左卡尼汀联合重组人促红素注射液治疗规律透析慢性肾功能衰竭合并贫血患者的临床效果分析

目的 观察左卡尼汀联合重组人促红素注射液治疗规律透析慢性肾功能衰竭合并贫血患者的临床效果。方法 80例规律透析慢性肾功能衰竭合并贫血患者,按照随机数字表法分为对照组与实验组,每组40例。两组患者均接受规律透析治疗,对照组患者应用重组人促红素注射液治疗,实验组患者应用左卡尼汀注射液联合重组人促红素注射液治疗。比较两组患者治疗后临床疗效及不良反应发生情况。结果 实验组患者治疗后总有效率为95.00%,高于对照组的75.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组患者治疗后不良反应发生率15.00%略高于对照组的12.50%,但比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 规律透析慢性肾功能衰竭合并贫血患者采用左卡尼汀联合重组人促红素注射液治疗的效果显著优于单独使用重组人促红素注射液。     

重组人促红素联合蔗糖铁用于妇科围手术期红细胞动员的疗效观察

目的观察重组人促红素(rhEPO)联合蔗糖铁用于妇科围手术期红细胞动员的效果。方法选取2012年5-12月我科收治的中度贫血患者156例,随机分为对照组与观察组,每组78例。对照组按照患者血红蛋白(Hb)情况,给予口服铁剂、饮食补充。观察组于手术前一日开始给予rhEPO 20 000 IU皮下注射,同时静脉补充蔗糖铁100 mg,每周2次。手术日开始,给予rhEPO 10 000 IU/支,每日皮下注射,连续7 d。分别于注射后1、3、5、7 d观察两组患者的Hb的变化情况。结果手术后,观察组患者的Hb未受手术影响;对照组患者的Hb与手术前比较,均有不同程度下降;治疗组患者的Hb值明显高于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 rhEPO联合蔗糖铁应用于妇科围手术期红细胞动员效果满意,既能缓解目前血液紧张的状态,又可以避免异体输血的隐患。     

米非司酮用于腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术前的疗效观察

目的探讨米非司酮在腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术前的应用。方法将65例行腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术同时合并中重度贫血患者随机分为两组;观察组30例,术前口服米非司酮,每日1次,每次10mg,连续3个月,停药后1个月之内手术;对照组35例,术前常规纠正贫血后手术。记录观察组服药前后血红蛋白改善程度,肌瘤直径变化;观察组与对照组围术期情况比较。结果观察组服药前后血红蛋白、肌瘤直径比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组与对照组在围术期情况中的手术时间、出血量及输血率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后病率、住院天数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论米非司酮在腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术前的应用可使患者贫血状态得到明显改善,同时缩小肌瘤体积,缩短手术时间,降低手术难度。     

食管癌术后抗生素单药与多药联合应用临床研究

目的观察分析食管癌患者术后联合应用抗生素的利弊。方法回顾性分析273例食管癌患者的临床资料,根据术后抗生素应用情况分为单药组和多药组。统计分析患者术后严重感染和围术期并发症发生情况,比较组间差别。结果单药组135例患者与多药组138例患者相比,在胸腔感染、切口感染、吻合口瘘等并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),单药组患者腹泻发生率较多药组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论食管癌术后应用单种抗生素预防感染安全有效,与联合应用抗生素相比无明显差异。     

重组人促红细胞生成素治疗肾性贫血的疗效观察

目的研究常规应用重组人促红细胞生成素治疗慢性肾脏疾病贫血的有效性和安全性。方法将80例患者随机分为2组,在基础治疗基础上:观察组应用国产重组人红细胞生成素佳林豪;对照组应用原装进口重组人红细胞生成素利血宝。观察两组的血红蛋白、红细胞压积上升情况及应用促红素后的不良反应等。结果经过12个月的治疗,两组患者应用重组人红细胞生成素后血红蛋白、红细胞压积均有效改善,组内比较有统计学意义(P<0.01);但两组间比较差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组均未见严重不良反应发生。结论在慢性肾脏疾病贫血的治疗中,山东东阿集团生产的促红细胞生成素安全、有效。     

静脉铁剂在妇科肿瘤围手术期贫血治疗中的应用

妇科肿瘤患者是贫血高危人群,围手术期发生贫血会导致输血概率增加,手术并发症增加,住院时间延长,医疗成本增加,死亡率升高。静脉铁剂起效快,无胃肠道刺激,在临床上的应用越来越广泛。以羧基麦芽糖铁为代表的新型铁剂可在较短的输注时间内以相对较高的剂量给药,可缩短血红蛋白达标时间,已应用于临床治疗。本文对妇科肿瘤围手术期贫血的进展和静脉铁剂在妇科围手术期的应用进行了总结,以提高临床医师对妇科肿瘤围手术期贫血的重视,为贫血纠正方案的选择提供参考。     

食管癌术后抗生素单药与多药联合应用临床研究

目的 观察分析食管癌患者术后联合应用抗生素的利弊.方法 回顾性分析273例食管癌患者的临床资料,根据术后抗生素应用情况分为单药组和多药组.统计分析患者术后严重感染和围术期并发症发生情况,比较组间差别.结果 单药组135例患者与多药组138例患者相比,在胸腔感染、切口感染、吻合口瘘等并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),单药组患者腹泻发生率较多药组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 食管癌术后应用单种抗生素预防感染安全有效,与联合应用抗生素相比无明显差异.     

临床药师干预对围手术期抗菌药物合理应用的影响

目的:探讨临床药师干预对围手术期抗菌药物合理应用的影响。方法:将某院收治的1024例围术期使用抗菌药物的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类切口患者作为研究对象,将患者分为对照组508例和治疗组516例。对照组为临床药师干预前围术期使用抗菌药物的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类切口患者,治疗组为临床药师干预后围术期使用抗菌药物的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类切口患者,比较两组患者的抗菌药物应用情况。结果:治疗组在抗菌药物的使用情况、联合用药合理和给药时机合理情况均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:临床药师干预可有效提高围手术期抗菌药物的合理应用水平。     

重组人促红素治疗1例肿瘤相关性贫血分析

1例原发性支气管肺癌患者,入院行第4次化疗。入院后血常规提示存在中度贫血,基于前3次化疗后血红蛋白持续下降的情况,医生认为该患者目前不宜化疗。为确定贫血的治疗方案,医生咨询了临床药师,药师查阅文献后建议选用重组人促红素（recombinant human erythropoietin,rhEPO）治疗贫血,待血红蛋白升到80 g/L后,再开始化疗。患者在rhEPO联合铁剂治疗一周后,血红蛋白值升至81 g/L,顺利完成化疗,病情平稳出院。     

促红素对胃癌相关性贫血的疗效与预后的影响观察

目的探究胃癌相关性贫血使用促红素进行治疗临床疗效以及预后情况。方法选取我院2015年4月~2016年8月收入98例胃癌相关性贫血患者作为此次研究对象,按照治疗方式不同分为观察组和对照组,各49例,对照组使用常规化疗以及常规抗贫血治疗,观察组使用常规化疗并予以促红素治疗,比较两组血液水平指标变化、临床治疗效以及不良反应发生率。结果两组治疗前后血液指标水平变化中两组治疗前差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组治疗后差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组治疗疗效比较中观察组95.9%高于对照组79.6%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组不良反应中观察组14.3%低于对照组30.6%,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床上使用促红素对于肿瘤相关性贫血治疗效果较为明显,可以使血红蛋白有效升高,减少临床上不良反应发生,可以在临床上推广使用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.