Rh新生儿溶血病21例分析

目的对21例Rh新生儿溶血病血清抗体进行回顾性分析。方法采用盐水试管法检测患儿和母亲ABO及Rh血型,采用直接抗人球蛋白试验、游离抗体试验、放散试验检测患儿新生儿溶血病,采用微柱凝胶间接抗人球蛋白试验对患儿及母亲血清进行不规则抗体鉴定。结果 21例Rh新生儿溶血病中,抗-D引起16例(占76.2%),抗-E引起3例(占14.2%),由抗-E和抗-c联合引起1例(占4.8%),由抗-c引起1例(占4.8%)。结论为预防新生儿溶血病发生,应推广孕妇产前Rh血型及不规则抗体筛查,换血仍是治疗新生儿溶血病主要方法。     

新生儿黄疸患儿不规则抗体检测分析

目的了解新生儿黄疸患儿中不规则抗体阳性率及分布,探讨不规则抗体和新生儿溶血病的关系。方法采用直接抗人球蛋白试验、游离抗体试验、放散试验检测ABO以外的抗体,采用微柱凝胶间接抗人球蛋白试验进行不规则抗体筛选和抗体鉴定。结果619例新生儿黄疸患儿中11例不规则抗体检测阳性,占1.78%,进一步检测出抗-D 7例,抗-E 3例,抗-E、c 1例。结论根据不规则抗体的类型,可及时为新生儿溶血病患儿选择相合的血液进行换血和综合治疗,其疗效显著。     

IgG抗-D致新生儿溶血病七例分析

目的 了解IgG抗-D抗体与新生儿溶血病关系。方法 采用盐水法检测患儿和其父母Rh血型，采用直接抗人球蛋白试验、游离抗体试验、放散试验检测ABO以外的抗体，采用微柱凝胶间接抗人球蛋白试验进行抗体鉴定。结果 通过母婴血型血清学检查，检出IgG抗-D7例。结论 一旦证实有IgG抗-D，及时为新生儿溶血病患儿选择相合的血液进行换血和综合治疗，其疗效显著。     

IgG抗-E致新生儿溶血病五例分析

目的了解IgG抗-E抗体与新生儿溶血病关系。方法采用盐水法检测患儿和其父母Rh血型，用新生儿溶血病血型血清学检查检测新生儿Rh溶血病，用Rh抗原谱细胞鉴定孕妇血清、患儿血清和红细胞抗体放散液中的Rh系统抗体。结果通过母婴血型血清学检查，检出IgG抗E5例。结论一旦证实有IgG抗-E，应立即选择E抗原阴性的ABO与患儿同型、Rh血型同母亲的血液为新生儿换血和治疗，其预后良好。     

41例新生儿溶血病患者血型血清学检测结果分析

目的：探讨不同的免疫性血型抗体与新生儿溶血病的关系,为新生儿溶血病提供诊断依据。方法采用微柱凝胶技术对41例新生儿溶血病的患者进行ABO血型、Rh(D)血型、直接抗人球蛋白、游离、放散和不规则抗体筛查及抗体鉴定试验,确定患者体内是否有免疫性IgG抗体及IgG抗体特异性。结果41例新生儿溶血病患者中,ABO血型不合者38例,占92.68%,其中由免疫性IgG抗原A抗体引起者21例,由免疫性IgG抗原B抗体引起者17例。Rh血型不合者3例,占7.32%,其中2例由抗-D引起,1例由抗-E引起。41例新生儿溶血病的患者中,直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性者20例,阳性率为48.78%,游离试验阳性者36例,阳性率为87.80%,放散试验阳性者41例,阳性率为100%。结论母婴血型不合的新生儿溶血病主要发生于ABO血型系统,以母亲为O型,患者为A型或B型最为常见;放散试验对新生儿溶血病的诊断最有价值。     

新生儿溶血病Rh血型免疫性抗体检测的分析

目的:探讨母婴Rh血型不合免疫性抗体的特异性及其效价对新生儿溶血病(HDN)的影响。方法:采用血型血清学检测技术对母婴进行ABO及Rh血型鉴定,对15例母婴Rh血型不合HDN患儿的血标本进行直接抗球蛋白试验、抗体游离试验和抗体放散试验,采用间接抗球蛋白试验对患儿及其母亲的血清进行ABO以外血型不规则抗体筛选、特异性鉴定及效价测定。结果:在15例Rh HDN患儿中检出抗-D 4例(26.7%),抗-E 6例(40.0%),抗-cE 3例(20.0%),抗-Ce 2例(13.3%);Rh血型免疫性IgG抗体效价为1∶8～1∶128。结论:产前对孕妇夫妇进行ABO、Rh血型鉴定及Rh血型免疫性抗体筛查及特异性鉴定,产后对患儿及时进行检测诊断和治疗,对减少HDN患儿的受害程度和保证优生优育均有重要的临床意义。     

1627例新生儿红细胞抗体筛查和鉴定试验的分析

目的红细胞血型抗体（即不规则抗体）筛查和鉴定试验在新生儿溶血病中的意义。方法采用微柱凝胶技术对1627例新生儿进行ABO、Rh血型定型、直接抗人球白试验、游离抗体测定、放散试验,红细胞血型抗体筛查试验,检测出6例有ABO以外的抗体,进一步用盐水、聚凝胺法、抗球蛋白试验进行抗体鉴定。结果6例红细胞血型抗体筛查阳性,进一步抗体鉴定,检测出抗-D4例,抗-E1例,抗-c1例。结论根据红细胞血型抗体的特性,可为患儿选择无相应抗原的血液进行换血和治疗。     

新生儿Rh溶血病的检查分析及预防

目的检查分析15例新生儿Rh溶血病及发生原因，预防新生儿Rh溶血病的发生。方法采用盐水法检测患儿和其父母Rh血型，用新生儿溶血病血型血清学检查检测新生儿Rh溶血病，用Rh抗原谱细胞鉴定孕妇血清、患儿血清和红细胞抗体放散液中的Rh系统抗体。结果15例Rh溶血病患儿中由抗D引起的溶血病有8例，由抗D和Rh其他系统抗体联合引起的有2例，共10例，占66．7％；由抗E引起的有3例，由抗E和抗C联合引起的1例，占26．7％；由抗C引起的1例，占6．7％。15例患儿母亲都曾有生产或流产或输血史。结论为预防新生儿Rh溶血病的发生．对产前尤其是对曾有过生产史、流产史或输血史的孕妇作产前夫妇Rh血型和孕妇Rh免疫性抗体筛查极有必要。     

Rh血型鉴定及其免疫性抗体筛查对新生儿溶血病早期诊断的临床价值分析

目的:探讨Rh血型鉴定及其免疫性抗体筛查在新生儿溶血病早期诊断中的价值及临床意义.方法:选取15例2020年8月～2021年8月我院就诊的Rh系统血型不合新生儿溶血病患儿及其母亲,均进行ABO血型鉴定及Rh血型鉴定,对患儿血标本行抗体筛查三项,对血清、放散液行不规则抗体筛选实验.结果:经血型鉴定结果显示,母婴ABO血型一致10例(66.67％),患儿经抗体筛查三项实验均呈阳性,其中抗体放散实验、游离抗体检测显示ABO血型系统外存在不规则抗体,经直接抗人球蛋白实验呈阳性(3+～4+),母血清IgG抗-D效价(128～2048),IgG抗-E效价(64～256),患儿血清中游离IgG抗-D效价位于2～512间,IgG抗-E效价位于4～32间.结论:Rh血型鉴定及其免疫性抗体筛查实验对于早期诊断Rh、ABO系统溶血病具有重大意义,为临床早期诊断、输血及换血治疗时抗体选择提供可靠依据.     

不规则抗体与新生儿溶血病关系的探讨

目的探讨不规则抗体与新生儿溶血病的关系。方法对1210例新生儿溶血的患儿通过直接抗人球白试验、游离抗体测定、放散试验，检测出20例有ABO以外的抗体，采用聚凝胺技术进行不规则抗筛选，进一步用盐水法、抗人球法、聚凝胺法进行抗体鉴定。结果20例不规则抗体筛选阳性，进一步抗体鉴定，检测出抗-D14例，抗-E5例．抗-Hro1例。结论根据不规则抗体的特性，可为患儿选择无相应抗原的血液进行换血和治疗。     

微柱凝胶技术应用于新生儿溶血病的实验室诊断

目的采用微柱凝胶技术进行新生儿溶血病（HDN）的实验室诊断分析。方法对1627例新生儿进行血型血清学分析,包括母婴血型、直接抗人球蛋白试验、血清游离抗体试验、热放散试验、ABO血型系统以外的抗体鉴定试验。结果 1627例病例中确诊为HDN的有163例,其中母-婴血型为O-A及O-B的最多,共占97.55%。确诊为HDN血清学结果中放散试验和游离抗体试验同时阳性最多,占76.07%。诊断为HDN可疑病例血清学结果中,直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性率最多,占79.55%。在出生后3～7d内确诊HND的患儿数最多,占66.26%。ABO血型系统以外的抗体鉴定试验阳性有6例,其中5例诊断为RhHDN。结论红细胞抗体释放试验、直接抗人球蛋白试验和血清游离抗体试验是早期诊断HDN的有效方法。HDN检出率与所采用的实验方法和采血时机有很大关系。     

1 350 例新生儿溶血三项试验的血清学检测分析

目的:探讨由母婴血型不合引起的新生儿溶血病(HDN)的血型分布及其溶血三项试验在HDN 诊断中的价值。方法:对2014 年1 月到2016 年1 月临床送检的O 型或Rh 阴性的产妇脐带血标本及高胆红素血症的新生儿血液标本用微柱凝胶检测卡进行溶血三项试验,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果:(1)1 350 例标本中,母婴血型不合者占918 例,确诊为HDN 的有569 例, 阳性率为62.0%。569 例HDN 三项试验结果为:直抗试验阳性率为27.9% (159/569),游离抗体试验阳性率为86.5%(492/569),抗体释放试验均为阳性。其中直抗阴性+游离阳性+释放阳性的组合与其他各组合相比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。(2)918 例血型不合标本中,ABO HDN 阳性率为73.8%(551/747),Rh HDN 阳性率为10.5%(18/171),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)747 例ABO 血型不合标本中,A 型阳性率为80.0% (280/350),B 型阳性率为68.3% (271/397),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)171 例Rh 血型不合标本中,Rh D 阳性率为17.7% (14/79),Rh E 阳性率为6郾8%(4/59),Rh C 阳性率为0(0/33),三者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:抗体释放试验敏感度最高,是判定HDN 最有力的证据。母婴ABO 血型不合引起的HDN 发生概率明显高于Rh 不合,A 型血患儿发生HDN 的概率明显高于B 型血患儿,Rh D 不合引起的HDN 发生概率明显高于Rh E 和Rh C。     

Rh血型系统的分子遗传学及其医学应用

Rh血型系统是人类较为复杂和重要的血型系统。它有两个同源结构基因串联排列在1p34.3-36.1，编码的Rh蛋白为有2个跨膜域的红细胞膜蛋白。Rh抗原有很多变异体；RhD阴性个体存在3种遗传多态性。Rh血型系统在临床输血及新生儿溶血病（hemolytic disease of the newborn,HDN)中意义重大，可利用PCR进行Rh基因分型方法对胎儿进行产前诊断，但此方法仍有一定缺陷。需要对Rh血型系统进行更深入的认识，以解决这一问题。     

Moderate hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Hr0 in a mother with the D--/D-- phenotype

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to anti-Hr0 antibody is typically severe and often fatal. We report a case of moderate HDN due to anti-Hr0 in a woman with the D--/D-- phenotype. A 33-year-old woman delivered her second child who was mildly jaundiced. The highest level of bilirubin was 26.1 mg/dL on the third day postpartum and the hemoglobin concentration was 14.0 g/dL. The newborn recovered after phototherapy and no mental retardation was noticed after 1 year of follow up. An exchange transfusion was excluded due to the lack of a compatible donor and the physical condition of the mother precluded blood donation. The maternal RBCs were D+C-c-E-e-; only G and Rh29 of the Rh system were expressed. Thus, her probable phenotype was D--/D--. Her alloantibody was identified as anti-Hr0 (anti-Rh17) as it reacted with all red blood cells (RBCs) but not her own, other D--- RBCs, and Rhnull RBCs. The results of the antibody titer (64) and activity in a chemiluminescense test (CLT; 34%) were consistent with a moderate HDN. Family studies were negative for the D--/D-- phenotype and consanguinity was not proved. This is the first described case of moderate HDN due to anti-Hr0. The result of antibody activity in the CLT might be helpful in predicting the severity of HDN in other rare HDN cases.     

Anti-Jk3 with no clinical evidence of HDN

A sample was submitted to a reference lab from a 27-year-old Asian female, gravida 4 para 1, for antibody identification. Anti-Jk3 with an IgM component was identified. Subsequently, the antibody was eluted from the infant's cord and venous red blood cells. Normal bilirubin and hematocrit levels ruled out hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Anti-Jk3 has been implicated in two cases of mild HDN. In this case, this noncomplement-binding antibody caused a positive direct Coombs test without clinical signs of HDN.     

孕妇ABO血型抗体效价检测与治疗

目的探讨AB0血型抗体效价异常与不良孕产史的关系及治疗效果。方法采用盐水试管凝集法,进行IgG抗A或抗B的ABO血型抗体效价检测;对抗体效价异常者进行中西医结合治疗。结果 228例孕妇中,血清效价≥1:128者有183例,异常检出率为80.26%;通过治疗三个疗程治愈175例,治愈率95.63%;三个疗程显效5例,占2.73%;总有效率为98.36%,效果满意。结论对有自然流产、死胎、早产、死产及新生儿溶血等不良孕产史的、女方为O型血的夫妇,开展ABO血型抗体效价检测对预防和治疗母婴血型不合溶血病有积极作用。     

母婴ABO合并Rh-ccdee/ccDEe血型不合HDN实验诊断与鉴别诊断的研究

目的：探讨母婴ABO合并Rh血型不合和Rh两座位3位点表型不合HDN实验诊断与鉴别诊断,为临床早期防治提供实验依据。方法：用吸收放散和直抗作为实验诊断,用A-c、B-c和O-c阴性红细胞鉴别诊断,O型Rh-ccdEe、O型Rh-CCDee及A型Rh-CCdee组合谱细胞鉴别两座位多位点表型不合Rh-HDN,盐水法鉴定抗体性质。结果：①母婴ABO/Rh血型：母婴1血型鉴定为 O-A及Rh-ccdee/ccDEe交叉不合、母婴2鉴定为A-A及Rh-ccdee/CcDEe两座位3位点表型不合;②抗体筛选：母婴1不规则抗体均为强阳性（4+）;母2为不规则抗体强阳性（4+）、婴儿2为阳性（+）。③抗体鉴定与鉴别诊断：母1为 IgG抗A合并IgG抗D,IgG抗E缺失,IgG抗A效价 256,IgG抗D效价128;母2为IgM抗E合并IgG抗D,IgM抗C缺失,IgG为抗D效价128,IgG抗E及抗C缺失。④鉴别诊断：婴儿1证实为IgG抗A合并IgG抗D-HDN;婴儿2 证实为Rh抗D-HDN,IgG抗E及抗C缺失。结论：用A-c、B-c、O-c阴性红细胞和Rh单特异性组合谱细胞,可以鉴别诊断ABO合并Rh HDN以及Rh单一性或混合性HDN。     

Evaluation of the enzyme test for the detection of clinically significant red blood cell antibodies during pregnancy

In the Croatian transfusion medicine, no general agreement has yet been achieved whether red blood cell (RBC) Rhesus (Rh) antibodies detected during pregnancy only by enzyme tests can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Results of the detection of clinically significant RBC antibodies by low-ionic-strength additive solution antiglobulin test (LISS-IAT) and trypsin enzyme test in 22,947 pregnant women are presented. All pregnant women in whom clinically significant RBC antibodies (RBC-CSA) were detected by LISS-IAT and/or enzyme tests were followed and observed during pregnancy. The women who had enzyme-only anti-D antibodies in their serum were followed up during subsequent pregnancies. Out of 302 positive results obtained by both techniques, irregular clinically significant enzyme-only antibodies (anti-RhD and anti-RhE specificity) were detected in 14 (4.6%) pregnant women. None of 11 RhD positive newborns whose mothers had enzyme-only anti-D antibodies, had signs of HDN after delivery. In these 11 women, anti-D antibodies were detected by LISS-IAT in the first trimenon of subsequent pregnancy. Nine infants born from subsequent pregnancies to women who had previously had enzyme-only anti-D, had clinical signs of HDN. The authors concluded that there is no need for enzyme tests in prenatal testing because enzyme tests are not reliable in the prediction of HDN.     

Severe hemolytic disease of the newborn in a group B African-American infant delivered by a group O mother

Maternal-fetal ABO incompatibility is a common hematological problem affecting the newborn. In general, hemolysis is minimal and the clinical course is relatively benign, rarely causing the escalating levels of hyperbilirubinemia and significant anemia commonly associated with Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The incidence of HDN ranges from one in 150 births to 1:3000 births, depending on the degree of anemia and level of serum bilirubin. The etiology of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO-HDN) is complex because anti-A and anti-B antibodies are composed mainly of IgM. Since only IgG antibodies cross the placenta, those pregnant women with high levels of IgG anti-A,B, anti-A, or anti-B with an ABO incompatible fetus will be the ones to give birth to an infant with ABO-HDN. We describe a case of a B/Rh positive term newborn born to an O/Rh negative African-American mother demonstrating aggressive hemolysis and a robust response of the bone marrow. This case was successfully managed with phototherapy and simple RBC transfusion without the need for exchange transfusion.