Esterase spectrum in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of the regenerating liver

The esterase spectrum in hepatocytes and Kuppfer cells of the regenerating rat liver was determined by electrophoresis in starch gel. The relative number of Kupffer cells, the percentage of phagocytic Kupffer cells, and the frequency of mitosis in the hepatocytes were determined. The esterase spectrum of hepatocytes isolated from the intact liver consisted of six zones, and that of the Kupffer cells of five zones of enzyme activity. The spectrum of the hepatocytes was simplified 2.5 h after partial hepatectomy, additional bands of activity appeared toward 9 h, and these persisted until 24 h after the operation. The original esterase spectrum was restored 48 h after the operation. A similar reorganization of the esterase spectrum was observed in the Kupffer cells but this was not fully restored 72 h after partial hepatectomy.Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Kaznacheev.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 84, No. 7, pp. 44–46, July, 1977.     

Changes in Kupffer cells after reversible ischemia in rat liver

Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol.116, N ^o 11, pp. 548–550, November, 1993     

DNA content and size of cell nuclei in the regenerating rat liver

The DNA content in single nuclei and the size of the nuclei were investigated in the intact and regenerating rat liver from 18 h to 21 days after partial hepatectomy. The results of the measurements show that the mean DNA content per nucleus in the intact rat liver is 6.5 pg, and that most nuclei are about equal in size to the diploid nucleus (42.5 ²). DNA synthesis began in the regenerating liver before 18 h after the operation. By 24 h the DNA content in most nuclei of the experimental animals was twice that in the intact rats. This shows that the first wave of synthesis involved 85–90% of the liver cells. After mitosis, which in most cells took place before 36 h after partial hepatectomy weaker waves of DNA synthesis followed, after approximately 42 and 60 h.Department of Normal Anatomy and Department of General Biology, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Czechoslovakia. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 83, No. 8, pp. 369–371, March, 1977.     

Hematopoietic stem cells in the intact and regenerating adult mouse liver

It was shown by the splenic colonies method that hematopoietic stem cells are present in the intact liver of adult CBA mice. Their number increases during regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy.N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 209–210, February, 1977.     

Effect of adrenergic receptor blocking agents on mitotic activity of the regenerating liver

The -adrenergic blocking drug phentolamine was injected into male rats 1 h before resection of 70% of the liver and again 24 h after the operation. Phentolamine inhibited mitotic activity of the regenerating liver. Two injections of propranolol, a -adrenergic blocking drug, at the same times caused an increase in mitotic activity. It was concluded that adrenalin, which excites -adrenergic receptors, may inhibit regeneration. By its action through -adrenergic receptors, however, adrenalin stimulates this process.Department of Physiology of Animals, N. G. Chernyshevskii Saratov University. Central Scientific-Research Laboratory, Saratov Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 1373–1374, November, 1976.     

Activity of nerve growth factor in rat regenerating liver

Two bioassays of specific activity in the presence and absence of specific antiserum, incubation with pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells, proteolytic digestion, and ultrafiltration demonstrate that nerve growth factor isolated from the liver exhibits the basic characteristics of classic mouse nerve growth factor. High activity of this factor is observed in the operated lobe during the first day (3–20 hours) and on days 3–10 of regeneration, i.e., before and after the phase of hepatocyte proliferation. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 121, N ^o 3, pp. 345–347, March, 1996 Presented by I. B. Zbarskii, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Synthesis of plasma membrane proteins in cells of the regenerating liver

Protein synthesis was studied by determining incorporation of [³H]glycine in cells of the regenerating rat liver. The rate of incorporation of [³H]glycine into total liver proteins, proteins of the microsomal fraction and of the hyaloplasm, and proteins of the plasma membranes, soluble and insoluble in 0.05 M K₂CO₃ was determined. The rate of incorporation of [³H]glycine into soluble proteins of the plasma membranes reached a maximum 1 h after partial hepatectomy. The maximal rate of synthesis of proteins of the other fractions occurred at the end of the g₁ period. The sharp increase in the rate of synthesis of plasma membrane proteins soluble in 0.05 M K₂CO₃ is evidently one of the earliest biochemical events in cells of the regenerating liver preparing to divide.Laboratory of Chemical Factors of Regulation of Growth and Cell Division, Institute of Biological and Medical Chemistry, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. N. Orekhovich.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 85, No. 5, pp. 589–591, May, 1978.     

Effect of repeated partial hepatectomy on cell division in the regenerating rat liver

Repeated partial hepatectomy (PH), performed 24 h after a 70% PH, had the following effect on the mitotic cell cycle in the regenerating rat liver: it delayed (by about 2 h) the cells in the G₂ period, left the S period almost unchanged, and delayed the cells for 6–8 h in the G₁ period. A mock repeated operation had a similar effect. This indicates that the influence of the repeated PH on the mitotic cell cycle in the regenerating liver is due to operation stress. Additional stimulation of division by repeated PH affects the character of the regeneration process as a whole.Laboratory of Chemical Factors of Regulation of Growth and Cell Division, Institute of Biological and Medical Chemistry, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. N. Orekhovich.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 84, No. 10, pp. 488–491, October, 1977.     

Liver resistance to CCl4-induced injury after stimulation of macrophages with various preparations

Acute toxic hepatitis in male Wistar rats was produced by single injection of 40% CCl₄ (0.2 ml per 100 g body weight in oil). Pretreatment with various immunostimulators (bacterial polysaccharides prodigiozan and salmozan; yeast polysaccharides zymosan, peptidoglycan, and mannan; and hydrolytic enzyme egg lysozyme) produced a hepatoprotective effect correlating which the stimulatory influence on macrophages and increasing in the following order: mannan<peptidoglycan<zymosan<lysozyme<salmozan<prodigiozan. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 129, No. 6, pp. 620–622, June, 2000     

Effect of 3,4-Benzopyrene on ultrastructure of sinusoidal cells of the liver in adult male rats

Reoganization of sinusoidal cells (endotheliocytes, Kupffer cells, and Ito cells) in the liver microregion of male rat liver exposed to 3,4-benzopyrene was studied. Synchronous activation of the lysosome-vacuole systems in Kupffer cells and endotheliocyte indicates cooperation of these cells in detoxification of benzopyrene and its metabolites. Ito cells lose lipid inclusions and actively proliferate; the appearance of intermediate forms between lipocytes and fibroblasts attests to activation of fibrogenesis in the liver. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 130, No. 12, pp. 696–699, December, 2000     

Characteristics of hepatocytes containing α-fetoprotein in regenerating mouse liver

After poisoning SWR mice of different ages with single or repeated doses of CCl₄ vapor the synthesis of the embryo-specific protein -fetoprotein (-FP) was induced. The greatest rise in the -FP level was observed in mice under 1 month old. In sections through the liver regenerating after CCl₄ poisoning, -FP was found in hepatocytes indistinguishable from the main population: in small cells in young animals and in large, polyploid hepatocytes in the repeatedly poisoned mice. The only distinguishing feature of the -FP-containing cells after poisoning of the mice with different doses of CCl₄ was that most of them were on the boundary with the necrotic zone. A similar localization of -FP-containing hepatocytes was observed when two other hepatotoxins were used: paracetamol and allyl alcohol.Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Diagnosis of Tumors, N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR P. A. Vershilova.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 84, No. 7, pp. 97–101, July, 1977.     

Granulomatous inflammation of the liver in mice with gadolinium chloride-blocked Kupffer cells

(CBA×C57B1/6) F₁ mice injected with zymosan intravenously developed granulomas in the liver; the number of granulomas in mice pretreated with gadolinium chloride, a selective blocker of Kupffer cells, was half that in the untreated animals. Kupffer cells isolated from the liver 5 days after zymosan injection, i.e., during the period when granuloma generation was at its height, displayed a high capacity for stimulating both the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of blood leukocytes (which is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species) and the colony-forming activity of bone marrow cells; this capacity was much lower in mice pretreated with gadolinium chloride. It is shown that granulomatous inflammation of the liver is directly dependent on the activity of Kupffer cells. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 10, pp. 366–369, October, 1995 Presented by V. P. Kaznacheev, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Cytological analysis of the intact and regenerating liver of various strains of rats

A comparative cytological study was made of the control and regenerating liver in two strains of rats: August and cotton-tail. Two-thirds of the liver was removed from both groups of experimental animals and the intact organ served as the control. The animals were killed five or six at a time 30 h and 3, 8, 42, and 120 days after partial hepatectomy. The number of binuclear cells, the dimensions of the mononuclear hepatocytes and of their nuclei, and the mitotic activity and ploidy of the cells were studied. With the exception of mitotic activity, the regenerating and intact liver of the August rats differed from the regenerating and intact liver of the cotton-tail rats in all the above-mentioned cytological parameters. It is concluded that differences in the cytological parameters between the two different strains are due to the genotype of the particular strain.Laboratory of Growth and Development, Institute of Human Morphology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 8, pp. 987–989, August, 1976.     

Effect of high-density lipoproteins and hydrocortisone on apolipoprotein E production in Kupffer cells

High-density lipoproteinsin vitro captured by resident liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) are rapidly degraded in secondary lysosomes, but their protein components are not hydrolyzed completely. Immunological properties of apolipoprotein A-I secreted back to the incubation medium are completely preserved. This process is accompanied by enhanced production of apolipoprotein E by Kupffer cells and is markedly promoted by hydrocortisone. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 126, No. 7, pp. 43–45, July, 1998     

Ultrastructure of fish and amphibian liver during catabolism of degenerating erythrocytes

Similar catabolic features were found in macrophages of melano-macrophage centers of sturgeon liver and Kupffer cells of hibernating frogs and tadpoles underdoing metamorphosis. Catabolic process includes 4 stages: 1) intact phagocyted erythrocytes; 2) phagosomes with erythrocyte-like matrix density containing dense ferritin granules distributed between hypertrophied Golgi complex and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; 3) phagosomes with membrane structures and electron dense granules; 4) phagosomes with melanin granules. Products of erythrocyte catabolism are released through the bile duct. The origin of melanin granules is discussed. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 129, No. 1, pp. 117–120, January 2000     

Resistance of the regenerating liver to hepatotoxins

Administration of CCl₄ and paracetamol to mice causes massive necrosis of the central regions of the hepatic lobule. Preliminary stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation by partial hepatectomy greatly reduces the intensity of the toxic effect or abolishes it completely, depending on the time elapsing after the operation. The liver was virtually insensitive to hepatotoxins 48 h after the operation. Damage to the liver by CCl₄, paracetamol, and other hepatotropic poisons is associated with conversion of these compounds by the liver cells into toxic metabolites. In the regenerating liver metabolism is reorganized in favor of proliferative processes. Some tissue-specific functions of the hepatocyte are temporarily lost under these circumstances, notably the ability to metabolize foreign substances; this explains the resistance of the liver to hepatotoxins.Laboratory of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 283–285, March, 1976.     

Spectrum of histone proteins and acridine orange binding by liver cell chromatin in rats at different times after partial hepatectomy

Changes in the spectrum of hepatic histones characteristic of active chromatin were observed in rats as early as 3 h after partial hepatectomy. At 6–9 h postsurgery, acridine orange binding to deproteinized chromatin areas was considerably increased. At 13 h the histone spectrum of liver cells from operated rats did not differ from that of control samples from sham-operated animals. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 4, pp. 369–371, April, 1995     

Repopulation of the liver after dipin-induced damage

The alkylating preparation dipin in combination with partial hepatectomy induces genomic damage and apoptosis of hepatocytes with total replacement of parenchyma at the expense of the stem reserve cells. This model was employed to study the responses of the cell cycle to genetic damage, mechanisms of cell survival and death, and the sources of cells repopulating liver parenchyma. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 124, No. 10, pp. 364–368, October, 1997     

Regulatory activity of Kupffer cells in acute blood loss

The scavenger function of Kupffer cells and the erythropoietinlike, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating, and leukocyte- and lymphocyte-stimulating activities of extracts of Kupffer cells obtained before and at different times after acute massive blood loss were experimentally evaluated on mice. Extracts of Kupffer cells from normal mice are shown to exhibit all types of the studied activities. Acute blood loss reduces the scavenger function of Kupffer cells during the first few hours, especially erythropoietinlike activity. The activities return to normal levels 5 days after blood loss and, after a relatively stable period, they rise again to the end of the recovery period. This is accompanied by an increase in the number of phagocytizing cells and is evidently related to the renewal of their population. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 3, pp. 258–261, March, 1995 Presented by V. P. Kaznacheev, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences