Estrogen suppresses expression of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) within the mouse uterus

RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs) is a membrane-anchored glycoprotein which regulates MMP2 and MMP9 activity and has been proposed to play a role in embryo implantation while misexpression of RECK has been associated with a variety of carcinomas. Unfortunately, understanding on the steroidal regulation of uterine RECK is lacking. To address this gap in our knowledge, we examined steroidal regulation and cellular expression of Reck mRNA and protein within the mouse uterus in vivo. Uterine Reck mRNA and protein were decreased by estrogen, while progesterone alone had no effect. The estrogen-induced down regulation could be partially blocked by progesterone. RECK was localized primarily to luminal and glandular epithelial cells and the level of expression was regulated in a similar fashion as in whole tissue by the steroids. Knock-down of endogenous RECK in human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells resulted in a significant increase in active MMP9 expression but not that of pro-MMP9 or MMP2. These studies demonstrate that RECK expression in the mouse uterus is steroidally regulated and that within endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, RECK regulates MMP9, but not MMP2 activity.     

类风湿关节炎患者滑膜树突状细胞的研究

目的　探讨滑膜树突状细胞在类风湿关节炎 (RA)中的作用。方法　采用免疫组织化学方法观察 2 5例RA滑膜中HLA DR抗原阳性表达细胞、S 10 0阳性CD1a阳性的树突状细胞(DC)的多少和分布情况。结果　 2 3例RA滑膜细胞HLA DR表达阳性 ,19例S 10 0表达阳性 ,16例CD1a表达阳性 ,其阳性例数的百分率均高于对照组。RA滑膜中HLA DR、S 10 0和CD1a标记阳性细胞数均明显高于对照组 ,其差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　RA滑膜中DC和被激活的DC及HLA DR阳性细胞的存在和增多可能在RA病变局部递呈自身抗原的过程中起重要的作用 ,是RA自身免疫异常的重要的始发因素     

Downregulation of reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) is associated with enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and cholangiocarcinoma metastases

Background  

Reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) has been implicated in the attenuation of tumor metastasis by negatively regulating metalloproteinase (MMP) levels. RECK gene expression is downregulated in many solid tumors, with this downregulation being associated with poor prognosis. This study evaluated the role of RECK in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).     

Cytokine expression in synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVES--To compare, by immunohistochemistry, the cellular and cytokine profile in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) synovial membranes (SMs). Synovium was obtained at knee arthroplasty from 10 patients with RA and 10 with OA. METHODS--Synovial membranes were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to assess cytokine expression (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha and EGF) and the intensity of the mononuclear cellular infiltrate (MNC). RESULTS--Significantly greater percentages of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF and EGF cells were detected in all areas of the rheumatoid SMs when compared with osteoarthritic SMs. Five RA but only one OA SM demonstrated focal lymphoid aggregates. Lining layer thickening was noted in RA SMs only. The intensity of the MNC and number of blood vessels were greater in the RA group. CONCLUSION--The results suggest that the differences in cytokine production by RA and OA SMs are quantitative but that the greater thickness of the synovial lining layer and higher vascularity may be specific to RA.     

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) degrades type IV collagen, gelatin, type V collagen and type XI collagen. We measured proMMP-9 and proMMP-9-TIMP-1 complex in sera and joint fluids by sandwich ELISA, and immunohistochemically examined the expression of this enzyme in joint tissues from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ProMMP-9 was purified from the culture medium of HT 1080 cells by the three steps of chromatography. Purified proMMP-9 and activated MMP-9 by aminophenylmercuric acetate showed two bands of 92 and 67 kDa on gelatin zymography. We raised two monoclonal antibody clones, named 2G9 and 8G7, against proMMP-9. 2G9 and 8G7 reacted with proMMP-9 in western blotting and these clones reacted not only with proMMP-9, but also with proMMP-9-TIMP-1 complex in sandwich ELISA, respectively. The proMMP-9 concentration in 86 sera (749.4±940.2 ng/ml) and 54 joint fluids (4539.9±7681.5 ng/ml) from patients with RA was significantly higher than those of patients with osteoarthritis (15 sera: 139.0±149.6 ng/ml; 16 joint fluids: 655.0±1982.8 ng/ml) and control (37 sera: 266.7±120.4 ng/ml; three joint fluids: 0 ng/ml). The immunohistochemistry with 2G9 monoclonal antibody showed that proMMP-9 were expressed in the neutrophils and the monocytes-macrophages which diffusely infiltrated in the sublining layer of rheumatoid synovium. In addition, the osteoclasts along subchondral bone were also intensively stained. The proMMP-9 concentration in joint fluids from 39 RA patients was positively correlated to the count of proMMP-9 positive cells in RA synovium (r=0.607) and to the score of diffuse infiltrates of lymphocytes (r=0.720). However, it did not show correlation to the stage and the class defined by Steinbrocker and to the other clinical laboratory data. Our results suggest that proMMP-9 actively participates in joint destruction of RA through the expression of neutrophils and monocytes-macrophages and is regulated by lymphocytes.     

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) degrades type IV collagen, gelatin, type V collagen and type XI collagen. We measured proMMP-9 and proMMP-9-TIMP-1 complex in sera and joint fluids by sandwich ELISA, and immunohistochemically examined the expression of this enzyme in joint tissues from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ProMMP-9 was purified from the culture medium of HT 1080 cells by the three steps of chromatography. Purified proMMP-9 and activated MMP-9 by aminophenylmercuric acetate showed two bands of 92 and 67 kDa on gelatin zymography. We raised two monoclonal antibody clones, named 2G9 and 8G7, against proMMP-9. 2G9 and 8G7 reacted with proMMP-9 in western blotting and these clones reacted not only with proMMP-9, but also with proMMP-9-TIMP-1 complex in sandwich ELISA, respectively. The proMMP-9 concentration in 86 sera (749.4 ± 940.2 ng/ml) and 54 joint fluids (4539.9 ± 7681.5 ng/ml) from patients with RA was significantly higher than those of patients with osteoarthritis (15 sera: 139.0 ± 149.6 ng/ml; 16 joint fluids: 655.0 ± 1982.8 ng/ml) and control (37 sera: 266.7 ± 120.4 ng/ml; three joint fluids: 0 ng/ml). The immunohistochemistry with 2G9 monoclonal antibody showed that proMMP-9 were expressed in the neutrophils and the monocytes-macrophages which diffusely infiltrated in the sublining layer of rheumatoid synovium. In addition, the osteoclasts along subchondral bone were also intensively stained. The proMMP-9 concentration in joint fluids from 39 RA patients was positively correlated to the count of proMMP-9 positive cells in RA synovium (r = 0.607) and to the score of diffuse infiltrates of lymphocytes (r = 0.720). However, it did not show correlation to the stage and the class defined by Steinbrocker and to the other clinical laboratory data. Our results suggest that proMMP-9 actively participates in joint destruction of RA through the expression of neutrophils and monocytes-macrophages and is regulated by lymphocytes.     

食管鳞癌中RECK和MMP-9蛋白表达的相关性及临床病理意义

目的:探讨RECK及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达与食管癌发生、发展及浸润、转移的关系.方法:应用免疫组化SP法检测62例食管鳞癌组织、31例癌旁不典型增生组织及62例正常食管黏膜组织中RECK及MMP-9蛋白表达.采用X2检验进行统计学分析.结果:食管鳞癌组织中RECK和MMP-9蛋白表达与癌的组织学分级、浸润深度及淋巴结转移密切相关(χ2=10.422,8.550,4.751;χ2=8.447,14.333,5.373;均P＜0.05).在食管鳞癌癌变过程中RECK蛋白表达在癌组织、癌旁不典型增生组织及正常黏膜组织中的表达率依次增高,分别为59.7%,71.0%,85.5%,组间比较有明显差异(P＜0.01);而MMP-9蛋白在癌组织、癌旁不典型增生组织及正常黏膜组织中的表达率依次降低,分别为80.6%,80.6%,27.4%,组间比较有明显差异(P＜0.01).结论:RECK和MMP-9在食管癌的浸润、转移及黏膜上皮癌变过程中起重要作用,RECK及MMP-9的联合检测可望成为食管鳞癌早期诊断和判断预后的分子指标之一.     

类风湿关节炎滑膜中高迁移率族蛋白1的表达

目的探讨高迁移率族蛋白1（HMGB1）与类风湿关节炎（RA）发生和发展的关系.方法采用免疫组织化学方法观察25例RA和3例未累及关节的创伤患者滑膜中HMGB1的表达规律与分布特点及与血清急性时相反应蛋白的关系.结果22例RA滑膜HMGB1标记阳性,RA滑膜中滑膜上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞呈阳性反应，其中以巨噬细胞样滑膜细胞为多，另有部分成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞。RA滑膜中HMGB1细胞内分布以细胞质中表达较多,细胞核中无表达或表达较少,与正常滑膜中行HMGB1主要在细胞核中表达有明显的不同.RA滑膜上皮细胞HMGB1标记阳性细胞百分比与RA患者血清C反应蛋白无显著相关（rs=0.372,Rs0.05=0.381）.结论RA滑膜中核外HMGB1的出现,作为晚期炎症因子参与了RA的疾病过程,可能在RA组织损伤的病理过程中起重要作用.     

Persistence of B19 parvovirus in synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Summary Recent clinical observations support the hypothesis that persistent parvovirus B19 is a triggering factor of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in certain genetically predisposed individuals. If this hypothesis is correct, a number of RA patients may exhibit parvovirus B19 DNA in their synovial membranes. We tested the synovial tissue and peripheral blood leukocytes of 20 patients with RA, 24 patients with other arthritides or osteoarthritis (non-RA), and 34 healthy blood donors for the presence of parvovirus B19 DNA using specific DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using this technique, parvovirus B19 DNA was demonstrated in the synovial biopsies of 75% of patients with RA but in those of only 16.7% of patients with non-RA. In autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells the percentage of PCR-positive patients was about 15% in both RA and non-RA groups and did not differ from that in healthy controls. When the PCR data were correlated with the presence of anti-parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies in serum and synovia all patients with parvovirus B19 DNA in peripheral blood alone or in both peripheral blood and synovial membrane were seropositive. In contrast, about 40% of patients with parvovirus B19 DNA restricted to the synovial membrane were seronegative. These data indicate a highly disease-related persistence of parvovirus B19 in the rheumatoid synovium.     

Serum and synovial cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

ObjectiveTo measure serum and synovial COMP levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and to assess their correlation with clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic parameters.MethodsTwo groups of patients were included in this study consisting of 32 patients with RA and 10 patients with knee OA. Ultrasonography of knee joints was performed and serum and synovial Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels were measured using an inhibition ELISA.ResultsThe mean synovial COMP level was significantly higher in RA compared to OA patients (14.3 ± 5.19μg/mL and 9.26 ±2.42 μg/mL respectively, P< 0.01). Amongst RA patients, it was higher in those with erosions. COMP levels were higher in synovial fluid compared to serum levels in both groups (P <0.01). Amongst RA patients, synovial COMP levels showed a significant positive correlation with synovial membrane thickness on ultrasonography (P <0.001), and significant negative correlation with the cartilage thickness (P <0.001). In OA group, synovial and serum COMP level showed significant positive correlation with WOMAC index for the lower limbs (r= 0.64, P < 0.05, and r=0.92, P <0.001 respectively) and a significant negative correlation with cartilage thickness (P <0.001).ConclusionThe synovial COMP and ultrasonographic joint evaluation may be considered as markers of disease activity and cartilage destruction in both RA and OA patients.     

Expression of fibronectin splice variants and oncofetal glycosylated fibronectin in the synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to define and compare the expression of fibronectin (Fn) isoforms in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Using monoclonal antibodies specific for total Fn, extra domain (ED)-A Fn, ED-B Fn, and oncofetal glycosylated Fn, we studied the expression of the Fn isoforms in synovium. Furthermore, in situ hybridization for the detection of ED-B Fn mRNA including a double labeling technique for the detection of cell type was applied. RESULTS: Strong expression of total Fn, ED-A Fn, oncofetal glycosylated Fn and, to a lesser extent, ED-B Fn could be demonstrated in the synovial lining layer in both RA and OA. Stromal and vessel expression of Fn isoforms was more prominent in RA tissue. Pannus tissue showed strong labeling with ED-B Fn. CONCLUSION: The expression of alternatively spliced isoforms of Fn is associated with tissue remodeling and, as a partial process of this phenomenon, with neovascularization rather than underlying disease, X-ray status, or parameters of acute inflammation. In the lining layer, Fn expression correlates with hyperplasia associated with cell recruitment but not with proliferative status. Most remarkably, the expression of ED-B Fn in pannus tissue seems to be associated with the invasive phenotype described in RA tissue.     

维生素D结合蛋白在类风湿关节炎滑膜中表达的研究

目的 本研究通过蛋白质组学的方法比较类风湿关节炎(RA)、骨关节炎及强直性脊柱炎(AS)滑膜组织中表达的蛋白,筛选RA滑膜中表达特异性下调的蛋白,并通过单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)分析方法分析靶蛋白编码基因对RA的遗传易感性.方法 提取RA( 10例)、骨关节炎(10例)及AS(10例)滑膜组织总蛋白,每类疾病的样本等比例混合,然后用2-D凝胶电泳进行分析,对RA样本中表达量明显低于骨关节炎和AS的蛋白进行飞行时间质谱鉴定,检测结果用蛋白印迹法验证.用Taqman方法对中国人群中267例RA患者和160名健康对照的维生素D结合蛋白(VDBP)编码基因的标签SNPs进行基因分型,并扩大样本量(389例RA和371名健康对照)验证分型结果.采用单因素方差分析和Fisher确切概率法进行检验.结果 蛋白质组学研究发现,在RA患者滑膜中VDBP表达量明显下降,蛋白印迹法也验证了这一结果.基因分型研究发现,SNP位点rs2282679与RA密切相关(P=0.026 794).进一步扩大样本实验也得出了一致结果,rs2282679与RA有相关性[比值比(OR )=0.678 639,95％可信区间(CI)0.541 113～0.851 118,P=0.000 776].结论 与骨关节炎和AS患者相比,VDBP在RA患者滑膜中表达量明显下降.VDBP基因上的SNP位点rs2282679与RA有相关性.VDBP在RA中的表达下调及其基因的遗传效应显示VDBP可能参与RA的病理过程.     

硫氧还蛋白5在类风湿关节炎患者滑膜组织滑液及血液中表达的研究

目的 在蛋白和mRNA水平上进一步研究硫氧还蛋白5(TXNDC5)在类风湿关节炎(RA)患者滑膜和血液中的表达水平与临床指标的关系,探讨该基因对RA的病理作用.方法 用免疫组织化学法、免疫荧光定量分析、实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)、蛋白免疫印迹定量分析TXNDC5在RA滑膜中的表达水平;以骨关节炎(OA)、系统性红斑狼疮(SEE)、强直性脊柱炎(AS)及健康人为对照,用夹心酶联免疫吸附法(Sandwich-ELISA)分析TXNDC5在RA患者血液和滑液中的表达水平.采用单因素方差分析,LSD检验、Spearman相关分析进行统计学处理.结果 免疫组织化学法和免疫荧光定量分析显示TXNDC5在RA滑膜组织中高表达(100%,40±9),在OA滑膜中无表达,在AS滑膜中表达量(200%.4±4)也较低.实时定量PCR和Western blotting均证实TXNDC5在RA滑膜中高表达(P均<0.01).SandwichELISA显示,TXNDC5在RA患者血液及滑液中高表达(A值=1.31±0.37),但在OA、SEE、AS以及健康人低表达或无表达(P均<0.05).RA血液中TXNDC5的水平(A值=0.8185±0.299)与抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体水平存在正相关(r=0.350,P=0.027).结论 TXNDC5在RA滑膜和血液中表达量明显升高,可能通过刺激RA滑膜血管翳形成参与RA病理进程.     

类风湿关节炎患者血清滑液和滑膜组织白细胞介素-18的水平及意义

目的 研究类风湿关节炎（RA）患者血清、滑液中白细胞介素－18（IL－18）蛋白及滑膜组织IL－18mRNA表达水平，探讨其在RA致病中的作用。方法 应用双抗夹心酶免疫吸附（ELISA）法和细胞生物法分别测定RA患者血清、滑液中IL－28蛋白水平和生物活性，同时还检测NO、前列腺素E2的含量；有用半定量RT－PCR法检测膜组织IL－18m RNAG表达水平。以骨关节炎（OA）病人及因外伤截肢的正常人作对照。结果 RA患者血清、滑液中IL－18蛋白水平和生物活性均显著高于对照组，滑液中量及活化性比血清高；RA滑膜组织IL－18mRNA表达水平也明显高于对照组。结论 过度表达的IL－18参与了RA的致病过程,；选择性地抑制IL－18生物活性，将是RA治疗的新途径。     

Elevation of activated protein C in synovial joints in rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with matrix metalloproteinase 2

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of the anticoagulant serine protease activated protein C (APC) in tissue remodeling in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: PC/APC, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 were detected in synovial fluid by Western blotting, and their antigen levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or RA. Enzymatic activity of MMP-2 was assayed using a specific fluorogenic substrate. We developed an improved assay to measure APC activity in synovial fluid utilizing a chromogenic substrate following immunoprecipitation with a specific PC/APC antibody. PC/APC and MMP-2 were localized by immunohistochemistry in RA, OA, and normal synovial tissues. RESULTS: Synovial fluid analysis demonstrated that APC is present in both RA and OA synovial fluid, with APC activity being markedly higher in RA (mean +/- SEM 462 +/- 112 ng/ml versus 136 +/- 42 ng/ml; P < 0.02). A correlation (r(2) = 0.61) was found between APC and MMP-2 activity levels in RA patients, but not in OA patients. Immunohistochemical studies of synovial sections showed colocalization of APC and MMP-2 in endothelial and synovial lining cells. Additionally, APC and MMP-2 coimmunoprecipitated with an anti-PC/APC antibody. CONCLUSION: Our results show, for the first time, that APC and MMP-2 are coordinately up-regulated and tightly bound in RA synovial fluid and colocalized in synovia. Their association suggests that APC may modulate MMP-2 activity in RA.     

结构型热休克蛋白70在类风湿关节炎患者滑膜组织和血液中表达的研究

目的 在蛋白和mRNA水平上研究结构型热休克蛋白70(Hsc70)在类风湿关节炎(RA)患者滑膜和血液中的表达水平,探讨该蛋白对RA的病理作用.方法 用免疫组织化学法、实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应、蛋白印迹法分析Hsc70在RA滑膜中的表达水平;以健康人为对照,用酶联免疫吸附法分析Hsc70在RA患者血液中的表达水平.采用单因素方差分析、LSD检验、Spearman相关分析进行统计学处理.结果 与骨关节炎和强直性脊柱炎比较,Hsc70在RA滑膜高表达,表达率为100％.Hsc70在RA血液中表达量(吸光度值0.32±0.09)也高于健康组(吸光度值0.16±0.03)的表达量(P＜0.01).结论 Hsc70在RA滑膜组织中高表达,提示Hsc70在RA发病过程中可能起重要作用.