Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

局部注射辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠股骨髁骨小梁的改建效应

背景：局部注射具有成骨作用的辛伐他汀,可显著增加骨质疏松大鼠股骨颈及股骨髁部的骨密度及力学强度,分析局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。 目的：进一步研究骨质疏松大鼠股骨内局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。为将辛伐他汀应用于临床骨质疏松局部治疗提供实验基础。 方法：18只雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢切除后3个月,制备大鼠骨质疏松模型。实验大鼠随机数字表法均分为3组,分别在实验大鼠的右侧股骨髓腔内单次注射辛伐他汀溶液5 mg、10 mg,对照组单纯注射空白载体。分别在注射后1个月处死大鼠并取材。Micro-CT扫描并定量分析骨组织形态变化。 结果与结论：给药后1个月,Micro-CT扫描结果显示,辛伐他汀治疗组的骨微结构参数如骨皮质厚度、骨小梁密度及连接率明显优于对照组。说明疏松骨骼单次注射小剂量辛伐他汀可显著促进股骨髁部骨小梁改建,改善骨骼微结构,可为强化局部、防治骨质疏松骨折的新选择进一步提供实验基础。     

石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究

中药石斛早在《神农本草经》中就被列为上品,其应用历史悠久,具有养阴生津、补肾益气、润喉护嗓、活血明目、抗癌防老等功效。本文对国内外石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究进行了综述。     

人类胚胎体外培养细菌污染12例分析

目的分析胚胎体外培养细菌污染的发生原因及预防措施。方法对中山大学附属第一医院生殖中心10年来胚胎体外培养中发生的12例细菌污染资料进行回顾分析。结果胚胎体外培养污染中,所有培养液滴有污染5例,部分液滴有污染3例,接触配子及胚胎的液滴污染有4例,培养液滴最常见的细菌为大肠埃希菌,污染的来源可能为患者生殖道、手术操作、培养环境及培养操作等。结论严格操作规程,改善培养环境,可能有效减少人类胚胎体外培养中的细菌污染。     

A case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen

Aneurysm of the vein of Galen is a very rare disease. The authors present a case of secondary aneurysm of the vein of Galen which was confirmed by characteristic clinical symptoms, brain CT and angiographic findings. The patient was a 14-year-old right handed girl with intermittent headache, nausea, vomiting, dysphasia and gait disturbance. Neurologic examination revealed dysarthria, nasal voice, blurring of both margins of optic discs, truncal ataxia and dysdiadochokinesia. Sensory function was normal but right hemiparesis was seen. Roentgenogram of the skull revealed diffuse thinning of the calvarium, widening of sella turcica and erosion of clinoid processes. Computed tomogram of the brain showed dilatation of all ventricles and round hyperdense mass behind the third ventricle in the midline. The lesion was enhanced markedly and homogeneously. Left and right internal carotid angiograms showed arteriovenousmal-formation with drainage to the aneurysm of the vein of Galen.     

Effects of pathogenic action of botulinus toxin of spinal motoneurons of various types

Motoneurons of the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord were studied during local botulinus paralysis. The development of paralysis of the poisoned limb was accompanied by lowering of the membrane potential, the amplitude of the antidromic action potentials and of mono- and polysynaptic EPSPs, and the input resistance, and by an increase in the critical depolarization level of the soma membrane of phasic motoneurons in the affected segments of the spinal cord. The excitability of the tonic motoneurons was substantially unchanged in the course of development of local botulism.A. A. Bogomolets Department of Pathological Physiology, Saratov Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR P. N. Veselkin.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 80, No. 11, pp. 21–24, November, 1975.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Sensitivity of methods of titration of the vaccine strain of porcine fever virus

Methods of titration of the CS vaccine strain of classical swine fever virus were compared in vitro and vivo. The titration in the TL and PK-15 cell culture without cytopathic effect is based on the detection of virus antigen by labeled antibodies. The infection intensity in the cell culture virtually correlated with the antigenic and immunogenic activity of dry vaccine used for swine.     

502例不孕症患者宫腔镜检查结果分析

目的探讨宫腔镜检查在女性不孕症患者中的应用。方法回顾性分析原发性不孕180例,继发不孕322例患者进行宫腔镜检查的结果,比较不同不孕症的差异。结果1.不孕症中输卵管阻塞为167例（33.27%）,另外子宫内膜炎（24.90%）、子宫内膜息肉（10.76%）、子宫腔粘连（5.18%）、宫颈管肿物（3.98%）和先天性子宫发育异常（3.19%）也是常见原因。2.原发性不孕症中子宫内膜息肉、宫颈管肿物比例明显高于继发性不孕组,子宫内膜炎和输卵管阻塞方面继发性不孕组高于原发性不孕组。3.普通不孕组在子宫腔粘连方面明显低于试管婴儿组,在鞍状子宫等子宫先天性发育异常方面明显高于试管婴儿组。4.进行试管婴儿失败患者中原发性不孕与继发性不孕在宫腔异常分别为43.94%和36.84%,两者在子宫内膜息肉、子宫粘膜下肌瘤、宫腔粘连、宫颈管肿物、子宫内膜炎、先天性子宫发育异常等方面无显著性差异。结论宫腔镜具有创伤小,恢复快,病人无需住院的优点,在女性不孕症临床中有重要作用。     

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of extracts of five species of wood-colonizing fungi

Screening new organisms for antibacterial activity and searching for new antibacterial drugs is important due to the constant generation of new antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. An E. coli broth microdilution test was used to evaluate the results of the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence test in five of the most antibacterially active species of wood-colonizing fungi. Serpula lacrymans was found to be a potential source of thermostable antibiotic(s) and the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence test was confirmed to be a useful method for screening for antibacterial activity.     

Clinical perspectives of xenotransplantation of islets of Langerhans

This paper describes the rationale and different approaches for developing islets of Langerhans xenotransplantation. Implementing this therapeutic strategy in the treatment of human diabetes mellitus requires careful consideration of its potential risks and benefits, taking into account the current status of the treatment of this disease.     

胃小弯侧血管弓的MDCT解剖

目的：研究正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的多排螺旋CT表现。方法：回顾性分析51例正常成人的上腹部CT资料,观察胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的显示情况、血管弓形态及其与胃壁的关系。结果：51例均显示胃小弯侧血管弓,血管弓贲门部属支、胃体部属支和幽门部属支分别显示46例、15例和10例;血管弓与胃壁紧邻41例。结论：MDCT检查可良好显示正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管。     

Mechanisms of action of ligands of potential-dependent sodium channels

Potential-dependent sodium channels play a leading role in generating action potentials in excitable cells. Sodium channels are the site of action of a variety of modulator ligands. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms of action of many modulators remain incompletely understood. The main reason that many important questions cannot be resolved is that there is a lack of precise data on the structures of the channels themselves. Structurally, potential-dependent sodium channels are members of the P-loop channel superfamily, which also include potassium and calcium channels and glutamate receptor channels. Crystallization of a series of potassium channels showed that it was possible to analyze the structures of different members of the superfamily using the "homologous modeling" method. The present study addresses model investigations of the actions of ligands of sodium channels, including tetrodotoxin and batrachotoxin, as well as local anesthetics. Comparison of experimental data on sodium channel ligands with x-ray analysis data allowed us to reach a new level of understanding of the mechanisms of channel modulation and to propose a series of experimentally verifiable hypotheses.     

Aspects of the mechanisms of action of benzydamine

Benzydamine shows some properties that are common with other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) but displays also properties which are different from those of other NSAIDs. It inhibits prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis at high concentrations, which however can be reached by topical application of the drug. It has no inhibiting effect on amino-acid decarboxylases, which are inhibited by various NSAIDs. Benzydamine has no effect on sulphydryl-group reactivity, contrary to most NSAIDs. It inhibits platelet aggregation and the inhibition of the collagen-induced aggregation appears to be rather selective with respect to other NSAIDs. It displays a stabilizing effect on erythrocyte membranes which appears related to its high affinity for membranes in general, and it inhibits the respiratory burst of stimulated human monocytes and granule enzyme release by human neutrophils.     

Comparative analysis of indicators of the immune status of population of the Eastern regions of the USSR]

Altogether 1,500 healthy residents of seven cities situated in the Asian part of the USSR were examined. In Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Norilsk, Magadan, Yakutsk and Ussuriisk, the people were examined for the blood levels of T and B lymphocytes, the ratio of regulatory subclasses of T lymphocytes, the concentration of IgG, IgM and IgA, and for the content of immune complexes. Analysis was made of the general and regional regularities in changes seen in the immune system depending on climatic and geographic factors. Parameters of the populations similarity in the regions with different environmental conditions were delineated.     

Determination of the purity of Eimeria species of chickens

The morphologic criteria length and breadth were used for the examination of the purity from 23 strains of different Eimeria species in the fowl (Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix) by three methods: Tabulate graphic method, determination of the size of concentration, analysis with counter. The tabulate graphic method by use of peak value as only criterion of valuation has suitable proved for the screening test. A qualification of the degree of purity is reached in the form of classes of homogeneity with the criteria peak value, first and second classes of the neighbour by the determination of the size of concentration. The quantitative certainly of the assertion increases by the analysis with counter from six statistical parameters (frequency of peak value, frequency of the sum from peak value, first and second classes of the neighbour, number of taking classes in the specific range of species, coefficient of variation, coefficient of correlation, divergence of specific index of the form in the species).     

Rate of progression of severity of valvular aortic stenosis

Twenty-six patients with valvular aortic stenosis were followed up for an average period of 9 years after the initial evaluation when the valvular disease had been considered too mild for surgical treatment. The valve area was 0.7-1.9 (mean 1.2) cm2 at the first study and 0.3-2.0 (mean 0.9) cm2 at the second. The mean annual decrease was about 0.1 cm2 in ten and less in the remaining patients. Advanced age and low physical working capacity at the first investigation were associated with rapid progression of the severity of the stenosis, but rapid progression was not predictable. At follow-up the combination of 1) calcifications of the valve on chest X-ray, 2) low physical working capacity and 3) negative/biphasic T wave in V6 after exercise was present in 100% of the severe stenoses (much less than 0.6 cm2) and in 10% of the mild (much greater than 1.0 cm2). The rate of progression of valvular aortic stenosis in adults is usually slow, but moderate stenoses may become severe within a few years.     

社区精神分裂症病人照料者的生活质量研究

通过对９３名精神分裂症患者的家庭照料者与１００名对照者比较研究表明，照料者的躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能与经济状况都显著差于对照者。照料者的生活质量与被照料者的病期、病情严重度、整体功能、药物副作用有关；同时，照料者身份为患者母亲者其生活质量受影响最大。