腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠膀胱术后早期肠梗阻的病因及治疗

目的:探讨腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠膀胱术后并发早期肠梗阻的病因及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析2010年9月~2013年6月因腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠膀胱术后并发早期肠梗阻的19例患者的临床资料:均发生于术后1个月内,其中炎性肠梗阻12例,麻痹性肠梗阻4例,粘连性肠梗阻2例,肠内疝1例,发生率为12.8%,且发生于开展腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠膀胱术的早期。除1例肠内疝手术解除外,其余患者均经保守治疗。结果:19例肠梗阻患者均治愈出院。结论:肠梗阻是腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠膀胱术较为常见的并发症,术后并发肠梗阻的病因复杂,以保守治疗为主,少数保守治疗无效者需及时中转手术治疗。     

回肠代膀胱与回肠膀胱术的比较及早期并发症探讨

目的　探讨膀胱肿瘤患者膀胱全切术后行回肠代膀胱术与回肠膀胱术的临床治疗效果及术后早期并发症。方法　分析 13 5例膀胱肿瘤患者行膀胱全切术后采用回肠代膀胱术 86例与回肠膀胱术 49例的临床资料 ,就两种术式手术时间、术中出血量、术后早期并发症、平均住院日、再手术率及死亡率等指标进行比较分析。结果　除手术操作时间回肠代膀胱术组 (平均 3 46min)长于回肠膀胱术组 (平均 2 70min)外 ,回肠代膀胱与回肠膀胱术组在术中平均出血量 (660ml与 62 7ml)、术后早期并发症发生率 (18.6%与 16.3 % )、患者平均住院日 (4 7d与 41d)、再手术率 (8.1%与6.1% )及死亡率 (1.2 %与 2 .0 % )等方面差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　回肠代膀胱术是膀胱全切术后膀胱替代的理想术式 ,具有手术安全 ,术后早期并发症少 ,可自主性控制排尿 ,明显提高患者的生活质量而易于接受 ,是值得推荐的膀胱替代手术方式     

原位回肠新膀胱术与Bricker术的比较及近期并发症探讨

目的 探讨膀胱肿瘤患者膀胱全切除术后行原位回肠新膀胱术及Bricker术（回肠膀胱术）的临床治疗效果及术后近期并发症。方法 分析2001年1月～2007年4月68例膀胱肿瘤患者行膀胱全切术后采用原位回肠新膀胱术31例及Bricker术37例的临床资料，就两种术式手术时间、术中出血量、术后早期并发症发生率、术后平均住院日、再手术率及手术死亡率等指标进行比较分析。结果除平均手术时间原位回肠新膀胱术组（258min）明显长于Bricker术组（212min）外，原位回肠新膀胱术组与Bricker术组在术中出血量（542ml与523m1）、术后早期并发症发生率（16．1％与16．2％）、患者术后平均住院日（23天与20天）、再手术率（3．2％与2．7％）及手术死亡率（均为0）等方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 原位回肠新膀胱术是膀胱全切术后膀胱替代的理想术式，具有手术安全，手术后早期并发症少，可自主控制排尿，明显提高患者的生活质量。     

腹腔镜在肠粘连松解术中的应用体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜肠粘连松解术治疗粘连性肠梗阻的应用价值。方法:回顾分析35例粘连性肠梗阻患者行腹腔镜肠粘连松解术的临床资料。结果:28例手术成功,效果良好,无并发症发生,随访12～60个月无复发。7例中转开腹,4例因肠管间团状粘连或板块状粘连,2例因术中分破肠壁,1例因肠管形成内疝致肠绞窄坏死。结论:腹腔镜肠粘连松解术在严格掌握手术适应证的前提下安全可靠,具有患者创伤小、痛苦轻、瘢痕小、康复快、治疗费用少等优点,且再粘连率低。     

肠道膀胱内瘘12例临床分析

目的探讨肠道膀胱内瘘的诊断和处理方法。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2021年12月期间苏州大学附属第一医院诊断肠道膀胱内瘘12例患者的临床资料。结果 12例患者中直肠膀胱瘘5例, 乙状结肠膀胱瘘4例, 盲肠膀胱瘘1例, 回肠膀胱瘘2例, 其中1例女性患者并存阴道膀胱瘘。行CT检查6例, 肠镜检查5例, 膀胱镜检查6例, 膀胱X线造影检查3例, 肠道X线造影检查2例。11例接受手术治疗, 5例为2次以上手术。1例术后死亡, 2例行肠造口术后好转。1例行病变肠管切除术、膀胱修补术, 3例行病变肠管切除联合部分或全膀胱切除术, 4例行病变肠管切除、膀胱修补、横结肠或回肠造口术。全组12例患者中, 1例术后死亡, 1例未愈, 10例痊愈, 随访至今无复发。结论肠道膀胱内瘘多继发于肠道肿瘤, 临床表现大多为粪尿、尿路感染, CT、膀胱镜、膀胱X线造影或肠道X线造影检查为重要诊断手段, 手术治疗效果良好。     

改良单孔腹腔镜下根治性膀胱前列腺切除-原位回肠新膀胱术围手术期护理

目的报道12例经改良单孔腹腔镜下根治性膀胱前列腺切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的围手术期护理体会。方法 2008年11月至2010年10月,我科为12例男性膀胱癌患者行改良单孔腹腔镜下根治性膀胱前列腺切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,围手术期予及时疼痛护理,高质量管道护理、尿管牵引及新膀胱功能训练。结果 12例手术均顺利完成,无中转常规腹腔镜手术或开放手术。1例术后2d出现谵妄,1例术后3d出现不完全性肠梗阻,2例术后4d出现淋巴漏,经及时治疗治愈。结论在围手术期加强心理护理,重视肠道及脐部皮肤准备,高质量的管道护理及系统的新膀胱功能训练,对减少术后并发症、提高患者康复水平和生活质量有重要意义。     

腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位回肠代膀胱术病人的围手术期护理

目的:探讨腹腔镜下膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术围手术期的护理要点.方法:对2例膀胱肿瘤的患者行膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术,术前做好心理护理、术前准备、术后密切观察病情及生命体征变化,做好术后并发症的观察和护理,予以对症护理及出院指导.结果:2例膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术无一例并发症发生,患者病情稳定,均取得满意的治疗效果.结论:膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术是一种较理想的膀胱替代术式,充分术前准备,精心的术后护理以及恢复期代膀胱功能的训练,是确保手术成功的关键.     

粘性肠梗阻腹腔镜下肠粘连松解术64例临床分析

目的探讨粘性肠梗阻腹腔镜下肠粘连松解术的安全性和可行性。方法对38例粘连性肠梗阻患者在腹腔镜下行肠粘连松解术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组38例患者中,32例成功完成腹腔镜下肠粘连松解术。手术时间54~130 min,平均67.8 min。术中出血10~25 m L,平均12.6 m L。患者术后第1天开始进食并下床活动,仅2例患者术后使用止痛剂,未发生1例术后并发症。3例因肠袢致密粘连成团、腔镜下粘连松解困难,2例因粘连内疝并肠管坏死,1例因松解时肠管多处严重损伤而中转开腹。结论对非手术治疗无效的粘性梗阻患者,腹腔镜下肠粘连松解术具有适应证宽、安全、手术时间短、术后恢复快、并发症少等特点。但必须把握好中转开腹的时机,发现肠袢致密粘连成团腔镜下松解困难,或因粘连内疝并肠管坏死,或手术过程中肠管损伤时,应果断中转开腹手术,以免引起严重后果。     

双U形回肠代膀胱术的初步研究(附20例报告)

目的　改良回肠代膀胱成形方法 ,更好地解决膀胱全切术后贮尿和排尿问题。　方法　 2 0例膀胱癌患者行膀胱全切后 ,采用双U形方法作原位回肠代膀胱。于对系膜缘剖开肠管 ,肠片左右U形排列 ,连续缝合内侧缘 ;上下U形对折缝合成球形膀胱 ,上下U形缝合前行输尿管新膀胱再植和新膀胱尿道吻合。　结果　成形手术时间 (90± 15 )min。无严重并发症 ,无围手术期或术后早期死亡。术后随访 6～ 4 8个月 ,平均 2 5个月。患者控尿、排尿满意 ,2 0例 (10 0 % )白天控尿 ,夜间轻度尿失禁或遗尿 6例 (30 % ) ;1例男性患者出现排尿困难 ,行TUR解除。贮尿囊容量 2 5 0～ 4 5 0ml,平均 340ml,剩余尿 0～ 4 0ml。　结论　双U形回肠代膀胱术操作简便 ,新膀胱容量大、压力低 ,术后并发症发生率低。     

改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱术后效果探析

目的探讨改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱手术的临床效果。方法对18例浸润性膀胱癌患者行改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱手术治疗,记录手术时间、术中输血量、术后并发症、术后排尿情况、肿瘤控制情况和生存质量等。结果 18例患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间250 min。术中输血量平均470 mL。术后3例出现早期并发症,其中电解质紊乱2例,尿瘘1例。18例患者均获随访,平均时间20个月,1例发生单侧输尿管反流,1例死于脑梗死,1例死于肿瘤转移,1例死于肾功能衰竭。术后患者的生活质量比较满意。结论改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱手术术式简单、术后并发症少和代膀胱功能好,是浸润性膀胱癌较为理想的治疗术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.