香椿果多酚对补体致内皮细胞活化和损伤的保护作用

目的评价香椿果多酚类化合物XCG-7对补体致内皮细胞活化和损伤的保护作用。方法采用能特异性激活补体替代途径的眼镜蛇毒因子激活血清补体,将激活的血清作用于血管内皮细胞,诱导其活化和损伤。通过测定内皮细胞P-selectin、E-selectin和IL-8的表达以及乳酸脱氢酶释放和Caspase-3/7活化的变化,评价XCG-7对补体刺激内皮细胞活化和损伤的抑制作用。结果 XCG-7能明显抑制补体刺激内皮细胞P-selectin、E-selectin和IL-8的表达上调,减少补体损伤内皮细胞导致乳酸脱氢酶的释放和Caspase-3/7的活化。结论香椿果多酚化合物XCG-7对补体导致内皮细胞活化和损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

脂多糖激活补体诱导内皮细胞释放黏附分子和凋亡

目的在细胞水平上研究脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)激活血清补体对内皮细胞的作用和影响。方法研究LPS激活血清补体的作用方式和特点,观察LPS激活补体对内皮细胞表达黏附分子和凋亡的影响。采用ELISA检测内皮细胞释放P-selectin、E-selectin和ICAM-1的变化,化学发光法检测Caspase-3/7活化情况,SRB法检测LPS激活补体对内皮细胞生长的影响。结果 LPS能够激活血清补体,这种激活呈现量效、时效性。LPS激活血清补体可诱导内皮细胞瞬时明显释放P-selectin,E-selectin和ICAM-1表达也明显上调,同时可导致Caspase-3/7活化。在本实验条件下,LPS激活血清补体对内皮细胞生长未产生抑制。结论 LPS激活血清补体可损伤内皮细胞,导致内皮细胞明显表达黏附分子以及发生凋亡。     

绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸对补体旁路激活致内皮细胞炎症相关分子表达的干预

目的研究绿原酸及其代谢产物咖啡酸和阿魏酸对补体旁路激活导致人微血管内皮细胞炎症反应相关分子表达的干预作用。方法采用眼镜蛇毒因子激活人血清补体旁路,将补体旁路激活产物作用于人微血管内皮细胞,分别取不同时间点的细胞培养上清,采用ELISA方法检测ICAM-1、IL-6、IL-8、t-PA、PAI-1的含量;采用不同浓度的绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸预处理内皮细胞,然后将细胞暴露于补体旁路激活产物,检测不同时间点细胞培养上清中ICAM-1、IL-6、IL-8、t-PA、PAI-1的含量变化。结果补体旁路激活产物作用于人微血管内皮细胞后,引起ICAM-1、IL-6、IL-8、t-PA、PAI-1的表达上调。50、100、250μmol·L~(-1)的绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸对ICAM-1、IL-6、IL-8、t-PA、PAI-1的上调表达均有干预作用,其中对ICAM-1和IL-8的干预作用最明显。咖啡酸表现出最好的干预作用,其次为阿魏酸。结论一定浓度的绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸能有效抑制补体旁路激活引起的人微血管内皮细胞表达ICAM-1、IL-6、IL-8、t-PA、PAI-1的上调,提示绿原酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸对微血管内皮细胞的炎症反应有一定的干预作用。     

补体旁路激活致血管平滑肌细胞增殖活化及干预研究

目的研究补体旁路途径激活诱导人血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖活化及其干预作用。方法采用CVF特异激活血浆补体旁路途经。将VSMC与补体旁路激活产物共同孵育,采用倒置相差显微镜和MTT法分别检测细胞形态变化和增殖活性,ELISA法检测培养上清中E-selectin、ICAM-1和VCAM-1含量,Western blot检测p-NF-κB p65、IKK和NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平,双荧光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒检测NF-κB p65转录活性,采用PDTC对上述指标的变化进行干预。结果补体旁路激活导致VSMC增殖活化,上调表达E-selectin、ICAM-1和VCAM-1,其中ICAM-1和VCAM-1含量在6 h达到高峰,E-selectin在12 h出现明显上调;VSMC经补体旁路激活产物刺激后,NF-κB p65磷酸化明显增加,NF-κB p65核内转录活性升高,IKK和NF-κB p65蛋白表达上调,PDTC对上述相关指标的变化有明确的干预作用。结论补体旁路激活可导致VSMC增殖活化,其机制与NF-κB信号通路活化有密切关系,且NF-κB抑制剂PDTC对其增殖活化具有明显的干预作用。     

补体旁路激活致内皮细胞纤溶凝血相关分子表达变化及干预研究

目的研究补体旁路激活致微血管内皮细胞纤溶凝血相关分子表达的变化及干预。方法采用眼镜蛇毒因子激活血清补体旁路途径。将旁路活化的血清作用于人微血管内皮细胞,通过ELISA检测多个时间点细胞培养上清中Pselectin、VWF、t-PA、PAI-1、TF、TM的表达,采用NO试剂盒检测NO水平,并进一步研究吡咯烷二硫氨基甲酸(PDTC)、白藜芦醇对以上指标变化的影响。结果微血管内皮细胞经补体旁路活化产物刺激后,P-selectin、VWF的表达快速上调,其高峰时间为15 min,而纤溶功能分子t-PA、PAI-1也随后出现持续上调表达,与凝血功能相关的组织因子TF的表达水平持续上调,而血栓蛋白TM及NO的表达下降。PDTC、白藜芦醇对P-selectin、VWF、t-PA、PAI-1、TF上调表达具有抑制作用,对NO下调表达具有干预作用。而白藜芦醇能使TM的表达进一步下调。结论补体旁路活化产物会导致微血管内皮细胞纤溶凝血功能相关分子表达的变化,而PDTC、白藜芦醇对此种变化具有一定的影响。     

三种化学小分子对补体旁路激活致内皮细胞黏附分子表达的干预及机制研究

目的研究白藜芦醇(Res)、PDTC和AG490 3种化学小分子对补体旁路激活致人微血管内皮细胞炎症反应相关黏附分子表达的干预作用和可能的作用机制。方法采用补体旁路激活产物作用于人微血管内皮细胞(HMEC)。TBA法检测细胞培养上清中丙二醛(MDA)的浓度,ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清中可溶性黏附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、E-selectin的表达,并采用多个浓度的Res、NF-κB信号通路抑制剂PDTC和JAK2信号通路抑制剂AG490预处理内皮细胞,研究3种抑制剂对细胞氧化水平和黏附分子表达的干预作用。利用Western blot检测补体旁路激活产物作用于内皮细胞对NF-κB p65磷酸化的影响及3种抑制剂的干预作用。结果 HMEC受补体旁路激活产物刺激后,导致细胞培养上清中MDA浓度升高,NF-κB p65磷酸化和黏附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1和E-selectin的表达上调。Res可降低细胞培养上清中MDA的浓度。Res、PDTC和AG490能抑制NF-κB p65的磷酸化。Res与PDTC能抑制内皮细胞黏附分子ICAM-1和VCAM-1的表达,对E-selectin的表达有一定的抑制作用,而AG490能够明显抑制上述3种黏附分子的表达。结论 Res、PDTC和AG490对补体旁路激活产物致内皮细胞黏附分子表达上调有不同程度的抑制作用,其作用机制与NF-κB信号通路的活化有关,而JAK2可能是一个更重要的调控位点。     

二苯乙烯苷对H_2O_2诱导血管内皮细胞黏附分子表达的影响

目的研究二苯乙烯苷(TSG)对过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导损伤的人脐静脉内皮细胞P-selectin、E-selectin、ICAM-1、VCAM-1和MCP-1表达的影响。方法体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,实验分为空白对照组、H2O2组、辛伐他汀组、TSG组,运用逆转录聚合酶链式反应和酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测P-selectin、E-selectin、ICAM-1、VCAM-1和MCP-1 mRNA与蛋白的表达。结果 200μmol·L-1的H2O2作用内皮细胞24 h后,P-selectin、E-selectin、ICAM-1、VCAM-1和MCP-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显上调;经TSG预处理内皮细胞4 h后,再加200μmol·L-1的H2O2作用内皮细胞24 h,结果显示:TSG能抑制H2O2诱导的内皮细胞P-selnecti、E-se-lectin、ICAM-1、VCAM-1和MCP-1的mRNA和蛋白的表达。结论 TSG可抑制H2O2诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞黏附分子的表达。     

眼镜蛇毒金属蛋白酶atrase A诱导人内皮细胞释放炎症介质及凋亡

目的研究眼镜蛇毒金属蛋白酶atrase A对人内皮细胞的作用。方法采用MTT法、SRB法、形态学观察分别检测atrase A对人微血管内皮细胞生长的影响;内皮细胞经at-rase A处理后,ELISA法检测内皮细胞释放IL-8、ICAM-1、MCP-1、E-selectin的变化,萤光发光法检测各组caspase-8、caspase-3/7的表达情况。经尾静脉给予大鼠atrase A后,检测大鼠血清中ICAM-1、IL-8、TNF-α的变化情况。结果At-rase A(400、40 mg.L-1)对内皮细胞的生长具有明显的抑制作用。而MTT法结果显示,atrase A对高接种密度的内皮细胞基本上没有影响;镜检结果显示,atrase A(400、40 mg.L-1)可使贴壁生长的内皮细胞解离悬浮。而4 mg.L-1的atrase A对内皮细胞的生长没有影响。高剂量atrase A(400mg.L-1)可诱导内皮细胞IL-8、ICAM-1、MCP-1释放增加,而低剂量atrase A(4 mg.L-1)对各炎症介质的表达没有影响。Atrase A还可诱导内皮细胞caspase-8、caspase-3/7的表达,12 h达峰值。经尾静脉分别给予2 240μg.kg-1和400μg.kg-1的atrase A后,高剂量组SD大鼠血清中ICAM-1、IL-8、TNF-α表达增加;而低剂量组中没有明显变化。结论眼镜蛇毒金属蛋白酶atrase A可抑制内皮细胞生长,诱导内皮细胞释放炎症介质和凋亡。     

补体旁路激活对内皮细胞纤溶功能的影响

<正>补体对机体防御和免疫功能有重要的作用,然而其过度激活会造成炎症和损伤[1]。旁路激活是补体激活的一条重要途径,很多疾病的发生与补体的旁路激活密切相关[2]。激活的补体会对内皮细胞产生作用和影响。内皮细胞具有多种重要的分泌调节功能,而补体旁路激活对内皮细胞纤溶功能影响的研究极少见报道。为进一步探讨炎症相关病征中补体激活与凝血功能异常的相关性,本文开展了补体旁路激活对内皮细胞纤溶功能影响的研究。     

川芎嗪对补体旁路激活致内皮细胞炎症反应的干预作用

目的研究川芎嗪(TMP)对补体旁路激活致人微血管内皮细胞(HMEC)炎症反应的干预作用及其可能的分子机制。方法以眼镜蛇毒因子(cobra venom factor,CVF)来激活正常人血清的补体旁路,用激活产物作用于HMEC,作用前加入不同浓度TMP预处理细胞,然后将细胞暴露在该激活产物中,采用ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清中可溶性黏附分子(ICAM-1、VCAM-1、E-selectin)和炎症介质(IL-6、TNF-α)的含量变化;双萤光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒测定NF-κB核内转录活性。结果 HMEC受补体旁路激活产物刺激后,引起黏附分子和炎症介质的表达上调,以及NF-κB核内转录活性的上调。不同浓度的TMP对上述炎症反应相关指标的上调均有干预作用,且表现出剂量依赖性。结论 TMP对补体旁路特异激活HMEC炎症反应有明显的干预作用,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB的核内转录活性有关。     

Chemokine production and E-selectin expression in activated endothelial cells are inhibited by p38 MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) inhibitor RWJ 67657

Endothelial cells play an important role in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis by recruitment of inflammatory cells. The cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are major inducers of endothelial cell activation and are stimulators of inflammatory signal transduction pathway involving p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). The present study investigated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition on cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression and chemokine production by endothelial cells both on mRNA and protein level. Pre-treatment of endothelial cells with the pharmacologically relevant concentration of 1 microM of the p38 MAPK inhibitor RWJ 67657 reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta induced mRNA and membrane expression of E-selectin. Moderate inhibitory effects on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were found. Significant reduction of mRNA expression and protein production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1 was demonstrated. Treatment with RWJ 67657 could lead to reduced leukocyte infiltration by the reduction of E-selectin expression and chemokine production.     

The dialogue between endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages in vascular syndromes

The aim of this chapter is to present and identify potential pharmacological targets in endothelial cell-monocyte interactions leading to vascular syndrome and involving inflammation, coagulation, vascular remodelling and thrombosis. Increasing evidence is indicating that endothelial cells play a key role in atherothombosis by their capacity to attract, bind and allow the extravasation of monocytes to sites of inflammation. Surface expression and/or activation of constituent cell adhesion molecules (for e.g. P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1) on endothelial cells together with chemokines such as CXCL8 (IL-8), Platelet-activating factor (PAF), CCL2 and CCL5 (Table 1) allow the rolling, adhesion and extravasation of monocytes. This review focuses on pharmacological targets implicated in endothelial cells interactions with monocytes/macrophages in vascular disease states and on cutting edge genomic tools for the identification and characterization of such targets.     

Endogenous glucocorticoids control neutrophil mobilization from bone marrow to blood and tissues in non-inflammatory conditions

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We have shown that endogenous glucocorticoids control neutrophil mobilization in the absence of inflammation. In this study the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the physiological control of neutrophil mobilization was investigated, focusing on the specific mechanisms for mature neutrophils in bone marrow, circulating neutrophils and endothelial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Male Wistar rats were treated with RU 38486 or adrenalectomized. Cell numbers in bone marrow and circulation were morphologically quantified and expressions of L-selectin determined by flow cytometry. Expressions of P-selectin, E-selectin, PECAM-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were measured by immunohistochemistry on vessels of cremaster muscle and their mRNA levels quantified in primary cultured endothelial cells. NF-kappaB activity in neutrophils and endothelium was quantified by EMSA. KEY RESULTS: RU 38486 treatment altered the maturation phases of neutrophilic lineage and reduced expression of L-selectin in mature neutrophils from bone marrow; increased the number of neutrophils in the circulation and elevated the expression of L-selectin in these cells. P-selectin and E-selectin expression in endothelial cells was unchanged by adrenalectomy or RU 38486 treatment. Membrane expressions, mRNA levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PECAM-1 and NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus were higher in the endothelium of adrenalectomized and RU 38486 treated rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Endogenous glucocorticoids, through activation of GR on neutrophils, physiologically control the rolling behaviour of these cells and, by modulating endothelial functions, affect their adhesiveness. The molecular mechanism induced by activated GR is different in each cell, as NF-kappaB translocation was only altered in endothelial cells.     

Pentoxifylline inhibits ICAM-1 expression and chemokine production induced by proinflammatory cytokines in human pulmonary epithelial cells

Airway epithelium participates in inflammatory reactions by producing chemokines and expressing cell-surface adhesion molecules which aid in the selective recruitment of effector cells. Previous studies showed that proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), induce surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and the production of the chemokines interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) on pulmonary epithelial cell lines in vitro. In this study, the dose response of four cytokines, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, TNF alpha and TNF beta, in inducing ICAM-1 expression and production of IL-8 and MCP-1 on pulmonary A549 epithelial cells was examined. Both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta induced ICAM-1 expression and IL-8 and MCP-1 production at lower doses than TNF alpha or TNF beta. Pentoxifylline, an anti-inflammatory agent used to treat vascular diseases, was tested for its ability to inhibit the activation of airway epithelial cells by these cytokines. Pentoxifylline completely inhibited the surface expression of ICAM-1 and the production of IL-8 and MCP-1 by cytokine-activated epithelial cells. As elevated levels of chemokines are often present in bronchial lavage fluids of patients suffering from various acute respiratory diseases, pentoxifylline may be useful for preventing the rapid development of immune reactions leading to lung injury.     

Euxanthone inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced injury,inflammatory response,and MUC5AC hypersecretion in human airway epithelial cells by the TLR4/MyD88 pathway

Asthma progression is involved in airway epithelial dysfunction, airway inflammatory response, and mucus hypersecretion. Euxanthone has been found to exhibit cytotoxic activity on several human diseases, such as neurological disorders and cancers. Our study aimed to explore the influence of euxanthone on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury, inflammatory response, and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) hypersecretion in human airway epithelial cells (AECs). Network pharmacology analysis was carried out to analyze the drug targets and key pathways of euxanthone against asthma. Cell injury was evaluated by CCK-8, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and MUC5AC was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MUC5AC mRNA expression was detected by qRT-PCR. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) protein expression was examined by western blot analysis. Venn diagram showed 14 overlapping targets between euxanthone and asthma. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, we focused on TLR signaling pathway. LPS exposure evoked viability reduction, increased LDH release and apoptosis, and induced production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) and MUC5AC hypersecretion in human AECs, which were alleviated by euxanthone. Mechanistically, we validated that euxanthone attenuated LPS-induced activation of TLR4/MyD88 pathway in AECs. Moreover, inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88 pathway enhanced the inhibitory effect of euxanthone on LPS-induced cell injury, inflammatory response and MUC5AC expression. In conclusion, euxanthone attenuated LPS-induced cell injury, inflammatory response, and MUC5AC expression in AECs by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/MyD88 pathway.