铸造工人肺功能和呼吸系统症状的配对分析

对４３４名铸造工人与３６名脱离铸造粉尘作业的工人进行了肺功能以及呼吸系统症状与慢性支气管炎患病情况的配对分析。结果表明：接尘与脱尘组ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５－７５％、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０、等肺功能指标的实测值均较对照组明显降低．肺功能异常人数则均较对照组显著升高。接尘组呼吸系统症状的阳性数与慢性支气管炎的患病数均显著高于对照组；与对照组相比，脱尘组呼吸系统症状的阳性数与慢性支气管炎患病数也均有增高的趋势。     

调离铸钢粉尘作业人工肺功能的研究

本文对１４３名调离铸钢粉尘作业工人肺功能损害及呼吸系统症状阳性率与慢性支气管炎的患者病进行了研究，结果表明，无论吸烟与否，离尘组工人的ＦＶＣ１，ＦＥＶ１．０，ＦＥＦ２５－７５％，Ｖ７５，Ｖ５０及ＦＥＶ１．０／ＦＶＣ％等肺功能指标的实测值占地值百分比均较对照工人组显降低，肺功能异常率则显著增高，除个别指标外，其差别均有非常显著的意义，配对比较显示，离尘组工人肺功能各项指标的实测值显著低于对照组，异常     

影响铸钢接尘工人肺功能损害的因素分析

对沈阳重型机器厂铸钢车间５０６名铸钢接尘工人进行了肺功能测定与影响因素分析。结果表明：不论吸烟与否，铸钢接尘工人ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５－７５％、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０和ＦＥＶ１／ＦＶＣ％等肺功能指标的实测值占预计值百分比较对照组明显低（Ｐ均＜０．０１）．接尘工人肺功能损害随着累计接尘量的增加和接尘工龄的延长而加重。清砂工肺功能损害较其它工种为重．多因素分析表明：粉尘是影响工人肺功能损害的主要因素．     

某烟叶复烤厂接尘工人肺功能配对研究

本文分析对烟叶复烤厂１１４名接尘工人（接尘组）、６１名调离粉尘作业工人（调离组）与对照工人（对照组）进行了肺功能的配对比较分析，结果表明：不论是接尘组，还是调离组，ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＭＭＦ与Ｖ５０等肺功能指标的实测值、实测值占预计值的百分比均较对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１）；异常率则明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１）。多因素分析结果表明，累积接尘量与接尘工龄是影响接尘工人肺功能下降的     

烟叶复烤厂粉尘对接尘工人呼吸系统影响的研究

本文对某烟叶复烤厂进行了劳动卫生学调查，对３０１名接尘工人与３２３名对照工人进行了呼吸系统症状的调查与肺功能检测。该厂作业现场粉尘几何平均浓度波动范围１２．７８～２３．８５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，粉尘中游离ＳｉＯ２含量为２．４２～１０．７８％。与对照组相比，接尘工人呼吸系统症状的阳性率明显增高，ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＭＭＦ、Ｖ５０、Ｖ２５等肺功能指标明显下降，肺功能异常率显著增高，多数指标具有显著性差异。接尘工     

铸钢与铸铁接尘工人肺功能测定的比较分析

本文对５０６名铸钢接尘工人，１５５０名铸铁接尘工人．７３８名对照工人进行了肺通气功能的测定与比较分析。结果表明：无论吸烟与否、铸钢、铸铁接尘工人ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１．０等肺功能指标的实测值占预计值百分比的下降，肺功能异常率的升高，均较对照工人为明显，铸钢工人肺功能的损害尤为严重。三年追踪观察结果显示：铸钢工人ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１．０的年均下降值大于铸铁工人。铸钢与铸铁接尘工人相同累计接尘量，相同接尘工龄与相同工种间的比较，亦均显示铸钢工人肺功能的损害较铸铁工人为重。     

铸造接尘女工肺功能与呼吸系统症状的配对研究

为了深入探讨铸造粉尘对接尘女工呼吸系统的损害，本文按配对设计原则，就１６２对不吸烟的铸造接尘女工与对照女工进行了肺功能和呼吸系统症状的配对研究。结果表明：接尘组ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５％～７５％、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０等肺功能指标的实测值均较对照组显著降低，除Ｖ７５外，Ｐ值均小于０．０１；肺功能各项指标异常、呼吸系统症状呈阳性以及患慢性支气管炎的例数，接尘组则均较对照组明显增加，且均具有统计学意义。因此，对铸造接尘女工的职业性危害问题应给予足够的重视。     

铸钢和铸铁接尘工人肺功能损害的配对分析

本文按配对设计的原则，严格控制年龄、身高、吸烟量、接尘量等因素，分别对５２名铸钢和铸铁接尘工人进行了肺功能的比较分析，结果表明铸钢接尘工人的ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ_（１．０）、ＦＥＦ_（２５～７５）、Ｖ_（７５）、Ｖ_（５０）、Ｖ_（２５）等肺功能指标均低于铸铁接尘工人，ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ_（１．０）有显著意义的差别（Ｐ＜０．０５）；相同接尘工龄、相同累计接尘量的配对结果，尘龄小于２０年或累计接尘量小于５００毫克·年时，两组肺功能损害未见差别（Ｐ＞０．０５），当尘龄大于２０年或累计接尘量大于５００毫克·年时，铸钢接尘工人肺功能各项指标明显低于铸铁接尘工人（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

石材制品厂非吸烟接尘工人呼吸系统损害研究

「目的」探讨接尘不吸烟工人呼吸系统的损害。「方法」对石制品１２４名接尘不吸烟工人及对照组进行呼吸系统询问调查和肺功能测定。「结果」接尘组工人呼吸症状阳性率明显高于对照组,肺功能明显下降,ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５－７５明显下降,均有显著性差异。「结论」矽尘作业工人呼吸系统和肺功能损害是严重的,应采取防护措施。     

沈阳水泵厂铸造车间接尘不吸烟工人呼吸系统损害的调查

本文对沈阳水泵厂铸造车间８２名接尘不吸烟工人进行了呼吸系统询问调查与肺功能检测。结果表明，接尘组咳嗽、咳痰、气短、胸痛、胸闷的阳性率较对照组明显升高，且均具有显著性；ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５－７５与对照组相比，其实测值、实测值占预计值％的下降及异常率的升高，多具有显著性差别。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.