直接肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑临床研究进展

阿利吉仑是有效、口服、低分子量肾素抑制剂,其是根据X射线晶体学对肾素活性位点进行分子模拟开发出来的抗高血压新药,安全性和耐受性较好。比较研究中发现,其药具有强效平稳持久的降压疗效,可进一步保护靶器官。     

肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑

阿利吉仑是第一个获准临床应用的肾素抑制剂,能够有效降低血浆肾素活性以及血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮水平。本文主要介绍阿利吉仑的药代动力学和药效学特点以及治疗高血压、慢性肾病和心力衰竭等疾病的临床研究进展。     

肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑

阿利吉仑(aliskiren)用于肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的起始步骤达到降压目的,其半衰期极长,耐受性可与安慰剂相媲美。单用阿利吉仑的降压疗效与其他一线降压药相似,甚至更优;联合用药疗效明显提高,不发生有害的药物间相互作用。对于特殊高血压人群如合并糖尿病、肥胖、或是老年高血压病人,阿利吉仑也表现出极好的疗效和耐受性。阿利吉仑对靶器官起到明显的保护作用,可逆转和延缓高血压引起的心血管和肾脏损害。     

阿利吉仑及其临床研究概况

阿利吉仑（aliskiren）是由诺华制药公司首创的新型口服低分子量非肽类肾素抑制剂,它作用于RAS的第一限速步骤,不同于ACEI及ARB;它不含肽链不引起含肽链的其他肾素抑制剂所产生的不良反应。是首个合成的新型非肽类肾素抑制剂。是一种治疗肾素型高血压、安全、有效的口服新药。     

肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑对靶器官的保护作用研究进展

我从2007年开始接触到直接肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑(Aliskiren),并开始比较系统在实验动物中研究阿利吉仑对心[1]、脑[2]、血管[3]、肾[4]、胰[1]等靶器官的保护作用.循环或是局部组织中的血管紧张素原在肾素的催化作用下转化为血管紧张素I(AngI),血管紧张素I在酶类的催化作用下再转化为肾素血管紧张素系统(RAS)的主要效应物质血管紧张素II(AngII),然后产生各种生物效应[5].由于血管紧张素原在肾素的催化作用下转化为血管紧张素I,这个步骤是整个RAS系统的限速步骤,因此在理论上肾素抑制剂可能比血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂和血管紧张素II受体阻断剂(ARB)能更加有效地抑制RAS活性[6].     

直接肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑治疗高血压病的研究进展

阿利吉仑是第一个用于临床的口服直接肾素抑制剂。临床试验表明,其降压效果与氯沙坦、厄贝沙坦、赖诺普利、雷米普利等一线降压药相当,与血管紧张素转化酶抑制药（ACEI）、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药（ARB）、钙通道阻滞药（CCB）或利尿剂等联合使用时降压作用增强。另外,阿利吉仑具有一定的心脏保护作用,且安全性和耐受性良好。本文简要综述了阿利吉仑在治疗高血压病方面的研究进展。     

肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑治疗高血压的研究进展

肾素抑制剂作用于肾素-血管紧张素系统初始环节,能够有效降低血压、保护靶器官.阿利吉仑是首个成功开发上市的口服肾素抑制剂,其在高血压治疗及靶器官保护方面前景光明.     

直接肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑的药理作用及临床应用研究进展

肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)是人体血压和体液的重要调节系统,该系统的激活可导致高血压及靶器官损害。直接肾素抑制剂作用于RAS系统的起始环节,可明显降低血浆肾素活性和血管紧张素水平。阿利吉仑是首个口服有效的非肽类肾素抑制剂,在降压、改善胰岛素抵抗、抑制靶器官损害等方面疗效好,不良反应较少,是一安全、有效的临床新药。     

阿利吉仑——一种新型肾素抑制剂

肾素抑制剂作用于肾素-血管紧张肽系统(RAS)的第一限速步骤,不同于血管紧张肽转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)及血管紧张肽Ⅱ受体拮抗药(ARB),提供了阻断RAS的全新途径。首个合成的新型非肽类肾素抑制剂——阿利吉仑,剂量依赖性抑制肾素活性,有效降低血压,疗效与ARB相近,安全性及不良反应与安慰剂相似,有望成为第一种用于治疗高血压以及其并发症的口服肾素抑制剂。     

肾素抑制剂阿利克仑的药理与临床评价

阿利克仑是一种有效的肾素抑制剂,它比早期的肾素抑制剂口服吸收更好,而且半衰期很长,每日1次即可,是一种很有前途的新型降压药。长期数据还未公布。现对其药理作用、药动学、临床疗效及安全性等做一综述。     

Renin inhibition with aliskiren

1. Initial attempts to inhibit renin in humans have faced numerous difficulties. Molecular modelling and X-ray crystallography of the active site of renin have led to the development of new orally active renin inhibitors, such as aliskiren. 2. Aliskiren has a low bioavailability (between 2.6 and 5.0%) compensated by its high potency to inhibit renin (IC50: 0.6 nmol/L) and a long plasma half-life (23-36 h), which makes it suitable for once-daily dosing. 3. The once-daily administration of aliskiren to hypertensive patients lowers BP as strongly as standard doses of established angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers (losartan, valsartan, irbesartan), hydrochlorothiazide, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ramipril and lisinopril) or long acting calcium channel blockers (amlodipine). In combination therapy, aliskiren further decreases blood pressure when combined with either hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, irbesartan or ramipril. 4. The biochemical consequences of renin inhibition differ from those of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and Ang II antagonism, particularly in terms of angiotensin profiles and interactions with the bradykinin-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway and possibly the (pro)renin receptor. 5. Blockade of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) with ACE inhibitors, AT1 receptor blockers or a combination of these drugs has become one of the most successful therapeutic approaches in medicine. However, it remains unclear how to optimize RAS blockade to maximize cardiovascular and renal benefits. In this context, renin inhibition to render the RAS fully quiescent is a new possibility requiring further study.     

Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of the oral Renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with hepatic impairment

Aliskiren is the first in a new class of orally active, direct renin inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension. This open-label, nonrandomized, single-center, parallel-group study compared the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single 300-mg oral dose of aliskiren in patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment to that in healthy subjects. When pooled across subgroups, there were no significant differences between patients with hepatic impairment and healthy subjects in aliskiren AUC(0-infinity) (ratio of geometric means, 1.12; 90% confidence interval, 0.85, 1.48) or Cmax (mean ratio, 1.19; 90% confidence interval, 0.84, 1.68), and there was no correlation between severity of hepatic impairment and either AUC(0-infinity) or Cmax. Aliskiren was well tolerated by healthy subjects and patients with hepatic impairment. In conclusion, hepatic impairment has no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren following single-dose administration, and dosage adjustment is unlikely to be needed in patients with liver disease.     

Effects of aliskiren, a direct Renin inhibitor, on cardiac repolarization and conduction in healthy subjects

This multicenter, double-blind study evaluated the effects of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor approved for hypertension, on cardiac repolarization and conduction. Healthy volunteers (n = 298) were randomized to aliskiren 300 mg, aliskiren 1200 mg, moxifloxacin 400 mg (positive control), or placebo once daily for 7 days. Digitized electrocardiograms were obtained at baseline and day 7 of treatment over 23 hours postdose. Placebo-adjusted mean changes from baseline in QTcF (Fridericia corrected), QTcI (individualized correction), PR, and QRS intervals were compared at each time point (time-matched analysis) and for values averaged across the dosing period (baseline-averaged analysis). In time-matched analysis, mean changes in QTcF with aliskiren were below predefined limits for QTc prolongation (mean increase <5 milliseconds; upper 90% confidence interval [CI] <10 milliseconds) except aliskiren 1200 mg at 23 hours (5.2 milliseconds; 90% CI 2.2, 8.1). With moxifloxacin, significant QTcF prolongation occurred at most time points, confirming the sensitivity of the assay. Baseline-averaged analysis was consistent with time-matched analysis. Instances of QTcF interval >450 milliseconds or a >30-millisecond increase from baseline with aliskiren (< or = 1%) were similar or lower than placebo (< or = 4%). Results were similar for QTcI. Aliskiren had no effect on PR or QRS duration. In conclusion, aliskiren at the highest approved dose (300 mg) and a 4-fold higher dose had no effect on cardiac repolarization or conduction in healthy volunteers.     

新型口服抗高血压药阿利克伦的临床药理学研究进展

肾素直接抑制剂阿利克伦是一种新型、安全、有效的口服抗高血压药物,并且具有肾脏保护、减少左心窒肥厚等作用,可以单用或者与ACE抑制剂(如雷米普利)、Aug Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(如缬沙坦)和噻嗪类利尿剂等降压药物联合使用,降压作用具有剂量依赖性,病人耐受性良好.     

着色芽生菌病的临床研究进展

着色芽生菌病为慢性病,容易侵犯淋巴系统,具有潜在致癌性.其最常见的病原菌为裴氏着色霉和卡氏支孢霉,近年发病有增多趋势.本文综述着色芽生菌的流行病学及临床诊治进展.     

The renin inhibitor aliskiren as novel treatment for cardiovascular disease

The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, acting via the effects of the hormone angiotensin (Ang) II. Ang II increases blood pressure and can exert growth-promoting effects leading to end-organ damage. Excess RAAS activity has been shown to be a major underlying cause of hypertension, heart failure, and related cardiovascular disorders. Inhibitors of renin block the RAAS at its first and rate-limiting step and thus appear to offer an excellent opportunity for blood pressure control. In the past two decades various potential renin inhibitors have been developed but have not been clinically useful. This review discusses a recent patent in the development of a novel class of non-peptide renin inhibitors: an alkanecarboxamide, aliskiren (SPP-100; Novartis). Aliskiren is effective in animal models, while recent results from studies in humans indicate that aliskiren is the first in a new class of orally effective renin inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension.     

First renin inhibitor, aliskiren, for the treatment of hypertension

Aim of the review To systematically analyze the efficacy and safety of aliskiren for the treatment of hypertension in comparison to placebo, other monotherapy, and various combination therapies. Method A PubMed database (1966-June 2008) search was conducted with aliskiren as a search term with limits of humans, written in English, and in title only. Phase III pivotal clinical studies retrieved by PubMed database and resources such as printed labeling, approval letter, pharmacology reviews, and medical reviews posted in Drug@FDA website were evaluated with regard to study design and outcomes of efficacy and safety. Results Six Phase III pivotal clinical studies compared various doses of aliskiren to placebo and some studies compared aliskiren to treatment with other monotherapies or combinations. Aliskiren in doses of 300 mg showed a statistically significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure versus placebo. Comparison to other antihypertensive treatments suggest that aliskiren doses of 150 and 300 mg may induce blood pressure changes similar to those seen with moderate doses of hydrochlorothiazide or angiotensin receptor blockers. Aliskiren in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers or hydrochlorothiazide showed additional blood pressure reduction only when higher doses of aliskiren were used. Aliskiren appears to be well tolerated, with diarrhea being the only statistically significant adverse event. Conclusion Aliskiren is a novel antihypertensive that exerts its effects through the direct inhibition of renin. Although the drug is well tolerated, its modest effects on blood pressure and the present lack of evidence of impact on objective cardiovascular outcomes appear to limit its utility in the general treatment of hypertension at this time.