胆囊肉瘤样癌一例

患者女,52岁.因右上腹胀不适20d,加重10d入院.体格检查:心肺未见异常.腹部未见阳性体征.辅助检查:MRI:胆囊区可见不规则异常信号灶,与邻近肝左内叶及肝右前叶界限不清,T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈高低混杂信号,强化后边缘强化明显,内可见无强化区;胆囊癌并侵及肝脏(图1).CA19-9,CEA均阴性.诊断:胆囊癌,肝脏转移癌.手术见胆囊底部5cm×4cm×3 cm质硬肿块,侵及肝脏左内叶及部分右前叶,将胆囊及受侵肝脏一并切除,未发现腹腔肿大淋巴结,行肝门部淋巴结清扫.病理学检查:切除肝肿块12cm×11cm×7.5 cm,切面灰黄灰红,中央见大部分坏死区域,胆囊底部见1个灰白色肿物,5cm×4cm×4cm大.     

MRI对肝不典型增生结节癌变的诊断价值

目的:探寻肝不典型增生结节癌变的早期MRI表现,并评价其诊断价值。方法:对29例32个肝不典型增生结节癌变灶常规MRI及动态增强图像进行分析,并经手术及病理证实。结果:MRI检出32个癌变灶中的25个,检出率78%;25个病灶中,在T1WI上呈略高信号13个,等信号7个,略低信号5个;T2WI上呈略高信号的病灶6个,8个呈等信号,11个表现为"结节中结节";增强扫描动脉期21个病灶明显强化;7个病灶内可见脂肪变性。结论:肝不典型增生结节癌变的早期MRI表现具有典型特征,对帮助诊断具有一定价值。     

纤维板层型肝细胞癌1例

患者男, 50岁, 因"体检发现肝占位病变2年余"收住入院。查体:剑突下触及约4 cm包块, 质硬, 边界尚清, 上腹轻度压痛, 无反跳痛及肌紧张。肿瘤标志物:AFP、PIVKA-Ⅱ、CA19-9无升高。影像学检查:超声检查:肝左叶探及一实性不均质回声结节, 大小约5.8 cm×3.3 cm, 形态欠规则, 边界欠清;CT检查:平扫见肝左外叶一片状稍低密度灶, 大小约4.7 cm×4.2 cm×4.0 cm, 与周围肝组织分界欠清。增强扫描动脉期不均匀强化。门静脉期及延迟期进一步强化;MRI检查:T1WI见肝S3团片状稍低信号(图1A), T2WI见肝S3团片状不均匀稍高信号(图1B), DWI见肝S3团片状高信号, ADC见肝S3团片状低信号, 边界清, 内部见轮辐状T1、T2双低信号。增强扫描动脉期肝S3团片状不均匀强化, 其内轮辐状信号无强化(图1C), 门静脉期及延迟期进一步强化, 其内轮辐状信号无强化。全麻下行"腹腔镜下左半肝切除术+胆囊切除术"。术后病理标本见6.5 cm×6.0 cm×5.5 cm类圆形肿瘤, 质地硬, 边界尚清, 呈灰白色, 中央可见到界限不清的星状纤维...     

射频消融治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤急性热损伤的MRI表现及疗效判定

目的探讨肝脏恶性肿瘤射频消融后急性热损伤的MRI表现及疗效判定。方法回顾性分析MRI引导下158例共266个肝脏恶性肿瘤病灶的射频消融术后即刻MRI表现。结果147个原发性肝癌及59个肝转移癌病灶消融后表现为T2WI低信号、T1WI低信号;2个原发性肝癌及55个肝转移癌病灶消融后表现为T2WI呈稍高信号,T1WI低信号;3个原发性肝癌消融后T2WI呈低信号,而T1WI呈高信号。瘤周消融带均呈短T1短T2信号,周边见薄环状长T2-信号环绕。151个原发性肝癌及106个转移癌病灶被瘤周消融带完全包绕,1个原发性肝癌及8个肝转移癌病灶未完全被瘤周消融带包绕。结论肝脏恶性肿瘤射频消融后急性热损伤的即刻MRI表现具有特征性,据以评价疗效确切、可靠。     

肝局灶性结节增生的CT和MRI表现及误诊分析

目的 探讨肝局灶性结节增生（FNH）的CT和MRI表现,提高诊断准确性。方法 回顾性分析2013年9月至2019年1月温州市中心医院经病理学检查明确为肝FNH的32例患者影像学资料,行CT检查32例,MRI检查21例。结果 32例共计36个病灶,单发29例,多发3例。CT平扫呈略低密度20例,等密度12例,增强扫描动脉期均见明显强化,门脉期强化不同程度减低,呈高密度26例,等密度6例;延迟期呈稍高密度5例,等密度21例,低密度6例。MRI平扫T1WI等信号13例,低信号8例;T2WI均呈稍高信号;DWI呈稍高信号15例,高信号6例;增强扫描动脉期均明显强化,门脉期呈稍高信号18例,等信号3例;延迟期呈稍高信号6例。CT检出病灶有中心瘢痕14例,增粗迂曲的供血动脉11例,假包膜5例。MRI检出病灶有中心瘢痕12例,增粗迂曲的供血动脉7例,假包膜4例。32例中2例误诊为肝癌,1例误诊为肝腺瘤。结论 对于典型的肝FNH,根据CT和MRI图像一般能做出正确诊断,对于不典型肝FNH需要加强认识、 注意鉴别。     

肝孤立性坏死结节39例分析

目的 研究肝孤立性坏死结节的临床及影像学特点,提高临床诊断准确率.方法 39例均经手术切除和病理证实,分析临床、实验室检查、病理、B超、CT及MRI等表现.结果 男性多于女性,病灶多位于肝右叶.23例显示乙型肝炎指标异常,5例乙肝病毒表面抗体阳性.组织病理显示肝脏病灶为凝固性坏死结节,周边为炙性纤维组织带包裹.最小的0.3 cm×0.3 cm,最大的6.5 cm×3.4 cm.B超多呈低回声结节,内回声不均匀.CT平扫为低密度影,增强后约2/3病例无强化.MRI的T1WI多呈低信号,T2WI呈低信号至高信号,大部分病例(15/18)在动脉期、门静脉期及延迟期内部无强化,部分(7/15)边缘有强化,且在延迟期更明显.结论 肝孤立性坏死结节临床并不罕见,本组患者多有乙肝病毒指标异常,更应重视与肝癌鉴别诊断.MRI的诊断特异性较强,综合临床和影像学检查,有利于肝孤立性坏死结节的准确诊断.     

胆囊巨大黏液性纤维肉瘤一例

患者女性,73岁,因"反复右上腹痛10余年"入院.患者胆囊结石病史10余年,反复出现右上腹疼痛不适,均保守治疗.近日右上腹痛发作频繁,并上腹部可扪及一肿物,查B超提示:肝右前叶胆囊实质性占位,考虑胆囊恶性肿瘤.查体:巩膜、皮肤无黄染.腹平,右上腹可扪及一肿块,大小约7 cm×5 cm,质硬,边界尚清,移动度差,轻压痛.肝区叩痛,移动性浊音阴性.腹部CT示肝脏右前叶下方实质性占位(图1),考虑肝右叶恶性肿瘤并可能侵犯结肠肝曲.MRI示肝右下方异常信号影,T2W1呈混杂高信号,肝右叶实质性占位待查(图2).实验室检查:白细胞32.2×109/L,中性粒细胞88.1％,血红蛋白102 g/L.肝功能正常,肿瘤标志物均正常范围.术前诊断为右上腹占位,胆囊癌?肝癌?     

肝门部胆管腺肌瘤1例

正患者女,38岁,体检时超声发现肝总管占位。患者无食欲下降,无上腹部饱胀,无腹痛、恶心、呕吐,无皮肤黄染、陶土便。超声:左右肝管交界处见一稍高回声结节,大小13mm×5mm,边界欠清,形态欠规则,回声均匀,其内未见血流信号(图1A),肝内胆管轻度扩张。CT:肝门部胆管内见一大小11 mm×12mm结节,呈持续渐进性强化,肝内胆管轻度扩张(图1B)。MRI及MRCP:肝门部胆管内见一大小12 mm×9 mm结节,T1WI信号较低,T2WI信号略高,略有强化;MRCP显示肝门     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的MRI表现(附7例报道)

目的探讨MRI诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的临床价值,同时分析其影像学表现的病理学基础。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年11月期间在四川省人民医院行上腹部MRI检查且经术后病理学检查证实为XGC的7例患者的MRI图像资料。所有患者均接受了完整的MRI序列检查。每例患者重点观察胆囊壁增厚及强化情况、胆囊壁内结节、胆囊黏膜线是否完整、胆囊结石、胆囊周围组织改变等情况。结果 7例XGC患者的胆囊壁均增厚,其中2例呈局限性增厚,5例呈弥漫性增厚;4例见典型的"夹心饼干征";6例胆囊黏膜线连续,1例不连续;5例胆囊壁内见结节影,在T1WI图像上呈低信号,在T2WI图像上呈高信号;6例并发胆囊结石;7例见胆囊周围脂肪间隙模糊、肝实质与胆囊分界不清;增强扫描时所有病例均出现动脉期胆囊周围肝实质斑片状一过性强化,1例并发肝脓肿;2例肝门部胆管狭窄、肝内胆管扩张,2例(1例伴有胆总管下端结石)肝内外胆管均轻度扩张;3例伴发肝囊肿,4例见单或双肾囊肿;7例均未发现腹腔内及腹膜后肿大淋巴结。结论 MRI检查可以准确描述XGC的各种影像学特征,对XGC的诊断具有重要价值。     

Gd-EOB-DTPA MR肝胆特异期成像与实时超声融合引导微波消融治疗左肝管旁肝癌1例

<正>患者男,56岁,因肝右叶中分化肝细胞癌接受右半肝切除术及TACE术后2年,本次因"右上腹不适"就诊;既往肝硬化病史5年,有肝癌家族史。查体未见明显阳性体征。实验室检查:甲胎蛋白2.47 ng/ml;肝功能Child-Pugh分级为A级。超声造影:于肝左外叶与左内叶交界处探及低回声结节,约17 mm×16 mm,造影动脉期呈高增强(图1A),门静脉期呈等增强,延迟期显示欠清。Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI:肝脏表面欠光滑,肝右叶部分肝组织     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.