中国沈阳髋部骨折的流行病学研究

本研究的目的是调查分析沈阳人群（１９９４年人口为３１９５０４６）髋部骨折的发病率及其流行病学特点。研究材料是从沈阳市３５个医院的病案室或住院部收集的髋部骨折（股骨颈骨折和股骨粗隆部骨折）病例记录。结果显示：１９９４年沈阳市５０岁以上人口发生髋部骨折４５３例，男性为２４７例，女性为２０６例。总发病率为７４．０／１０００００，男性为８０．８／１０００００，女性为６７．２／１０００００（Ｐ＞０．０５）。男性发病率在６０岁以上明显增加，然而，这种现象在女性不明显。总髋部骨折发病率的男／女比为１．２。髋部骨折患者的平均年龄为６７．２±９．５（男性为６７．５±９．８，女性为６６．９±９．０）。骨折类型有性别差异（Ｐ＜０．００１），股骨颈骨折／粗隆骨折比，女性为３．２，男性为１．６。季节影响髋部骨折的发生（Ｐ＜０．０００１），冬季和夏季髋部骨折发生人数较多，夏季意外事故引起的骨折明显增加，冬季摔倒引起的骨折较多。     

髋部骨折426例分布调查

通过对４２６例髋部骨折的流行病学调查发现：（１）髋部骨折多分布于老年人，男性分布高峰在７０￣８０岁，女性在６０￣８０岁，儿童少见。（２）５０岁以上年龄组男女髋部骨折分布比为１：１．３３；５０岁以下为１：０．３６，（３）粗隆间骨折与颈骨折分布比为１：１．５１。（４）摔、跌、扭等轻度损伤是髋部骨折的常见致伤原因，占６８．５％。（５）四季发病分布比为１：０．６５：０．７０：１．３５。（６）左，右侧别分布     

髋部骨密度与髋部骨折风险的相关性分析

目的探讨不同年龄，不同性别髋部骨折患者的髋部骨密度值与髋部骨折风险的相关性。方法抽取髋部骨折98例，50岁以上85例，其中男性33例，女性52例，股骨颈骨折占44例，粗隆间骨折41例。按照骨质疏松诊断标准共分为2组：T〈-2．0（骨折组），T〉-2．0（骨折组），按性别、年龄、身高、体重与骨折组按1：1配对，以T〈-2．0（非骨折组），T〉-2．0（非骨折组）分别作为对照组。结果年龄50岁以上非暴力髋部骨折患者，T〈-2．0（骨折组）和T〈-2．0（非骨折组）做对照研究，骨折组的骨密度值要低于非骨折组，对骨折风险预测有显著性差异。男性和女性之间做对照研究，有明显的统计学意义。年龄50岁以上非暴力髋部骨折患者，T〉-2．0（骨折组）和T〉-2．0（非骨折组）做对照研究，骨折组的骨密度值要低于非骨折组，对骨折风险预测有显著性差异。男性和女性之间做对照研究，有明显的统计学意义。年龄50岁以下的患者为13例，其中男性11例，女性2例，均为年轻的受暴力致伤的患者，骨密度值检测对骨折风险评估没有显著性差异。结论（1）对于非暴力髋部骨折，低BMD与髋部骨折有明显的相关性，且呈指数级相关。（2）骨折危险性的评估没有明确的BMD阈值。（3）骨折患者与非骨折患者BMD有相互重叠。（4）女性自50岁左右髋部骨折的发生率要高于男性。（5）小于50岁的较年轻患者BMD和骨折危险性的相关性不明确。     

老年人髋部骨折156例临床治疗分析

目的 报告老年人髋部骨折的临床治疗方法，分析老年髋部骨折特点及诊治注意事项。方法 自1997年1月－1999年12月共治疗60岁以上（60－93岁）髋部骨折156例。男性55例，平均年龄71．8岁；女性101例，平均年龄73．1岁。骨折类型：股骨颈骨折94例，男性20例，女性74例；股骨粗隆间骨折62例，男性35例，女性27例。本组接受非手术治疗41例；手术治疗115例，其中行各种内固定手术45例，人工股骨头置换68例，股骨头颈切除2例。部分病例同时给予骨质疏松药物治疗。结果 获得随访110例。随访时间0．5－3．5年。术后下肢静脉栓塞2例，股骨头缺血坏死2例，内固定物松动，滑脱2例，断裂1例，人工股骨头下沉致疼痛4例，术后近期死亡2例（死于心肌梗塞及呼吸道感染），97例（88．2％）恢复行走功能。结论 （1）老年人髋部骨折以女性多见，占64．7％；男性少见，占35．3％。这与女性绝经后骨折疏松症的发生密切相关。而老年股骨颈骨折多见于女性，股骨粗隆间骨折则多见于男性。70岁以后，老年髋部骨折发生率明显上升。这与老年性骨质疏松症的发生明显相关。说明随着年龄的增加，骨折的发生率明显增高，骨折危险性增加。（2）老年人髋部骨折属于骨质疏松性骨折，股骨粗隆间骨折一般都有明确外伤史；而股骨颈骨折常由轻微外力（扭转）所致，因此在诊断时须防止漏诊或误诊，影响治疗效果。（3）老年人多伴有心血管系统或呼吸系统疾病，骨折后长期卧床具致使的威胁，因此在治疗上如无禁忌应争取早期手术，早期下床活动。（4）在治疗骨折的同时，应注意对骨质疏松症的治疗，这对减轻全身骨痛，促进骨折愈合，防止再骨折均有重要意义。     

长宁区50岁以上人群髋部骨折的流行病学调查

目的调查上海市长宁区人群髋部骨折特别是50岁以上人群髋部骨折发病的流行病学情况。方法通过长宁区公共卫生信息中心以及申康医联中心的长宁区人口健康档案调查,收集长宁区户籍人口在各大医院就诊记录和资料,查询2008--07—2012—06ICD-10疾病编码股骨颈骨折及股骨粗隆间骨折就诊记录,获得患者相关信息。通过长宁区疾控中心资料调取,取得长宁区2010年及2011年人口分布情况。结果2008-07—2012-06长宁区髋部骨折标准化发病率为68．01,其中男性为52．15。女性为82．09,本地区女性年标准化发病率高于男性（P〈0．05）。长宁区50岁以上人群髋部骨折标准化发病率为140．80,其中男性为95．90,女性为182．86。本地区50岁以上人群髋部骨折女性年标准化发病率高于男性（P〈0．05）。50岁以上人群髋部骨折粗发病率显著高于50岁及以下人群（P〈0．05）。结论2008—07—2012—06长宁区50岁以上人群髋部骨折的发病人数占总发病人数的94．75％,标准化年发病率远远低于世界平均水平。50岁以上人群发病率高于50岁以下人群,女性高于男性。     

骨质疏松性骨折及相关问题探讨

骨质疏松性骨折发生率很高，美国每年超过150万，75％为低能量损伤，髋部骨折的严重性超过其他骨质疏松性骨折，每年发生率为30万，桡骨远端骨折每年为25万，其他部位骨折为30万。年龄50岁以上50％女性及18％的男性将发生骨质疏松性骨折。每年应用于骨质疏松性骨折的医疗费用高达138亿美金（13．8billion）。（J．AAOS，Vol．11，No2P．109～119．2003）髋部骨折的死亡率及致残率均很高。     

1043例髋部骨折的病因分析

目的：通过分析髋部骨折病人的发病因素，了解髋部骨折的发病趋势，为预防髋部骨折提供依据。方法：对北京友谊医院１９６０年１月～１９９３年１２月所有住院的股骨颈骨折和转子间骨折病历进行核实、整理，从中筛选出１０４３例进行分析。部分病人进行了双光子和单光子骨密度仪测量。结果：分析了１０４３例住院髋部骨折病人，发现随着年龄的增长，髋部骨折所占比例增加。部分病人的骨密度检查提示骨折区域的骨质明显疏松（Ρ值＜０．０１）。５０岁以后，因轻微外力造成的骨折占５８％，而５０岁以前，轻微外力造成的骨折仅为１０％左右。结论：髋部骨折主要发生在５０岁以后的老年人，其骨生理老化加上各种因素的共同作用是导致老年骨质疏松骨折的主要因素。     

合肥市两家省级医院髋部骨折的性别及年龄分布分析

调查和分析合肥市两家省级医院髋部骨折的性别及年龄分布。方法 对合肥市两家省级医院2008-2012年,年龄≥50岁的髋部骨折患者,总计2371例,分为男、女两组,并在组内根据不同年龄段分为亚组,分析髋部骨折在不同的年龄组和性别的分布情况。探讨髋部骨折与性别、年龄的相关性。结果 2371例髋部骨折病人中1007例（42.5%）男性,1364例（57.5%）女性,男女之比为：0.74:1。70-79岁患者占 34.5%,80-89岁患者占 29.7%,明显高于其他组别（P<0.05）。男性股骨颈骨折与股骨粗隆间骨折比为1.5：1,女性为1.7：1(χ2=3.6,df=1, P=0.058),骨折类型不存在性别差异。男性股骨颈骨折和粗隆间骨折的平均年龄分别为72.40±10.13岁和74.43±10.61岁 (P＜0.001), 女性为71.20±11.17岁和77.75±8.75岁（P <0.001）,两种类型骨折的平均年龄差有统计学意义。随着年龄的增加股骨粗隆间骨折的占髋部骨折比例在不断增加,且骨折增长的速率要快于股骨颈骨折。结论 股骨颈骨折和股骨粗隆间骨折有性别、年龄的分布差异,对于髋部骨折的预防,股骨颈骨折在年龄上要早于股骨粗隆间骨折,女性是预防的重点。预防跌倒是降低骨折发生的关键。     

广州地区骨质疏松症合并髋部骨折骨密度阈值的研讨

目的 了解广州地区骨质疏松髋部骨折的骨密度阈值为预防髋部骨折提供有用的数据和措施。方法 调查和分析133例年龄在65岁以上，受伤后两周内入院治疗的男女性不同类型的髋部骨折患者的骨密度情况，分析及提出髋部骨折的骨密度阈值。结果 无论何种类型的股骨颈骨折男性的骨密度均比女性高，差异有显著性，虽然男性股骨颈骨折平均BMD≥-2.31SD；但其中73％病例有1个部位骨密度≤-2.5SD。女性股骨颈骨折和男，女性粗隆间骨折髋部骨量损失相近似，都明显低于男性股骨颈骨折。结论 股骨颈骨折的类型以及粗隆间骨折Garden分型与骨量无关；外伤后女性发生股骨颈骨折或粗隆间骨折与骨量无关。男性发生粗隆间骨折与骨量丢失更多有关。男女性骨质疏松髋部骨折都可以用骨密度减低2．5SD作为骨折的阈值。     

小议股骨颈骨折分型

全球约有18％的女性和6％的男性发生髋部骨折,股骨颈骨折约占其中一半,多见于骨质疏松的老年女性患者,骨折后易发生骨折不愈合和缺血性坏死,影响患者生活质量和生命健康.股骨颈骨折的分型对其诊疗很有帮助,其分型方法较多,应用各不相同,很多骨科医生容易混淆,笔者对其分型进行了简单的总结,希望对临床医生有一定的帮助.     

防旋螺钉在动力髋螺钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折中的应用

目的探讨在动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折同时加用防旋螺钉的意义。方法 2006年4月-2010年1月,收治22例股骨粗隆间骨折患者。男15例,女7例;年龄54～83岁,平均66.3岁。跌伤16例,交通事故伤5例,高处坠落伤1例。均为闭合骨折。左侧13例,右侧9例。单纯股骨粗隆间骨折18例,合并Colles骨折4例。骨折按改良的Evans分型:Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型1例,Ⅳ型1例。伤后至手术时间3～7 d,平均4.5 d。术中采用DHS加用1枚防旋螺钉固定骨折。结果手术时间51～95 min,平均72 min;术中出血量150～350 mL,平均270 mL;住院时间12～35 d,平均16.8 d。术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。22例均获随访,随访时间6～17个月,平均14个月。X线片示骨折均于术后12～16周达临床愈合,平均13.6周。无内固定物松动脱出、DHS滑动钉穿破股骨头、髋内翻等并发症发生。髋关节功能按照黄公怡疗效评价标准评定,获优19例,良3例。结论 DHS治疗股骨粗隆间骨折时加用1枚防旋螺钉,未明显增加手术时间,提高了骨折固定的牢固程度及抗旋转能力。     

Verletzungen und deren Ursache bei Fahrradunfällen

From April to September 1984 456 bicycle accidents were registered (73% adults, 27% children) and classified according to type and severity of injury and cause of accident. Of 594 injuries those of the upper extremities were predominant followed by mostly severe head injuries. The commest injury was the fracture of clavicle and thereafter fractures of the radial head and distal radial fractures in children. 59% of accidents occurred without involvement of another person. 58% of accidents were caused by the bicycle riders themselves.     

内外侧双钢板治疗肱骨远端C型骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨内外侧双钢板治疗肱骨远端C型骨折的疗效。方法 2002年6月-2009年1月,收治肱骨远端关节内骨折32例。男19例,女13例;年龄19～70岁,平均43.3岁。致伤原因:摔伤7例,交通事故伤15例,高处坠落伤5例,重物击伤4例,机器伤1例。开放骨折1例,闭合骨折31例。骨折按国际内固定研究协会(AO/ASIF)分型:C1型9例,C2型16例,C3型7例。合并尺神经损伤5例。受伤至手术时间为8 h～7 d,平均3.3 d。8例采用后正中切口,24例采用内外侧双切口入路;均采用内外侧双钢板固定骨折。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。32例均获随访,随访时间11～24个月,平均14个月。X线片示骨折均愈合,愈合时间3～6个月,平均3.8个月。肘关节功能按Aitken等的功能评定标准,获优22例,良6例,可3例,差1例,优良率87.5%。术前合并尺神经损伤者,4例于6个月内完全恢复;1例1年后仍遗留部分症状。结论内外侧双钢板能有效治疗肱骨远端C型骨折。     

Incidence of hip fracture in Shiraz, Iran

Hip fracture, the most serious complication of osteoporosis, puts the burden of a lot of costs for treatment on any health system. Previous reports on rates of hip fracture in Asian countries differ a lot. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence rate of hip fracture in Shiraz, Iran. In Shiraz, Iran, all operating-room logs with diagnosis of hip fracture were reviewed for hip fractures caused by a simple fall in patients over 50 years, during March 21, 2000, to March 21, 2003. According to patients medical records, age, sex, type of fracture (intertrochanteric, neck, subtrochanteric) and patients regions according to Shiraz municipality divisions were obtained. The age-adjusted incidence rates of hip fracture standardized to the 1985 US white population (325.74/100,000 for men and 519.05/100,000 for women) and to the 1989 US white population (384.61/100,000 for men and 548.17/100,000 for women) were the highest in Asia. The intertrochanteric fractures were significantly higher among females ( p =0.003). The incidence of intertrochanteric and neck fractures were increased with age. In all age groups, females had higher incidence rates, except for ages over 80 years, in which males had higher incidence rates than females. In wealthier regions of the city, the incidence rates were higher than in other regions. High incidence of hip fracture in our population, especially in males over 80 years, shows that preventive strategies for hip fracture and osteoporosis should be considered in males as well as females. Further studies are needed to find incidence rates in other cities, especially in the very urbanized city of Tehran.     

Association of geometric factors and failure load level with the distribution of cervical vs. trochanteric hip fractures.

We experimentally studied the distribution of hip fracture types at different structural mechanical strength. Femoral neck fractures were dominant at the lowest structural strength levels, whereas trochanteric fractures were more common at high failure loads. The best predictor of fracture type across all failure loads and in both sexes was the neck-shaft angle. INTRODUCTION: Bone geometry has been shown to be a potential risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Risk factors have been shown to differ between cervical and trochanteric hip fractures. However, the determinants of cervical and trochanteric fractures at different levels of structural mechanical strength are currently unknown. In addition, it is not known if the distribution of fracture types differs between sexes. The aim of this experimental study on excised femora was to investigate whether there exist differences in the distribution of cervical and trochanteric fractures between different structural mechanical strength levels and different sexes and to identify the geometric determinants that predict a fracture type. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was comprised of 140 cadavers (77 females: mean age, 81.7 years; 63 males: mean age, 79.1 years) from whom the left femora were excised for analysis. The bones were radiographed, and geometrical parameters were determined from the digitized X-rays. The femora were mechanically tested in a side impact configuration, simulating a sideways fall. After the mechanical test, the fracture patterns were classified into cervical and trochanteric. RESULTS: The overall proportion of cervical fractures was higher in females (74%) than in males (49%) (p = 0.002). The fracture type distribution differed significantly across load quartiles in females (p = 0.025), but not in males (p = 0.205). At the lowest load quartiles, 94.7% of fractures in female and 62.5% in males were femoral neck fractures. At the highest quartiles, in contrast, only 52.6% of fractures in females and 33.3% in males were cervical fractures. Among geometric variables, the neck-shaft angle was the best predictor of fracture type, with higher values in subjects with cervical fractures. This finding was made in females (p < 0.001) and males (p = 0.02) and was consistent across all failure load quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral neck fractures predominate at the lowest structural mechanical strength levels, whereas trochanteric fractures are more common at high failure loads. Females are more susceptible to femoral neck fractures than males. The best predictor of fracture type across all structural strength levels and both sexes was the neck-shaft angle.     

哈尔滨地区老年髋部骨折患者发病特点及临床特征

目的探讨哈尔滨50岁以上老年髋部骨折的发病特点及临床特征,为老年髋部骨折的预防提供理论依据。方法回顾性收集2008年1月至2019年12月因髋部骨折住院的1 616例患者病历资料,并统计患者基本情况。结果 12年间老年髋部骨折病例呈逐年上升的趋势,髋部骨折总体男女比为1∶1.45。患者平均年龄(70.3±11.4)岁,且女性平均年龄明显高于男性(P0.001)。股骨颈骨折数量是转子间骨折的1.44倍。股骨颈骨折中男性平均年龄(67.0±11.4)岁,女性为(70.6±10.7)岁;转子间骨折男性平均年龄(68.7±11.9)岁,女性为(74.2±10.9)岁。男性股骨颈骨折患者平均年龄每年增加0.88岁(P=0.003),女性每年增加0.55岁(P=0.03);男性转子间骨折患者平均年龄每年减少0.91岁(P0.001),女性每年减少0.71岁(P=0.01)。按季节统计,春季髋部骨折数量占总数的27.5%(444/1 616),夏季占24.1%(390/1 616),秋季占26.4%(426/1 616),冬季占22.0%(356/1 616)。结论髋部骨折多见于70岁以上人群。随着年龄的增长转子间骨折患者比例逐渐增多,且转子间骨折患者趋于年轻化。应加强老年人对骨质疏松的认识,预防髋部骨折的发生。     

Epidemiology of hip fractures in Belgrade,Serbia Montenegro, 1990–2000

Introduction This study retrospectively determined the incidence rates of hip fractures in Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, during the period 1990–2000. Materials and methods All patients with hip fractures treated at all Belgrade hospitals were identified from the Republic of Serbia’s Ministry of Health National Health Care database. Patient demographics, type of hip fracture, and details of the mechanism of injury were collected. The annual incidence rates were calculated with interpolation according to the Belgrade population census of 1991 and 2002. Results There were a total of 8,904 hip fractures with a mean annual incidence of 51.7 per 100,000 adults (62.2 females and 35.5 males). Mean age at the time of fracture was 67 years (72.6 for females and 59.3 for males), with 64.7% of all fractures occurring in women. There was a significant increase in hip fracture incidence rates over the observed period in females (P = 0.006), but not in males (P = 0.962). Trochanteric fractures predominated, accounting for 53% compared with cervical fractures. In patients over 50 years of age there was an exponential increase in the incidence of hip fractures in both sexes; though more so in females. 91% of hip fractures occurred in these older patients with incidence rates of 143.6 per 100,000 (185.9 for female and 92.2 for male patients). The most common mechanism of injury in the older group was low-energy trauma (70.3%) resulting from a fall from standing height onto a flat surface (same level). Standardizing incidence rates in the older age group to the US 1985 white population gave values of 228 per 100,000 females and 96 per 100,000 males. These incidence rates are similar to those reported in Italy, France and Great Britain, but lower than those in Scandinavian countries. Conclusion In view of growing population numbers and an increase in the proportion of patients aged over 60 years, we can expect an increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis and an increase in the incidence of fragility hip fractures in the future, with resource implications.     

Symptomatic fracture incidence in elderly men and women: The Dubbo osteoporosis epidemiology study (DOES)

This longitudinal population-based study documents the incidence of all symptomatic fractures from 1989 to 1992 in an elderly, predominantly Caucasian population of males and females (60 years as at 1 January 1989) living in the geographically isolated region of the city of Dubbo, NSW, Australia. Fractures were ascertained by reviewing reports from all radiology services in the region. There were 306 fractures in 271 patients during the study period representing 11 401 person-years of observation. In the 60–80 year age group only 10% of fractures involved the hip, while in the over-80 age group this proportion rose to 41%. Incidence of distal forearm, hip and total fractures increased exponentially in both sexes with increasing age. Rib fractures were relatively common, with incidence rates for rib fractures similar to those for humeral fractures. Overall fracture incidence was 2685 per 100000 person-years (males 1940 per 100000 and females 3250 per 100000). Residual lifetime fracture risk in a person aged 60 years with average life expectancy was 29% for males and 56% for females. Symptomatic fracture rates with the improved methodology in this study were higher than previously reported in both elderly males and females, with a marked preponderance of non-hip fractures in the 60–80 year age group. These symptomatic fractures have previously been underestimated, if not largely ignored, in public health approaches including cost—benefit analyses of osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Total fracture risk during later life is substantial, with fractures other than hip fractures constituting the majority of morbid fracture events, especially in the 60–80 year age group.     

Declining incidence of osteoporotic hip fracture in Australia

Summary

Between 1997?C1998 and 2006?C2007 in Australia, the age-standardised incidence rates of hip fractures declined by 20 and 13?%, in females and males, respectively. Although this may be related to the rollout of public health campaigns and strategies addressing osteoporosis, absolute numbers of hip fractures continued to increase.

Background

Previous reports described an increasing trend in osteoporotic hip fracture incidence in Australia in the 1980s with a stabilisation over the 1990s.

Aim

The aim of this study was to describe national trends in the incidence of osteoporotic hip fracture in Australia between 1997?C1998 and 2006?C2007.

Methods

Data on low-trauma hip fractures in persons aged 50?years and over were obtained from the National Hospital Morbidity Database. Cases where the patient was transferred in from another hospital were excluded. Age-standardised incidence rates were calculated and a linear test for trend applied.

Results

Although the absolute number of hip fracture cases has continued to increase, from 14,769 in 1997?C1998 to 16,412 in 2006?C2007, these numbers are lower than previous predictions based on population ageing. Over the 10-year period, the age-standardised incidence rates in females declined by 20?%, from 370 to 295 per 100,000, while the age-standardised incidence rates in males declined by 13?%, from 200 to 174 per 100,000. Both declines were statistically significant. The sex difference in incidence rates narrowed between 1997?C1998 (females 85?% higher) and 2006?C2007 (females 70?% higher).

Conclusions

The age-standardised incidence of osteoporotic hip fracture in Australia is falling. This may be related to the uptake of bisphosphonates as well as the rollout of public health campaigns and strategies addressing osteoporosis.