冬凌草甲素抗肿瘤的研究进展

冬凌草甲素是从冬凌草等植物中提取出的一种贝壳杉烯二萜类化合物,在抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导自噬及凋亡等方面具有较好的抗肿瘤活性。本文对冬凌草甲素的抗肿瘤活性及作用机制的研究进展作一综述。     

冬凌草甲素的研究进展

冬凌草甲素是从冬凌草等植物叶子中提取出的一种贝壳杉烯二萜类化合物,具有好的抗肿瘤活性.对冬凌草甲素进行结构修饰,改善其水溶性得到了部分抗肿瘤活性更强的冬凌草甲素衍生物.本文试从药理作用、构效关系及其衍生物等方面对冬凌草甲素的研究概况作一综述.     

五环三萜羽扇豆烷型天然产物抗肿瘤活性研究进展

天然产物是抗肿瘤药物的重要来源。三萜化合物是植物体内重要的次生代谢产物,具有广泛的生物活性,其中五环三萜羽扇豆烷型天然产物对多种肿瘤细胞生长均表现出很强地抑制活性,同时由于毒性较低且作用机制独特,使其成为优秀的抗肿瘤先导化合物。近年来,针对羽扇豆烷型天然产物的抗肿瘤机制研究越发深入,对其结构进行衍生化从而提升活性、改善成药性的研究也越来越多。本文综述了五环三萜中白桦酸、23-羟基白桦酸、桦木醇和羽扇豆醇4个天然活性化合物的来源、抗肿瘤活性、作用机制及结构衍生化等方面国内外的研究进展。     

雷公藤甲素抗肿瘤药理作用的研究进展

雷公藤甲素是从中药雷公藤中提取的一种具有多种生物活性的天然产物,是雷公藤片、雷公藤多甙片等制剂的主要有效成分,临床多用于抗炎及免疫抑制。药理研究表明雷公藤甲素还具有广谱、高效的抗肿瘤活性,作用机制涉及诱导细胞凋亡、阻滞细胞周期、逆转肿瘤细胞多药耐药等多个方面。综述了雷公藤甲素对消化系统、生殖系统、血液系统、呼吸系统肿瘤的抗肿瘤作用及相关机制的研究进展,为加速其抗肿瘤新药研发提供理论依据。     

来源于天然产物的抗肿瘤先导结构研究进展

肿瘤严重威胁人类生命健康,因此发现新结构类型、新作用机制、更有效的抗肿瘤药成为当务之急。天然产物在抗肿瘤药物发现过程中有着重要的作用和意义。综述几种具有抗肿瘤活性的天然产物,重点阐述其作用机制、抗肿瘤活性及构效关系的研究进展。     

冬凌草甲素研究进展

冬凌草甲素是从唇形科香茶菜属植物中提取出来的一种对映-贝壳杉烷型二萜类化合物,具有多种药理作用,尤其是抗肿瘤活性。本文对冬凌草甲素的衍生物、药效学及药代动力学等方面进行综述,并对冬凌草甲素的研究开发前景进行展望。     

冬凌草的化学成分及其抗肿瘤活性

目的研究冬凌草的抗癌活性成分。方法利用硅胶柱色谱对冬凌草的乙醇冷浸提取物进行分离,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据确定其结构并进行冬凌草甲素和冬凌草乙素的抗癌活性对比。结果分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为α香树脂醇(1)、β谷甾醇(2)、熊果酸(3)、齐墩果酸(4)、水杨酸(5)、sideritoflavone(6)、冬凌草甲素(7)、冬凌草乙素(8)、冬凌草丙素(9)、胡萝卜苷(10)、enmenol1αOβDglucoside(11)、葡萄糖(12)。冬凌草甲素对人黑色素瘤细胞A375S2、小鼠纤维肉瘤细胞L929、人红白血病细胞系K562、人组织淋巴瘤细胞U937以及人早幼粒白血病细胞HL60都有较好活性而对人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)杀伤作用较弱。结论Sideritoflavone为首次从该植物中分离得到。冬凌草甲素比冬凌草乙素有更好的抗癌活性,且其抗癌活性有较强的选择性。     

冬凌草甲素对人肺腺癌细胞株SPC-A-1增殖和凋亡的影响

冬凌草甲素(oridonin)是从冬凌草(Rabdosia rubescensin)中提取的一种贝壳杉烯二萜类化合物,是冬凌草最主要的有效成分.其药理学和生理效应研究发现具有抗炎、抗菌和抗肿瘤功效.体外药效学研究显示,冬凌草甲素对多种人癌细胞株的生长有明显的抑制作用~([1,2]),但冬凌草甲素对肺癌细胞株的作用国内仍未见报道,且其机制不明.本实验旨在研究oridonin对人肺腺癌SPC-A-1细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,为进一步应用冬凌草甲素提供实验基础.     

冬凌草甲素诱导HL-60细胞凋亡

目的　研究冬凌草甲素诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞凋亡的作用。方法　形态学观察 ,DNA凝胶电泳及流式细胞术。结果　冬凌草甲素能显著地诱导HL 6 0细胞发生凋亡 ,其作用呈明显的浓度效应关系和时间依赖性。形态学观察可见凋亡小体的形成 ,琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见明显的DNA梯带 ;流式细胞仪检测到G1亚峰。结论　冬凌草甲素能诱导HL 6 0细胞凋亡 ,并与其细胞杀伤活性相互平行 ,提示冬凌草甲素的抗癌活性与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关     

冬凌草甲素靶向给药系统研究进展

目的介绍冬凌草甲素靶向制剂的研究现状。方法综述近年来国内外相关研究,介绍靶向制剂靶向原理和特性、药动药效学研究进展,并对其可行性和前景进行分析。结果冬凌草甲素靶向制剂不仅可以提高冬凌草甲素的溶解度,而且提高了靶部位药物浓度,增强抗肿瘤效果、降低不良反应。结论开发更高靶向效率、安全、经济、多类型的给药系统是未来冬凌草甲素靶向制剂的研究焦点。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.