main branches of the hypoglossal nerve within the hypoglossal nucleus were examined in the cat by the HRP method. The hypoglossal nucleus is divided cytoarchitectonically into the ventromedial and dorsolateral divisions; the medial and lateral branches of the hypoglossal nerve are represented respectively in the ventromedial and dorsolateral divisions. The genioglossus motoneurons are located in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial division, and the geniohyoid motoneurons are in the most ventral part of the ventromedial division. The hypoglossus and styloglossus motoneurons are located in the lateral and dorsolateral parts of the dorsolateral division.     

An immunocytochemical mapping of methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in the cat brainstem

The distribution of methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibres was studied in the brainstem of the cat using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. In the mesencephalon, immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the periaqueductal grey, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the central and pericentral nuclei of the inferior colliculus and the pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus. In the pons, immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the dorsolateral division of the pontine nucleus; below the central division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus; above the dorsolateral division of the pontine nucleus, and close to the superior cerebellar peduncle. In the medulla oblongata, immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the lateral tegmental field; the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; the prepositus hypoglossal nucleus; the medial nucleus of the solitary tract; the rostral division of the cuneate nucleus, and close to the parvocellular division of the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus. The highest (moderate) density of immunoreactive fibres was observed in the periaqueductal grey; the parvocellular and magnocellular divisions of the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus; the laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus; the rostral division of the cuneate nucleus; the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; the lateral nucleus of the solitary tract, and in the midline between the central divisions of the reticulotegmental pontine nucleus. The widespread distribution of methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in the cat brainstem indicates that the peptide might be involved in several physiological functions.     

Tachykinin immunoreactivity in terminals of trigeminal afferent fibers in adult and fetal monkey thalamus

Summary Immunocytochemistry of fetal and adult monkey thalamus reveals a dense concentration of tachykinin immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the dorsolateral part of the VPM nucleus in which the contralateral side of the head, face and mouth is represented. The immunoreactive fibers enter the VPM nucleus from the thalamic fasciculus and electron microscopy reveals that they form large terminals resembling those of lemniscal axons and terminating in VPM on dendrites of relay neurons and on presynaptic dendrites of interneurons. Double labeling strategies involving immunostaining for tachykinins after retrograde labeling of brainstem neurons projecting to the VPM failed to reveal the origin of the fibers. The brainstem trigeminal nuclei, however, are regarded as the most likely sources of the VPM-projecting, tachykinin positive fibers.Abbreviations AB ambiguus nucleus - AN abducens nucleus - C cuneate nucleus - CD dorsal cochlear nucleus - CL central lateral nucleus - CM centre médian nucleus - D dendrite - DR dorsal raphe - DV dorsal vagal nucleus - EC external cuneate nucleus - FM medial longitudinal fasciculus - FN facial nucleus - G gracile nucleus - Gc gigantocellular reticular formation - HN hypoglossal nucleus - ICP inferior cerebellar peduncle - IO inferior olivary complex - LC locus coeruleus - LL lateral lemniscus - LM medial lemniscus - M5 motor trigeminal nucleus - NS solitary nucleus - OS superior olivary complex - P dendritic protrusion - Pb parabrachial nucleus - Pc parvocellular reticular formation - PLa anterior pulvinar nucleus - Pp prepositus hypoglossi nucleus - Ps presynaptic region - Py pyramidal tract - P5 principal sensory trigeminal nucleus - R reticular nucleus - RF reticular formation - RL lateral reticular nucleus - S5 spinal trigeminal nucleus - T terminal - T5 spinal trigeminal tract - VL lateral vestibular nucleus - VM medial vestibular nucleus - VMb basal ventral medial nucleus - VPI ventral posterior inferior nucleus - VPL ventral posterior lateral nucleus - VPM ventral posterior medial nucleus - VR ventral raphe - VS superior vestibular nucleus - VSp spinal vestibular nucleus - ZI zona incerta - 5 trigeminal nerve - 6 abducens nerve - 7 facial nerve     

Non-motoneurons in the facial and motor trigeminal nuclei projecting to the cerebellar flocculus in the cat

Summary The cerebellar projection from the facial and motor trigeminal nuclei was studied in the cat by means of retrograde axonal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent tracers. The feline facial nucleus was cytoarchitectonically subdivided into ventromedial, ventrolateral, lateral, dorsal, intermediate and medial divisions (see Papez 1927), and the motor trigeminal nucleus into medial, ventral, intermediate, lateral and dorsal divisions. The neurons in the facial and motor trigeminal nuclei were classified as small (ovoid to round cells with a maximum diameter of the cell body of about 20 m) or large (polygonal to round cells with maximum diameter of about 40 m). After floccular injections of the wheat germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase complex, retrogradely labelled cells were found throughout the facial nucleus, but especially in its medial and dorsal divisions. In the motor trigeminal nucleus, labelled neurons were found only in the ventral, intermediate and lateral divisions. Cases with tracer deposition (implants or injections) in other parts of the cerebellar cortex or nuclei were all negative. All facial and motor trigeminal neurons labelled after floccular injections were smaller than the neurons labelled after injections in the facial mimic and masticatory muscles, and only single-labelled neurons were found following floccular injections of Fluoro-Gold and muscular injections of rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate in the same animals. These observations strongly suggest that the neurons in the facial and motor trigeminal nuclei which project to flocculus are of the non-motoneuron type.     

Evidence for the site of the superior salivatory nucleus in the guinea pig: A retrograde HRP study

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the proximal end of the severed lingual nerve distal to where it was joined by the chorda tympani nerve in 15 female guinea pigs. Labeled cells were seen in the lateral reticular formation dorsal to the facial nucleus along the medial edge of the spinal nucleus of V. These cells were aligned vertically and partially within the facial nerve fibers which were emerging from the facial nucleus lying ventrally. HRP-reactive axons were also seen among the facial nerve fibers coursing dorsomedially toward the genu of the facial nerve. These results demonstrated for the first time the locus of the superior salivatory nucleus in the guinea pig and were consistent with anatomical results previously reported in other species. In addition, labeled fibers indicated that superior salivatory nucleus axons became incorporated in the facial nerve immediately dorsal to its origin.     

Re-examination of the topographical distribution of motoneurons innervating the digastric muscle in the rabbit and guinea pig.

The topographical distribution of motoneurons innervating the digastric muscle in the rabbit and guinea pig was re-examined by the retrograde tracing method of HRP (horseradish peroxidase). Motoneurons innervating the anterior belly of the digastric muscle of the rabbit and guinea pig constituted a longitudinal cell column in the ventromedial part of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Motoneurons innervating the posterior belly of the digastric muscle were localized in the accessory facial nucleus. No motoneurons supplying the digastric muscle were found within the main facial nucleus.     

Localization of masticatory motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus of the guinea pig

The myotopical arrangement of masticatory motoneurons was examined in the guinea pig by the horseradish peroxidase method. The trigeminal motor nucleus was composed of dorsolateral and ventromedial divisions; the former was seen in the whole rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus, while the latter was present at levels of the caudal two thirds of the nucleus. The jaw-closer motoneurons were located in the dorsolateral division, and the jaw-opener motoneurons (mylohyoid and anterior digastric motoneurons) were seen in the ventromedial division.     

Anatomical study of the variations in innervation of the orbicularis oculi by the facial nerve

While the divisions of the facial nerve in the face are well known, the innervation of the orbicularis oculi by the different distal branches of the facial nerve is poorly described. To determine which branches of the facial nerve play a role in this innervation, the facial nerve was dissected in 30 fresh cadavers. The innervation of this muscle was in the form of two plexuses, a superior one, most often (93%) formed by the union of the temporal and superior zygomatic branches, and an inferior one, usually formed (63%) by the union of the inferior zygomatic and superior buccal branches. This new mode of innervation explains how, without damage to both plexuses, innervation of orbicularis oculi by the facial nerve remains functional. It also explains the often unsatisfactory results of treatment of primary blepharospasm, and the unusual character of palsies of this muscle in cervicofacial lifts.     

Distribution of premotor neurons for orbicularis oculi motoneurons in the cat, with particular reference to possible pathways for blink reflex

After injecting horseradish peroxidase into the facial nucleus regions containing orbicularis oculi motoneurons, labeled neuronal cell bodies were found in the lateral medullary reticular formation, pretectal olivary nucleus, sensory trigeminal nuclei, lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei, ventromedial reticular formation medial to the facial nucleus, red nucleus and its surroundings, anterior horn of the upper cervical cord, medullary raphe nuclei, oculomotor nucleus and its surroundings, nuclei of Darkschewitsch, Cajal and Edinger-Westphal, ventral part of the midbrain central gray, pontine tegmentum, lateral vestibular nucleus and deep layers of the superior colliculus.     

The facial artery of the lion (Panthera leo)

An investigation was made of the facial artery in 3 heads of the lion (Panthera s. Felis leo) in the possession of the authors' department. The heads were injected with acryl plastic via the common carotid artery and were examined from the standpoint of the comparative anatomy. Five sides of these 3 heads were prepared to vascular corrosion casts and the remaining side to a dessection specimen preserved in formalin solution. The facial artery of the lion arose independently from the anteroinferior wall of the external carotid artery between the styloglossus and digastricus muscles and between the origins of the lingual and the posterior auricular arteries at a position where the external carotid curved laterally anterior to the tympanic bulla. The facial artery gave rise to the mandibular glandular branch posterosuperiorly immediately after its origin and passed forwards medial to the insertion of the masseter along the superior margin of the digastricus and bent anteroinferiorly giving off the sublingual glandular branch after the divergence of a thick, masseteric branch. The facial artery reached the posterior margin of the mylohyoideus muscle, where it gave rise to the submental artery anteroinferiorly from its inferior wall. The submental artery passed forwards along the inferior margin of the mandible, giving off the digastric and the mylohyoid branches, up to the intermandibular synchondrosis, where it anastomosed with the opposite fellow after giving off the genioglossal branch. The main stream of the facial artery, after giving off the submental artery, reached the face through the facial vascular notch of the mandible. The facial artery passed anterosuperiorly along the anterior margin of the masseter muscle, giving off the buccal, the cutaneous and the mandibular marginal branches, up to a position posterior to the oral angle, where it terminated to the inferior labial and the posterior superior labial arteries. Similarities between the lion and the cat were found in terms of both the origin and ramifications. However, the inferior labial artery was more developed than that of the cat, whereas the peripheral ramifications of the submental artery were underdeveloped and supplemented by the lingual artery.     

The facial nucleus of the rat: representation of facial muscles revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

The representation of facial muscle groups in the facial nucleus of rat was examined by retrograde transport of HRP. Motoneurons supplying muscle groups are arranged in longitudinal columns. Those supplying nasolabial muscles are located in the lateral and ventral intermediate segments, posterior auricular muscles in a medial column, platysma in an intermediate column; the lower lip and ocular muscles are in the ventral and dorsal segments respectively of the intermediate column. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle is supplied by motoneurons extending from the dorsal aspect of the facial nucleus to the caudal pole of the trigeminal motor nucleus.     

Projections of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the mesencephalon,pons, and medulla oblongata in the cat

Summary Injections of HRP in the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation in the cat resulted in many labeled neurons in the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not in the medial part of this nucleus. HRP injections in the nucleus raphe pallidus and in the C2 segment of the spinal cord did not result in labeled neurons in the BNST. Injections of ³H-leucine in the BNST resulted in many labeled fibers in the brain stem. Labeled fiber bundles descended by way of the medial forebrain bundle and the central tegmental field to the lateral tegmental field of pons and medulla. Dense BNST projections could be observed to the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the PAG (except its dorsolateral part), the cuneiform nucleus, the nucleus raphe dorsalis, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the lateral tegmental field of caudal pons and medulla and the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation. Furthermore many labeled fibers were present in the solitary nucleus, and in especially the peripheral parts of the dorsal vagal nucleus. Finally some fibers could be traced in the marginal layer of the rostral part of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. These projections appear to be virtually identical to the ones derived from the medial part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (Hopkins and Holstege 1978). The possibility that the BNST and the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei must be considered as one anatomical entity is discussed.Abbreviations AA anterior amygdaloid nucleus - AC anterior commissure - ACN nucleus of the anterior commissure - ACO cortical amygdaloid nucleus - AL lateral amygdaloid nucleus - AM medial amygdaloid nucleus - APN anterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus - AQ cerebral aqueduct - BC brachium conjunctivum - BIC brachium of the inferior colliculus - BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus - BNSTL lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis - BNSTM medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis - BP brachium pontis - CA central nucleus of the amygdala - Cd caudate nucleus - CI inferior colliculus - CL claustrum - CN cochlear nucleus - CP posterior commissure - CR corpus restiforme - CSN superior central nucleus - CTF central tegmental field - CU cuneate nucleus - D nucleus of Darkschewitsch - EC external cuneate nucleus - F fornix - G gracile nucleus - GP globus pallidus - HL lateral habenular nucleus - IC interstitial nucleus of Cajal - ICA internal capsule - IO inferior olive - IP interpeduncular nucleus - LC locus coeruleus - LGN lateral geniculate nucleus - LP lateral posterior complex - LRN lateral reticular nucleus - MGN medial geniculate nucleus - MLF medial longitudinal fascicle - NAdg dorsal group of nucleus ambiguus - NPC nucleus of the posterior commissure - nV trigeminal nerve - nVII facial nerve - OC optic chiasm - OR optic radiation - OT optic tract - P pyramidal tract - PAG periaqueductal grey - PC cerebral peduncle - PO posterior complex of the thalamus - POA preoptic area - prV principal trigeminal nucleus - PTA pretectal area - Pu putamen - PUL pulvinar nucleus - R red nucleus - RF reticular formation - RM nucleus raphe magnus - RP nucleus raphe pallidus - RST rubrospinal tract - S solitary nucleus - SC suprachiasmatic nucleus - SCN nucleus subcoeruleus - SI substantia innominata - SM stria medullaris - SN substantia nigra - SO superior olive - SOL solitary nucleus - SON supraoptic nucleus - spV spinal trigeminal nucleus - spVcd spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis - ST stria terminalis - TRF retroflex tract - VC vestibular complex - VTA ventral tegmental area of Tsai - III oculomotor nucleus - Vm motor trigeminal nucleus - VI abducens nucleus - VII facial nucleus - Xd dorsal vagal nucleus - XII hypoglossal nucleus     

家兔脊髓与孤束核间的相互联系

分别于14只家兔之颈、胸或腰髓一侧灰质内注射HRP或WGA-HRP,在孤束核中观察逆行标记细胞及顺行标记终支。标记细胞见于核之尾侧部,颈、胸注射例标记细胞的数量超过腰髓例。各例均以闩附近平面最为密集,主要分布于孤束之腹内侧;邻孤束之腹侧、腹外侧、外侧、内侧也各有一些。孤束核内侧之标记细胞主要分布于其腹侧部,迷走神经运动背核之背侧;小细胞亚核中无标记细胞。胸髓注射例,在孤束之背外侧还有一群标记细胞。此处在颈、腰髓注射例仅有少数标记。标记终支的分布大体上同标记细胞,因此脊髓孤束核投射很可能与孤束核中脊髓投射细胞之间有直接突触联系。在闩平面附近,沿核之背外侧缘有一狭标记终支带,其中偶见个别标记细胞。此带可能与心脏活动有关。     

Supramedullary projections to the dorsal and ventral divisions of the paramedian reticular nucleus in the cat

Summary Injections of combined lectin-conjugated and unconjugated horseradish peroxidase were made in the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) divisions of the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN), a precerebellar relay nucleus, of the cat. The origins of supramedullary afferent projections to the PRN were identified in the pons, midbrain and cerebral cortex using the transverse plane of section. The data indicate a segregation of input from a number of sites to the dPRN and vPRN. The interstitial nucleus of Cajal projects bilaterally to the dPRN and predominantly to the ipsilateral side. The vPRN receives only a unilateral projection from the ipsilateral nucleus of Cajal. Major afferent projections to the vPRN arise from the ipsilateral nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the intermediate layer of the contralateral superior colliculus. Neither of these sites projected to the dPRN. The raphe nuclei and medial reticular formation of the pons and midbrain contribute a moderate input to both divisions of the PRN. A moderate bilateral cerebral cortical projection arises from the first somatomotor area (SMI). The ventral coronal and anterior sigmoid gyri project mainly to the dPRN and vPRN respectively. Smaller afferent projections arise from the posterior sigmoid gyri and area 6 of Hassler and Mühs-Clement (1964) in the medial wall of the anterior sigmoid gyrus. Inputs from the accessory oculomotor nuclei, tectal regions and the first somatomotor cortex suggest a role in postural control for the PRN which may underlie its involvement in mediating orthostatic reflexes.Abbreviations 3N oculomotor nerve - 5ME mesencephalic nucleus (trigeminal) - 5MN motor nucleus (trigeminal) - 5PN sensory nucleus, parvocellular division (trigeminal) - 5SM sensory nucleus, magnocellular division (trigeminal) - 12M hypoglossal nucleus - 12N hypoglossal nerve - AQ aqueduct - BC brachium conjunctivum - BP brachium pontis - CAE nucleus caeruleus - Cl inferior central nucleus (raphe) - CM centromedian nucleus - CNF cuneiform nucleus - CS superior central nucleus (raphe) - D nucleus of Darkschewitsch - DRM dorsal nucleus of the raphe (median division) - EW Edinger-Westphal nucleus - FTC central tegmental field - FTG gigantocellular tegmental field - FTP paralemniscal tegmental field - ICA interstitial nucleus of Cajal - ICC inferior colliculus (central nucleus) - INC nucleus incertus - INT nucleus intercalatus - ION inferior olivary nucleus - LLV ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus - LP lateral posterior complex of thalamus - MGN medial geniculate nucleus - MLF medial longitudinal fasciculus - TN nucleus of optic tract - P pyramidal tract - PCN nucleus of posterior commissure - PF parafascicular nucleus - PH nucleus praepositus hypogloss - PRN paramedian reticular nucleus (a — accessory division; d — dorsal division; v — ventral division) - PUL pulvinar - SCD superior colliculus (deep layer) - SNC substantia nigra (compact division) - SON superior olivary nucleus - RM red nucleus (magnocellular) - RR retrorubral nucleus - TB trapezoid body - TDP dorsal tegmental nucleus (pericentral division) - TRC tegmental reticular nucleus (central division) - TV ventral tegmental nucleus - V3 third ventricle - V4 fourth ventricle - VB ventrobasal complex of thalamus - VIN inferior vestibular nucleus - VSN superior vestibular nucleus - ZI zona incerta Supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada     

Cells of origin of the branches of the facial nerve: A retrograde HRP study in the rabbit

The origin of different branches of the facial nerve in the rabbit was determined by using retrograde transport of HRP. Either the proximal stump of specific nerves was exposed to HRP after transection, or an injection of the tracer was made into particular muscles innervated by a branch of the facial nerve. A clear somatotopic pattern was observed. Those branches which innervate the rostral facial musculature arise from cells located in the lateral and intermediate portions of the nuclear complex. Orbital musculature is supplied by neurons in the dorsal portion of the complex, with the more rostral orbital muscles receiving input from more laterally located cells while the caudal orbital region receives innervation from more medial regions of the dorsal facial nucleus. The rostral portion of the ear also receives innervation from cells located in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus, but the caudal aspect of the ear is supplied exclusively by cells located in medial regions. The cervical platysma, the platysma of the lower jaw, and the deep muscles (i.e., digastric and stylohyoid) receive input from cells topographically arranged in the middle and ventral portions of the nuclear complex. It is proposed that the topographic relationship between the facial nucleus and branches of the facial nerve reflects the embryological derivation of the facial muscles. Those muscles that develop from the embryonic sphincter colli profundus layer are innervated by lateral and dorsomedial portions of the nuclear complex. The muscles derived from the embryonic platysma layer, including the deep musculature, receive their input from mid to ventral regions of the nuclear complex.     

Mapping of c-fos expression elicited by pure tones stimulation in the auditory pathways of the rat, with emphasis on the cochlear nucleus.

C-fos expression was mapped in the auditory pathways of rats, stimulated acoustically with pure tones. In the cochlear nucleus, two clusters of c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons, located respectively in the caudal part of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and in the granular cell region, did not show clear systematic shift in their position as a function of the tones frequency. On the other hand, more rostrally in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, a cluster of c-fos-like positive neurons moved progressively from dorsal to ventral for decreasing tones frequency. In the posteroventral cochlear nucleus, another cluster of c-fos-like positive neurons was observed, whose position also varied with tones frequency. Surprisingly, no or very rare c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons were present in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus and in the superior olivary complex. In the inferior colliculus, however, c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons formed clear isofrequency contours, shifting from dorsolateral to ventromedial for increasing tones frequency. In the medial geniculate body c-fos-like immunostaining was restricted to the medial and dorsal divisions while the ventral division was free of labeling. The cause of this differential labeling along the auditory pathways is at present unknown but may eventually provide clues as to physiological differences in parallel auditory pathways.     

An analysis of potentially converging inputs to the rostral ventral thalamic nuclei of the cat

Summary Potentially convergent inputs to cerebellar-receiving and basal ganglia-receiving areas of the thalamus were identified using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing techniques. HRP was deposited iontophoretically into the ventroanterior (VA), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nuclei in the cat. The relative numbers of labeled neurons in the basal ganglia and the cerebellar nuclei were used to assess the extent to which the injection was in cerebellar-receiving or basal ganglia-receiving portions of thalamus. The rostral pole of VA showed reciprocal connections with prefrontal portions of the cerebral cortex. Only the basal ganglia and the hypothalamus provided non-thalamic input to modulate these cortico-thalamo-cortical loops. In VM, there were reciprocal connections with prefrontal, premotor, and insular areas of the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia (especially the substantia nigra), and to a lesser extent, the posterior and ventral portions of the deep cerebellar nuclei, provided input to VM and may modulate these corticothalamo-cortical loops. The premotor cortical areas connected to VM include those associated with eye movements, and afferents from the superior colliculus, a region of documented importance in oculomotor control, also were labeled by injections into VM. The dorsolateral portion of the VA-VL complex primarily showed reciprocal connections with the medial premotor (area 6) cortex. Basal ganglia and cerebellar afferents both may modulate this cortico-thalamo-cortical loop, although they do not necessarily converge on the same thalamic neurons. The cerebellar input to dorsolateral VA-VL was from posterior and ventral portions of the cerebellar nuclei, and the major potential brainstem afferents to this region of thalamus were from the pretectum. Mid- and caudo-lateral portions of VL had reciprocal connections with primary motor cortex (area 4). The dorsal and anterior portions of the cerebellar nuclei had a dominant input to this corticothalamo-cortical loop. Potentially converging brainstem afferents to this portion of VL were from the pretectum, especially pretectal areas to which somatosensory afferents project.List of Abbreviations AC central amygdaloid nucleus - AL lateral amygdaloid nucleus - AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus - AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus - BC brachium conjunctivum - BIC brachium of the inferior colliculus - Cd caudate nucleus - CL centrolateral thalamic nucleus - CM centre median nucleus - CP cerebral peduncle - CUN cuneate nucleus - DBC decussation of the brachium conjunctivum - DR dorsal raphe nuclei - EC external cuneate nucleus - ENTO entopeduncular nucleus - FN fastigial nucleus - FX fornix - GP globus pallidus - GR gracile nucleus - IC internal capsule - ICP inferior cerebellar peduncle - IP interpeduncular nucleus - IVN inferior vestibular nucleus - LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus - LGN lateral geniculate nucleus - LH lateral hypothalamus - LP lateral posterior thalamic complex - LRN lateral reticular nucleus - LVN lateral vestibular nucleus - MB mammillary body - MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus - MG medial geniculate nucleus - ML medial lemniscus - MLF medial lengitudinal fasciculus - MT mammillothalamic tract - MVN medial vestibular nucleus - NDBB nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca - NIA anterior nucleus interpositus - NIP posterior nucleus interpositus - OD optic decussation - OT optic tract - PAC paracentral thalamic nucleus - PPN pedunculopontine region - PRO gyrus proreus - PRT pretectal region - PT pyramidal tract - PTA anterior pretectal region - PTM medial pretectal region - PTO olivary pretectal nucleus - PTP poterior pretectal region - Pul pulvinar nucleus - Put putamen - RF reticular formation - RN red nucleus - Rt reticular complex of the thalamus - S solitary tract - SCi superior colliculus, intermediate gray - SN substantia nigra - ST subthalamic nucleus - VA ventroanterior thalamic nucleus - VB ventrobasal complex - VL ventrolateral thalamic nucleus - VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus - III oculomotor nucleus - IIIn oculomotor nerve - 5S spinal trigeminal nucleus - 5T spinal trigeminal tract - VII facial nucleus     

面动脉穿支蒂颊黏膜瓣重建泪道的解剖学基础

目的为面动脉穿支蒂颊黏膜瓣重建泪道提供解剖基础。方法在10个20侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人头标本上解剖观测:①面动脉穿支的起源、分支与分布;②颊动脉的起源、分支与分布;③面动脉与颊动脉的吻合。另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术设计。结果颊黏膜的血供为多源性,主要由面动脉、颊动脉和上牙槽后动脉发出的穿支供养。①面动脉自颈外动脉发出,行至咬肌前缘越过下颌骨底达面部后,再斜向内上至内眦处与鼻背动脉吻合,沿途除发出分支营养颈、面部相应区域外,在口角外侧(1.10±0.31)cm处分出1~3支颊支,支配颊肌与颊黏膜前中部,并与颊动脉颊支、上牙槽后动脉颊支形成吻合;②颊动脉发自上颌动脉的翼肌段,行于颞肌下部深面前下方向,沿途发支分布于颊黏膜后中部,并与面动脉穿支相互吻合。当上颌动脉分出颊支细短时,则由粗大的上牙槽后动脉颊支(占5%)代偿。结论颊黏膜瓣血供丰富,可形成以面动脉穿支为蒂颊黏膜瓣转位重建泪道。