下颈椎骨折脱位合并颈脊髓损伤的早期外科治疗

对56例下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤中24例行早期手术治疗,随访1～2年,并进行回顾性分析.22例神经功能均有不同程度的恢复.作者认为早期外科治疗下颈椎骨折脱位、脊髓损伤安全、有效.     

急性中央颈脊髓损伤

急性中央颈脊髓损伤是最常见的颈脊髓急性不完全性损伤。这一综合征主要临床特点为上肢运动功能受累明显、而下肢受累较轻或不受累、直肠膀胱功能障碍以及损伤平面以上感觉不同程度损害。急性中央颈脊髓损伤预后一般较好     

无脊髓损伤下颈椎脱位的手术治疗

目的 探讨无脊髓损伤下颈椎脱位的手术方法选择及疗效.方法 分析总结2004年1月-2009年6月手术治疗的无脊髓损伤下颈椎脱位患者11例.根据Allen分类均为牵开屈曲型损伤,其中Ⅰ度脱位7例,Ⅱ度脱位1例,Ⅲ度脱位3例.陈旧性脱位8例,新鲜脱位3例,均为单纯颈椎外伤,不合并其他脏器损伤.单纯前路复位内固定椎间植骨融合7例,前后路联合复位内固定植骨融合4例.术后随访观察临床疗效.结果 11例患者手术经过顺利,术前11例Frankel分级E级,术后11例Frankel分级E级.X线片示11例患者均恢复颈椎正常序列和曲度.随访3～31个月未出现脊髓损伤症状及再脱位.术后3.5～5.5个月(平均4.3个月)达植骨融合.结论 合并关节突交锁的下颈椎脱位宜Ⅰ期行前后路联合复位内固定,无关节突交锁者可单纯前路复位椎间植骨融合.复位及内固定植骨融合术是治疗无脊髓损伤型下颈椎脱位的有效方法.     

陈旧性颈椎脊髓损伤手术的远期效果

报告７６例合并不完全性瘫痪的陈旧性颈椎骨折或骨折脱位，并经颈前路于损伤节段施行减压和植骨融合术。分别于术后３年至１２年６个月进行随访观察。以临床症状、体征和影象检查评价其效果。按照Ｆｒａｎｋｅｌ功能分级法，术后神经能提高一级以上者占８５．５％（６５／７６），植骨愈合率达１００％。对陈旧性颈椎损伤合并不全瘫痪手术治疗的理论、损伤节段的稳定程度及影响手术远期效果的因素等进行讨论。     

重型颅脑损伤合并颈椎颈髓损伤的早期诊断体会

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤合并颈椎颈髓损伤早期诊断的临床指导意义.方法 回顾性分析36例颅脑损伤合并颈椎颈髓损伤临床资料,根据入院后确诊合并颈椎颈髓损伤时间分为两组,早期组(≤24小时)22例,对照组(＞24小时)14例,观察比较两组之间死亡率、远期生活质量评估(KPS)评分差别并进行总结归纳.结果 早期诊断组积极采取有效...     

成人无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨成人无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤（CSCIWOFD）的手术策略及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院28例手术治疗的成人CSCIWOFD患者的临床资料。颈椎X线或CT检查示发育性颈椎管狭窄2例,退变性颈椎管狭窄8例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化2例,第2、3颈椎阻滞椎1例,颈椎退行性改变15例。颈椎MRI示脊髓水肿15例,脊髓出血或血肿7例,脊髓软化或空洞6例;颈椎间盘损伤突出26例,其中单节段9例,两节段12例,多节段5例;前纵韧带损伤4例。前路减压椎间融合固定术18例,后路颈椎管扩大成形术9例,前路减压椎间融合固定术联合后路颈椎管扩大成形术1例。按美国脊髓损伤协会（ASIA）分级标准评价患者入院时和末次随访时脊髓神经功能。结果 28例随访时间6～87个月,平均34.4个月。患者脊髓功能ASIA分级：入院时A级2例,B级4例,C级6例,D级16例,E级0例;末次随访时A级2例,B级0例,C级2例,D级20例,E级4例,其神经系统症状较入院时有不同程度改善（P〈0.05）。结论对于成人CSCIWOFAD,根据其病情特点选择适宜的手术方式,可以获得较好的临床疗效。     

严重下颈椎骨折脱位的延期外科治疗策略

目的探讨延期外科治疗严重下颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效。方法对1998—2006年行延期外科治疗的84例严重下颈椎骨折脱位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有患者手术时间均为伤后5d以上，手术方式包括前路减压复位内固定与前后路联合减压复位内固定。通过Frankel评分、视觉量化疼痛评分（VAS）对术后神经功能及临床疗效进行评价，所有患者平均随访4．5年（1～6年）。结果术后54例患者获得完全复位，30例复位达到80％以上，随访期间全部患者均获得了满意的融合。合并脊髓损伤74例，其中63例不全脊髓损伤患者（85％），术后神经功能均有不同程度的改善，无一例神经功能障碍加重，Frankel评分术后较术前平均提高0．5分，末次随访VAS评分0—7分，平均2．5分。随访期间无严重内固定并发症如钢板、螺钉断裂发生，仅2例患者在术后1年后观察到前路钢板远端翘起，因无相关症状，予继续观察中。结论严重下颈椎骨折脱位选择延期外科治疗相对安全，正确的手术策略对于有效复位、解除神经压迫、避免进一步神经损害有着重要意义。     

推拿致急性颈脊髓损伤21例

目的 探讨颈肩痛行推拿或按摩治疗引起急性颈髓损伤的原因及防治措施。方法 回顾性分析２１例按摩致急性脊髓损伤患者的临床特点及Ｘ线资料,测量每例Ｃ３￣Ｃ７椎体矢状径和椎管矢状径并求其比值。２１例患者均于损伤后早期行后路椎管扩大成形术并植骨融合稳定脊椎。结果 ２１例患者按摩或推拿前有发育性椎管狭窄１５例,占７１．４％;有６例存在退变性狭窄,占２８．６％。所有患者经手术治疗均获满意效果。结论 医务人员对此     

过伸性颈椎损伤合并颈椎间盘撕裂伤的诊治

目的 探讨过伸性颈髓损伤合并颈椎间盘撕裂伤的诊断和前路手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析27例过伸性颈髓损伤合并颈椎间盘撕裂伤患者的临床资料,对其年龄分布、临床表现、X线和MRI表现、术中椎问盘损伤情况进行分析.均采用颈椎前路椎间盘切除、椎体间植骨和内固定术,依据术前、术后Frankel分级情况,ASIA运动功能评分(AMS)和改善率评价治疗效果. 结果 所有患者MRI、X线片均提示不同的病理改变,以椎前阴影增宽、椎前间隙增宽、椎间盘突出、脊髓压迫及水肿为突出特点.除1例Frankel A级患者神经功能无明显恢复外,其余患者术后均有1～3个等级的恢复.随访9～32个月,平均17.5个月.与入院时相比,术后2个月和末次随访时AMS明显增高,运动功能恢复率分别为44.9%和68.1%,差异有统计学意义.未见内置物松动、脱落或断裂等并发症,固定节段均获得骨件融合. 结论 MRI和X线检查是过伸性颈椎损伤合并椎间盘撕裂伤的重要诊断手段,一旦诊断明确应行颈椎前路手术治疗,可获得较理想的脊髓功能恢复.     

颅脑损伤并颈椎颈髓损伤治疗体会

目的探讨颅脑损伤合并颈椎骨折颈段脊髓损伤(颅颈联合伤)的诊疗经验。方法回顾性分析58例颅脑损伤并颈椎颈髓损伤病人,首诊常规颈椎制动和普查影像学资料,筛选此类病例进一步分析研究。结果作者医院创伤外科2007~2008年共收治颅脑损伤患者1107例,通过筛选颅颈联合伤患者共58例。颈椎损伤治疗中,11例予以颈前路椎板减压+椎间盘摘除+自体骨移植复位内固定术,余47例予以颅骨牵引或外固定器械治疗。颅脑损伤治疗中,21例急诊行颅脑手术治疗,非手术治疗37例。本组患者存活55例,死亡3例,生存率94.8%。按格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评定为Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级7例,Ⅴ级43例。结论颅颈联合伤发病率较高,本组约占5.2%。颅颈联合伤的主动普查(影像学)和颈部保护制动,防止脊髓二次损伤,对降低漏诊、提高临床治愈率有重要意义。     

严重多发创伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的早期诊治体会

探讨降低严重多发创伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤病例的伤残率、死亡率的有效措施。本组31例,临床治愈21例,好转5例,死亡5例。早期检查、诊断及早期治疗至关重要,对降低伤残率、死亡率有重要的临床意义。     

Rugby union injuries to the cervical spine and spinal cord

Injuries to the cervical spine are among the most serious injuries occurring as a result of participation in rugby. Outcomes of such injuries range from complete recovery to death, depending on the degree of spinal cord damage sustained. Much information has been gained regarding the mechanisms and frequency of such injuries, from case reports and case series studies. The most commonly reported mechanism of injury has been hyperflexion of the cervical spine, resulting in fracture dislocation of C4-C5 or C5-C6. Tracking both the trends of incidence of spinal injuries, and the effectiveness of injury prevention initiatives has proved difficult because of a lack of properly conducted epidemiological studies. Within the constraints of the research published to date, it appears that hookers and props have been at disproportionate risk of cervical spine injury, predominantly because of injuries sustained during scrummaging. While the scrum was the phase of play most commonly associated with spinal injuries throughout the 1980s in most rugby playing countries, there has been a trend through the 1990s of an increasing proportion of spinal injuries occurring in the tackle situation. The majority of injuries have occurred early in the season, when grounds tend to be harder, and players are lacking both practice and physical conditioning for the physical contact phases of the sport. A number of injury prevention measures have been launched, including changes to the laws of the game regarding scrummaging, and education programmes aimed at enforcing safe techniques and eliminating illegal play. Calls for case-registers and effective epidemiological studies have been made by researchers and physicians in most countries where rugby is widespread, but it appears to be only recently that definite steps have been made towards this goal. Well-designed epidemiological studies will be able to provide more accurate information about potential risk factors for injury such as age, grade, position, gender and ethnicity. Research into the long-term effects of participation in rugby on the integrity of the spinal column is warranted.     

下位颈椎损伤的手术治疗策略

目的 探讨下位颈椎损伤的手术治疗策略.方法 对174例下位颈椎损伤的患者行颈椎前路手术、后路手术或前后联合手术,术后随访并应用美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级改善情况评价手术效果.结果 平均随访30个月,5例患者死亡,其余患者均获骨性融合且未发现内固定松动、断裂或脱出.124例患者神经功能获得改善,改善率71.3%,神经功能分级平均提高1.12级.结论 术前明确诊断是选择正确手术方式的基础;针对符合不同手术适应证的患者采取合理的手术方式及早手术,可以取得良好的治疗效果.     

多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的特点分析

目的 探讨多发伤患者合并脊柱脊髓损伤的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2004年3月-2009年3月收治的143例合并脊柱脊髓损伤的多发伤患者,统计致伤原因、脊柱损伤节段、合并伤、并发症、治疗方式和转归.结果 高处坠落伤和交通伤是主要致伤原因,分别为77例(53.8%)和55例(38.5%),损伤节段依次为腰椎101处(50.8%)、胸椎61处(30.7%)、颈椎29处(14.6%)及骶尾椎8处(4.0%);合并伤依次为胸部163处(38.6%)、腹部84处(19.9%)、头颈部77处(18.3%)、四肢65处(15.4%)、面部17处(4.0%)和体表16处(3.8%).早期并发症依次为电解质紊乱33例(16.8%)、呼吸系统感染30例(15.3%)和腹胀19例(9.7%);晚期并发症依次为营养不良26例(13.3%)、肌萎缩23例(11.7%)和深静脉血栓11例(5.6%).治疗方式依次为手术治疗106例(74.1%),保守治疗37例(25.9%).治疗前美国脊柱损伤协会(ASIA)评级E级20例(14.0%),治疗后E级53例(37.1%).死亡12例,病死率为8.4%,主要死亡原因为MOF、脑疝、营养衰竭等.随着ASIA残损分级的提高,各组并发症和病死率也显著增加(P＜0.05).结论 高能量损伤是多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的主要致伤因素,患者病情重,合并伤复杂,并发症多,治疗棘手,病死率高.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical features of the multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries.Methods A retrospective study was performed in 143 multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries admitted to our department between March 2004 and March 2009.The parameters including injury cause,segment of injuries,associated injuries,complications,treatment methods and outcomes were analyzed.Results Falling and traffic accidents were the main causes for the injuries of spine and spinal cord,accounting for 53.8%(77 cases)and 38.5%(55 cases),respectively.The injured segments involved 101 lumbar vertebrae(50.8%),61 thoracic vertebrae(30.7%),29 cervical spines(14.6%)and 8 sacrococcygeal vertebrae(4.0%).The associated injuries were located at chest(163 regions,38.6%),abdomen(84 regions,19.9%),head and neck(77 regions,18.3%),extremity(65 regions,15.4%),face(17 regions,4.0%)and body surface(16 regions,3.8%).The early complications included electrolyte disturbances in 33 patients (16.8%),respiratory infection in 30(15.3%)and abdominal distention in 19(9.7%).The late complications were malnutrition in 26 patients(13.3%),amyotrophy in 23(11.7%)and deep vein thrombus in 11(5.6%).Treatment methods were operations and expectant treatments in 106 patients (74.1%)and 37(25.9%)respectively.According to American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)scale,there were 20 patients(14.0%)at grade E before treatment and 53(37.1%)at grade E after treatment.Of all,12 patients were died of mainly multiple organ failure(MOF),cerebral hernia and malnutrition,with mortality rate of 8.39%.There showed an increase of complication and mortality rate with increase of ASIA grade(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The spine and spinal cord injuries in patients with multiple trauma are mainly caused by high energy injuries and characterized by high injury severity,complex associated injuries,multiple complications,difficult management and high mortality rate.     

Oxygen myelography for cervical spinal cord injuries

Summary Oxygen myelographies were performed on 15 patients with cervical spinal cord injuries, in seven of whom narrowing of the spinal cord was caused by a fracture-dislocation. In eight the fracture was of bursting type, and the neurological involvement in these was more severe than in the former type. The main findings in seven early myelograms were swelling of the cord (3/7) and non-visualization of the spinal canal at the injury level (6/7). The main findings in eight late myelograms were narrowing of the cord (5/8) and anterior stretching of the cord over the obstructing bony ridge.     

无脊髓损伤的颈椎骨折脱位临床研究

目的探讨无脊髓损伤的颈椎骨折脱位的发病机制及手术治疗方法。方法 32例无脊髓损伤的颈椎骨折或骨折脱位,其中新鲜损伤26例,陈旧性损伤6例。其中28例手术治疗,4例非手术治疗。结果术后全部病例均获随访观察,26例完全恢复,6例残留手指麻木和局部不适。植骨在3个月内牢固融合。颈椎椎间高度、生理曲度维持良好,无断钉及断板等并发症。结论对于无脊髓损伤的颈椎骨折脱位发病机制特殊,手术治疗可使不稳的颈椎获得即刻的稳定性,有效地防止脊髓的继发性损伤。