免疫组化和PCR—SSCP检测p53基因异常的一致性探讨

目的：探讨免疫组化检测ｐ５３蛋白表达和ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ检测ｐ５３基因突变的一致性。方法：单克隆抗体ＤＯ－７检测８５例非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）的ｐ５３蛋白表达，ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ检测其中３１例腺癌的ｐ５３基因突变。结果：８５例ＮＳＣＬＣ中ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率为６８％（５８／８５），３１例腺癌中ｐ５３蛋白表达阳性率为６１％（１９／３１），１４例（４６％）出现ｐ５３基因５～８外显子突变，ｐ５３蛋白免疫组化和ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ检测ｐ５３基因突变无显著相关（χ２＝０．１，Ｐ＝０．７６），其一致率为５２％。结论：ｐ５３蛋白表达并不能很好地反映ｐ５３基因突变。     

肝癌组织中N—ras基因突变和p53蛋白表达

目的：研究Ｎ－ｒａｓ和ｐ５３基因与肝癌发生，发展的关系。方法：应用多聚酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析法（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）和免疫组化法，检测２９例肝癌中的Ｎ－ｒａｓ基因突变和ｐ５３蛋白的表达。结果，１３例肝癌ｐ５３蛋白阳性（４４．８％），表明广西地区肝癌中曾普遍存在ｐ５３基因的突变，肝癌及癌旁组织中Ｎ－ｒａｓ基因在第２～３７密码子间的突变率分别为７９．３１％和８０．７７％，２２例有２个以上突变位点（     

p^53基因与Rb基因在卵巢癌组织中突变的初步分析

为了解卵巢癌组织中抗癌基因Ｐ＾５３与Ｒｂ基因的突变情况，我们把ＰＣＲ单链构象多态（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）银染技术及ＰＣＲ－ＤＮＡ直接测序方法应用于５７例卵巢癌组织细胞的检测，结果发现ｐ＾５３基因可能的突变率为３２％，Ｒｂ基因可能的突变率为２１％，不同分化程度肿瘤的Ｐ５３及Ｒｂ基因突变率未见明显区别，结论：ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ角染技术是筛查基因突变简便，敏感，无核素污染的最佳方法，而ＰＣＲ－ＤＮＡ直接测序仪     

肺小细胞癌p53基因分析mdm—2基因蛋白表达的关系

目的：探讨肺小细胞癌（ＳＣＬＣ）的ｐ５３基因改变的ｍｄｍ－２基因的蛋白表达的关系。方法：应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法和聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）分析的方法,对１４例ＳＣＬＣ的石蜡切片组织进行研究。结果：免疫组化染色ｐ５３蛋白阳９例,阳性率为６４．３％（９／１４）;ｍｄｍ－２蛋白阳性４例,阳性率为２８．６％（４／１４）。ｐ５３基因海５、６、７、８外显子,突变率分别为２１．４（３／１４     

广西肝癌高低发区p53基因突变热点的对比研究

目的：研究广西不同地区肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）ｐ５３基因２４９密码子（ｃｄ２４９）的突变热点与黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１（ＡＦＢ１）污染及ＨＢＶ感染的关系。方法：用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法检测６２例石蜡包埋ＨＣＣ组织中上述基因突变，免疫组化染色Ｓ－Ｐ法检测癌旁肝组织ＨＢｓＡｇ表达。结果：广西ＨＣＣ高发区及低发区病例ｐ５３基因ｃｄ２４９的突变频率分别为６９．２％及２０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。癌旁肝组织ＨＢｓＡｇ的阳性率为８１％及１００％（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ｐ５３基因突变热点与ＡＦＢ１严重污染及ＨＣＣ高发有密切关系，而与ＨＢＶ感染无关。结论：ｐ５３基因突变热点的出现具有分子流行病学意义。ｐ５３热点高频率出现表明了当地ＡＦＢ１的严重污染及ＨＣＣ发生的主要地区性因素。     

p53基因第7外显子点突变与乳腺癌的关系

目的：研究ｐ５３基因点突变与乳腺癌发生发展关系。该当：应用多聚酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性（ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ）检测７５例人乳腺癌标本ｐ５３基因第７外显子内２４８，２４９位密码子的点突变，结果：７５例乳腺癌标本ｐ５３基因第７外显子全长序列ＣＲ扩增产物经限制性内切酶ＭｓｐＩ酶切后，发现２例为突变型，用ＨａｅⅡ酶切后未发现有突变，结论：上述结果揭示ｐ５３基因第７外显子内２４８位密码子的突变为乳腺癌ｐ５     

大肠腺癌p53基因cDNA突变与突变型p53基因蛋白表达的相互关系和意义

目的：探讨大肠腺癌突变型ｐ５３基因蛋白表达与ｐ５３基因ｃＤＮＡ突变间的相互关系和意义。方法：对１００例新鲜大肠腺癌组织采用ＰＡｂ２４０单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色（ＬＳＡＢ法）检测突变型ｐ５３基因蛋白表达、ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ检测ｐ５３基因ｃＤＮＡ突变，并比较它们间相互关系。结果：１００例大肠腺癌中，７６例ＰＡｂ２４０单抗阳性（７６％），５１例ｐ５３基因ｃＤＮＡ突变阳性（５１％）；ＰＡｂ２４０单抗反应与ｐ５３基因ｃＤＮＡ突变比较，两者皆阳性４９％，两者中一者阳性２９％，两者皆阴性２２％（Ｐ＜０．０００１）。结论：ｐ５３基因ｃＤＮＡ突变与其基因蛋白产物结构改变高度吻合，大肠腺癌ｐ５３基因ｍＲＮＡ（ｃＤＮＡ）突变是参与和影响突变型ｐ５３基因蛋白结构改变和生物学行为的主要因素     

DMBA-PTA-MNNG诱导小鼠皮肤肿瘤中p53基因突变

目的 探讨５３基因与化学致癌剂诱发小鼠皮肤肿瘤的关系。方法 运用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ和直接ＤＮＡ测序法,检测３７例ＤＭＢＡ－ＴＰＡ－ＭＮＮＧ诱导发小鼠皮肤肿瘤［包括６例乳头状瘤,１５例高分子化鳞状细胞癌（ＳＣＣＩ）和１６例中分化鳞状细胞癌（ＳＣＣⅡ）］中,ｐ５３基因第５￣８外显子的序列改变。结果 乳头状瘤均未见ｐ５３基因突变,而２５．８％（８／３１例）ＳＣＣ测得突变,其中ＳＣＣⅠ和ＳＣＣⅡ突变率分别为     

不同肺腺癌细胞系N－ras、p53基因突变核酸测序分析

应用聚合酶链反应（ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅｃｈａｉｎｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎＰＣＲ）和ｄｓＤＮＡｃｙｃｌｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ技术对体外培养的人肺腺癌细胞系ＬＴＥｐ－ａ＿２和ｈＬＡ中Ｎ－ｒａｓ癌基因及ｐ５３抑癌基因外显子５、７进行核酸序列测定分析。结果表明Ｎ－ｒａｓ突变热点第１２、１３、６１密码子未见异常。ｐ５３抑癌基因第１５４密码子均发现ＧＧＣ→ＧＴＣ突变（Ｇｌｙ→Ｖａｌ变异）。经光盘检索（美国Ｓｉｌｖｅｒｐｌａｔｔｅｒ公司提供的ＣＯ－ＲＯＭＭＥＤＩＬＩＮＥ）分析了１９８８～１９９３年间的专题文献，尚未见肺癌ｐ５３基因第１５４密码子突变的报道。     

骨肉瘤患者p53基因的改变及其与预后的关系

目的：研究人骨肉瘤中ｐ５３蛋白表达及Ｐ５３基因突变及其与预后的关系。方法：免疫组织化学染色观察人骨肉瘤中Ｐ５３蛋白表达，银染ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣ民埋从瘤中Ｐ５３基因５－８外显子点突变状态。预后分析用Ｋａｐｌａｎ－Ｍｅｉｅｒ生存曲线及Ｌｏｇｒａｎｋ时序检验。结果：人骨肉瘤中Ｐ５３蛋白阳性率为２９．１７％，ＳＳＣＰ检测Ｐ５３基因５－８外显子占突变率为２３．９６％，Ｐ５３蛋主ＳＳＣ生患者与其阴性患者间总和生存     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.