Results of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma with 26 cases in six years: a single center experience

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. We analyzed our results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma. Between 2003 and 2009, 26 patients underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in our center. Results were evaluated retrospectively. There were 5 female and 21 male patients, with a mean age of 44 ± 11.6 years (28-70). The patients were divided into two groups, group A (simple aspergilloma; n= 8) and group B (complex aspergilloma; n= 18). Major underlying diseases were tuberculosis (61.5%). The most common indication for operation was hemoptysis (57.6%). Of our patients, 23% were complaining of massive hemoptysis or recurrent hemoptysis. Other patients were complaining of mild symptoms and some of them were totally asymptomatic. We performed 15 (57.6%) lobectomies (3 with associated segmentectomies), 8 (30.6%) segmentectomies/wedge resections, 2 (7.6%) pneumonectomies, and 1 (3.8%) cavernoplasty. Postoperative complications occurred in 15 (57.6%) patients. Complications occurred in 72.2% patients of complex aspergilloma, whereas 25% occurred in simple aspergilloma (p= 0.03). Major complications included prolonged air leak, empyema, air space. One patient who underwent lobectomies for complex aspergilloma developed bronchopleural fistula and died of respiratory failure on the 20th postoperative day. Operative mortality was 3.8%. The average postoperative hospital stay was 12.9 days. The mean follow-up period was average 44 months. The actuarial survival at 3 years was 90% and 100% for complex aspergilloma and simple aspergilloma, respectively (p> 0.05). There was two recurrence of disease (8%). But no recurrence of hemoptysis. Low morbidity rate may have been due to the selection of patients with localized pulmonary disease in this study. Surgical resection of asymptomatic or symptomatic pulmonary aspergilloma is effective in preventing recurrence or massive hemoptysis for patients whose condition is fit for pulmonary resection with reasonable mortality, morbidity and survival rates.     

肺曲菌球40例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲菌球的诊断和治疗方法. 方法 分析2001-2005年武汉市结核病院收治的40例肺曲菌球患者的临床诊治情况. 结果 40例中男24例,女16例,年龄17～61岁,平均37.7岁.40例中支气管扩张症和空洞型肺结核37例,肺囊肿2例,空洞型肺癌1例;咯血33例,反复间断小量咯血(＜20 ml/次)27例,大咯血6例;咳嗽、咳痰5例次;发热、盗汗3例次.40例患者均无基础疾病及长期使用抗生素史.术前、术后曲菌球的诊断符合率为60%(24例),原发病的诊断符合率为40%(16例).手术切除肺叶39例,全肺切除1例.死亡1例.随访1年,仅1例抗曲霉治疗6个月,余均未按要求服药.除2例大咯血患者复发外,余均痊愈. 结论 肺曲菌球多见于支气管扩张症及空洞型肺结核患者.多数患者可出现反复小量咯血.术前曲菌球和原发病诊断较困难.可根据病情采取不同的治疗方法,是否应首选手术或预防性手术有待商榷.出院后的抗曲霉治疗似乎并非必要.     

肺曲菌球病63例临床分析

目的探讨肺曲菌球病的临床特征和治疗方案。方法回顾性分析2008.1~2014.10年收治63例病理确诊肺曲菌球病患者的临床诊治情况。结果 HCT37%24例,血清前白蛋白(PA)200 mg/L20例,LY1.5×10~9/L 19例;肺结核空洞22例,支气管扩张症19例,6例无明确基础疾病;咳嗽46例,咯血59例,大咯血29例。典型影像学表现48例,误诊4例,漏诊11例;可见纵隔淋巴结23例,短径小于1 cm,淋巴结活检提示反应性增生。病灶位于左肺上叶17例,右肺上叶29例。肺功能检查:总弥散量低于比弥散量(t=-9.422,P0.001);均行外科手术治疗;58例随访影像学未见复发;大咯血与相关危险因素的Logistic分析,肺结核空洞OR=6.113,P=0.008,空洞或空腔内长径OR=2.410,P=0.004。结论肺曲菌球病咯血和咳嗽为主要症状;病灶多位于双肺上叶,影像学特征典型,大咯血患者的曲菌球长径、空洞或空腔长内径长于非大咯血患者;弥散功能有一定特征性;首选手术治疗;肺结核空洞和空洞或空腔内长径是大咯血的危险因素。     

Use of endoscopic fibrinogen-thrombin in the treatment of severe hemoptysis

Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is the treatment of choice in the majority of patients with severe hemoptysis. However, this procedure may be unavailable and even fail or be counterindicated in 4-13% of cases. In these cases, the efficacy of fibrinogen-thrombin (FT) instilled endoscopically as treatment for massive hemoptysis was assessed. Between August 1993 and February 1996 a prospective clinical study was performed. FT instillation was indicated in all patients with severe hemoptysis (> 150 ml/12 h) in whom BAE had failed, was counterindicated or not available. FT was instilled endoscopically. Patients were followed up until June 2001. Eleven of 101 patients (11%) with hemoptysis > 150 ml/12 h in whom BAE was not possible or proved ineffective were included. The severe hemoptysis was controlled immediately in all cases. During the follow-up period (mean: 39.4 months), early relapse of the severe hemoptysis occurred in two patients (18%) and a long-time relapse in one. Mean procedure duration was 3 min and no attributable complications were observed in any case. In conclusion, these results suggest that topical treatment with FT could be considered in the initial endoscopic evaluation of patients with severe hemoptysis while awaiting BAE or surgery, or as alternative treatment to arterial embolization when the latter is not available, has proved ineffective or is counterindicated.     

Analysis of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. The results of surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in 41 patients between 1988 and 2003 were evaluated retrospectively. Hemoptysis occurred in 31 patients (75.6%) and it was massive (> 300 mL in 24 hr) in 3. The underlying lung disease was tuberculosis in 35, bullous lung disease in 2, hydatid cyst in 2, and lung carcinoma in 2 patients. Lobectomy, bilobectomy, wedge resection, and pneumonectomy were performed in 27, 4, 6, and 4 patients respectively. The postoperative complication rate was 24.4%. One patient, who had a right pneumonectomy, died due to respiratory failure; the mortality rate was 2.4%. Recurrent hemoptysis was observed in only one patient. Early surgical treatment of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma resulted in a satisfactory outcome with acceptable morbidity, low mortality, and effective prevention of recurrent hemoptysis. Pneumonectomy has a high morbidity, thus it should be avoided if possible.     

肺结核并发肺曲菌球47例外科治疗

目的　探讨肺曲菌球与肺结核的关系及其诊断和治疗;方法 对13年经外科手术治疗的47例肺结核合并曲菌球病人进行回顾性分析;结果 男性31例,占66.0%,病程>5年27例。咯血症状突出,41例,占87.2%。47例肺结核合并曲菌球中,术前明确诊断32例,占68.1%,漏误诊率31.8%。45例治愈,占95.7%,死亡2例,占4.2%。术后并发症10例,分别为胸腔感染、支气管胸膜瘘、肺炎、肺不张、支气管哮喘、呼吸衰竭和失血性休克。结论 肺曲菌球病见于肺结核空洞患者,在长期规律抗结核治疗后仍反复咯血,漏诊率较高,手术治疗为首选,效果较好。     

Place of surgery in pulmonary aspergillosis and other pulmonary mycotic infections

Surgery is part of the therapeutic strategy of aspergillosis and mucormycosis. The aspergilloma is defined as a rounded mass, developing in a cavity by the proliferation of spores of Aspergillus. The most common complication was haemoptysis reported in 50-95% of cases. The pleuropulmonary lesions predisposing are: tuberculosis, residual pleural space, emphysema and lung destroyed by fibrosis or radiotherapy or bronchiectasis. The indications for surgery depend on symptoms, respiratory function, the parenchyma and the type of aspergilloma (simple or complex). In a patient with an intrapulmonary aspergilloma, lung resection preceded by embolization is recommended based on respiratory function. For intrapleural aspergilloma, thoracoplasty is recommended according to the patient's general condition. The invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is characterized by an invasion of lung tissue and blood vessels by hyphae in immunocompromised patients. The death rate of patients who have an API after treatment for leukemia or lymphoma was 30 to 40%, after bone marrow transplantation 60%, after solid organ transplantation from 50 to 60% and after any other cause of immunocompromising from 70 to 85%. The main cause of these deaths is massive hemoptysis. Surgery (lobectomy) is indicated for the prevention of hemoptysis when the mass is in contact with the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, and if it increases in size with the disappearance of border security between the mass and the vessel wall. The patient will be operated in an emergency before the white blood cells do not exceed the threshold of 1000 cells/μl. A persistent residual mass after antifungal treatment may justify a lung resection (lobectomy or wedge) before a new aggressive therapy. Mucormycosis affects patients following immunocompromising states--haematologic malignancy, diabetes mellitus, transplantation, burns and malnutrition. The treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis combines surgical and medical approach.     

Clinical evaluation of 61 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 61 cases with pulmonary aspergilloma representing patients admitted to Nagasaki University Hospital between January 1991 to June 1998. RESULTS: Fifty-two (85%) were males and 9 (15%) were females, aged between 14 to 80 years (average, 65 years). Forty-four (72%) patients had history of old pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest radiographs showed "fungus ball" in the cavities in 42 (67%) cases while 16 (26%) cases showed thickening of the cavity wall. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated in 24 (39%) patients. Aspergillus antigen or antibody was positive in 8 (13%) and 43 (70%) patients, respectively. Oral itraconazole was used in 16 (26%) of patients, and surgical excision was performed in 15 (25%) patients. During hospitalization or after discharge, 19 (31 %) patients died. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Pulmonary aspergilloma usually occurs in elderly patients with old tuberculosis and respiratory failure. Many cases did not respond to antifungal therapy with itraconazole or amphotericin B. Our analysis indicates that more effective and appropriate therapeutic regimens are needed for the treatment of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma.     

Hospital charges attributable to bronchoscopy-related complications in outpatients

BACKGROUND: Despite literature pertaining to algorithms of care, operating room charges and other financial management issues in medicine, there is a paucity of data pertaining to the fiscal consequences of bronchoscopic practice. OBJECTIVE: To identify hospital charges directly attributable to bronchoscopy-related complications in outpatients. METHODS: A prospective analysis of outpatient bronchoscopy-related complications, clinical outcomes and hospital charges resulting directly from procedure-related adverse events in 660 consecutive outpatients undergoing flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) during a period of 30 consecutive months at the University of California, San Diego Medical Center, was performed. RESULTS: Altogether, 1,009 consecutive outpatient FFBs were performed on 660 patients (mean age 58 years, range 16-91 years). Fifty adverse events (5% of all procedures) occurred in 44 patients. These were bronchospasm (31 cases), hemoptysis (5 cases), pneumothorax (3 cases), nausea/vomiting (3 cases), hypoxemia (2 cases), seizure (2 cases), laryngeal spasm (2 cases), chills/fever (1 case) and a vasovagal episode (1 case). Prolonged length of stay in the postprocedure recovery area on 22 occasions (2.2% of all procedures) resulted in USD 6,996 in additional hospital charges. Hospitalization was necessary in only 5 instances (0.5% of all procedures), but resulted in USD 34,500 in additional charges (range for the 5 patients, USD 2,000-11,000) that were directly attributable to a procedure-related complication. CONCLUSION: Hospital charges directly attributable to outpatient flexible bronchoscopy-related complications are minimal, but escalate considerably if hospitalization becomes necessary.     

大咯血的急诊介入治疗

目的探讨支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的适应症、并发症和疗效等。方法分析自2001年7月至2004年7月我院收治的急性大咯血患者63例。24小时咯血量为500-1550ml,平均610ml,以Seldinger技术穿刺右股动脉插管,再行患侧支气管动脉选择性插管,造影并栓塞出血血管。结果栓塞后,所有病例咯血量明显减少,24小时咯血量<50ml,并在3-5天内咯血停止,5例患者栓塞后1-2个月症状复发,行再次栓塞后未再咯血。全组无严重并发症。结论支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血安全有效。     

垂体后叶素治疗咯血致低钠血症12例分析

目的 研究垂体后叶素对咯血患者血钠的影响.方法 应用垂体后叶素止血的咯血患者40例.垂体后叶素的用量为3～5 U稀释后缓慢静脉推注,之后6～12 U+0.9%氯化钠注射液250 ml缓慢静脉滴注,止血后继续应用12～24 h后停药.同时治疗原发病.结果 40例中12例出现低钠血症,其中有症状7例.有症状患者应用垂体后叶素前血钠值(142±3.26)mmol/L,用后为(123±4.69) mmol/L,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经治疗后血钠均恢复正常,除一例遗留构音障碍外,余无后遗症.结论 对使用垂体后叶素止血的咯血患者,要监测血钠,及时发现及处理低钠血症.     

Percutaneous instillation of fluconazole in the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma]

A 68-year-old woman had pulmonary aspergilloma in the right upper lobe with old cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Despite intravenous fluconazole there was no change in the size of the fungus ball. Endobronchial instillation of fluconazole also failed. Subsequently percutaneous instillation of fluconazole was attempted with localized drainage. The fungus ball decreased in size after 8 weeks. Although slight hemoptysis and subcutaneous emphysema occurred in this case, these condition required no treatment. This method of treatment appears to be useful for inoperable cases of pulmonary aspergilloma.     

Surgical results in bronchiectasis: analysis of 149 patients

Bronchiectasis remains a serious problem in developing countries. We reviewed the morbidity, mortality, and functional outcome of surgical treatment for bronchiectasis in our institution. Between 1992 and 2003, 149 patients (105 males, 44 females) underwent pulmonary resection for bronchiectasis. Their mean age was 33.7 years (range, 5-66 years). The indications for surgery were failure of conservative treatment in 59 (40%) patients, recurrent hemoptysis in 53 (36%), bronchial obstruction by a tumor in 9 (6%), and destroyed lung in 28 (19%). Bilateral disease was seen in 24 (16%) patients. Surgical treatment included pneumonectomy in 55 (37%) patients, lobectomy in 55 (37%), bilobectomy in 37 (25%), and lobectomy and/or segmentectomy in 2 (1%). There was one operative death (mortality, 0.67%) and morbidity occurred in 22 (14.8%) patients. Follow-up was complete in 94 patients, for a mean of 4.8 years (range, 3 months to 12 years). After surgery, 51 (34%) patients were asymptomatic. Surgical treatment for bronchiectasis can achieve good results with acceptable morbidity and mortality, not only in localized disease but also in extensive disease, if complete resection can be achieved.     

Pulmonary aspergilloma, diagnosis and treatment

Pulmonary aspergilloma is a saprophytic form of aspergillosis, and the diagnosis is usually based on radiological findings such as thickened cavitary wall and fungus ball, and on positive serum antibody. Up to 58% of the patients with aspergilloma in Japan have medical history of tuberculosis. Serum anti-Aspergillus antigen is almost always positive in aspergilloma patients but aspergillus antigen is usually negative. Massive hemoptysis can be a fatal complication of aspergilloma, and the most common complication was respiratory failure according to our study. Surgical resection is the only promising intervention to cure the aspergilloma, however, low pulmonary function does not allow operation. Antifungal treatment is chosen for those who are out of operation indication, but the efficacy of antifungal treatment against aspergilloma is controversial. Some patients with aspergilloma show progressive form, and we define such aspergillosis as CNPA, chronic necrotizing aspergillosis, although the original entity of CNPA by Binder et al. is different. We make a diagnosis of CNPA only if all the following entity meets, 1; progressive shadows in radiological findings regardless of the presence of aspergilloma, 2; have some symptoms such as cough, sputum, hemosputum, hemoptysis or fever, 3; proof of Aspergillus attribution by mycological or pathological examination, 4; positive systemic inflammatory reaction, 5; neglect of other etiology of pulmonary diseases. Since CNPA is usually progressive, patients with CNPA should be treated with antifungals.     

肺结核咯血患者锁骨下动脉造影结果分析

目的研究分析肺结核致咯血患者的锁骨下动脉血管造影表现，评价其在动脉栓塞治疗中的临床价值。方法39例肺结核伴咯血患者中，肺组织严重纤维化或合并空洞、曲菌球、胸膜增厚粘连及胸部手术后25例。在栓塞治疗过程中完成降主动脉各出血分支栓塞术后，根据病变的部位进行锁骨下动脉造影，影像评判标准：正常为（-）；（＋）：锁骨下动脉、腋动脉诸多小分支紊乱、增生，未见其分支明显增粗；（＋＋）：锁骨下动脉、腋动脉的分支明显增粗、扭曲、瘤样扩张，伴肺循环分流等；出血阳性包括（＋）、（＋＋），其中（＋＋）为强阳性。对造影影像学表现进行归纳分析，并根据基础病变程度进行统计学处理。对造影发现为强阳性的部分患者行动脉栓塞术，符合长期疗效分析的15例患者术后作临床疗效评估。结果造影影像学结果显示，出血阳性与造影人次比为32／39，出血强阳性与造影人次比为17／39；出血阳性与造影的锁骨下动脉支数比为39／58，其中（＋＋）为24／58，（＋）为15／58。强阳性出血动脉以胸廓内动脉、胸外侧动脉及肩胛下动脉的出现概率最高。肺组织严重纤维化或合并空洞、曲菌球、胸膜增厚粘连及胸部手术后的患者有明显高的出血阳性率以及强阳性率。15例动脉栓塞术后，治愈6例，显效和有效7例，无效2例。15例中有8例行降主动脉出血分支栓塞后无效，再行动脉栓塞术时，对锁骨下动脉造影发现的出血血管栓塞疗效显著。结论采用动脉栓塞治疗肺结核咯血，应在完成以支气管动脉为主的降主动脉分支栓塞后，如仍有咯血可行相应的锁骨下动脉造影，对肺组织严重纤维化或合并空洞、曲菌球、胸膜增厚粘连、胸部手术后及栓塞术后疗效不佳者，可根据病情同时行锁骨下动脉造影并对其出血血管进行栓塞。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附53例报告)

目的研究分析腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和疗效。方法我院自2003年2月至2006年12月对53例前列腺癌患者行腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术，术前均由病理检查确诊，Gleason评分≤7分，盆腔CT、MR和ECT示无瓮腔淋巴结、精囊和骨转移．手术经腹膜外顺行径路切除前列腺，标本自脐下切口处取出。12例术中行盆腔淋巴结活检．5例行保留性神经前列腺癌根治。结果手术平均时间190min（110～270min），出血120～1200ml，平均320ml，术中直肠损伤2例，4例术后病理示切缘阳性。术后12例出现不同程度尿失禁，均在术后3月内恢复尿控。12例行盆腔淋巴结活检者均未发现阳性淋巴结，5例保留性神经患者中3例术后随访勃起功能良好。随访3～30个月，无尿道狭窄和尿失禁。结论腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是一种安全有效的手术方法．手术创伤小、患者恢复快，取得与开放前列腺癌根治术同样效果，值得推广应用。     

Endovascular management of a left subclavian artery lesion following thoracoplasty for bronchopleural fistula and empyema secondary to aspergillus fumigatus

Massive and/or recurrent hemoptysis is a clear indication for surgical treatment of pleuropulmonary aspergilloma, despite the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Thoracoplasty has been widely used for 20 years and is still indicated in these cases, following lobectomy, even though the procedure is not free of complications. We report the case of a patient who required thoracoplasty to treat a pleuropulmonary aspergilloma invading the chest wall. Subsequent placement of an aortic stent-graft was required due to tearing of the left subclavian artery.     

Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma--with modified conservative operation]

During the past 10 years 26 patients were operated on for pulmonary aspergilloma (20 males and six females, mean age of 55.8 years). Lung resections were performed on 13 cases (Group 1). Conservative operations were performed on the remaining cases, including one bilateral operation case (Group 2). New paragraph. The operative techniques in Group 1 were: lobectomy 11 cases of lobectomy, one case of partial resection; and one case of segmental resection. The operative techniques for Group 2 were; five cases of thoracoplasty and cavernoplasty; three cases of thoracoplasty plus cavernoplasty and muscle flap; three cases of thoracoplasty and muscle flap; one case of thoracoplasty and air-plombage; and two cases of cavernoplasty. A second operation was required in four and seven cases in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, and a third operation in two and four cases respectively. The conservative technique was used in all of additional operations required. The mean operation time and amount of blood loss were 262 min and 1,943 ml for Group 1 and 170 min and 918 ml for Group 2-being shorter and lesser for Group 2. Both the operation time and blood loss were reduced during the second and third operations. Reduction of %VC after the first operation was also less remarkable for Group 2 (-9.6%, No = 9). The advantage of using a conservative technique is that successful results can be expected without insult to the hilus and mediastinal surface in cases with compromised pulmonary functions, or in those cases which pneumonectomy or resection is difficult because of the risk of massive bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的疗效分析

目的 :探讨支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的疗效。方法 :36例大咯血患者用明胶海绵颗粒行支气管动脉栓塞。患者肺部基础病变包括 :支气管扩张 13例 ,肺结核 11例 ,肺癌 9例 ,肺脓肿 1例 ,隐源性咯血 2例。结果 :2 9例即刻止血 (80 .6 % )。在 2年的随访中 ,术后 15d内复发大咯血并窒息死亡者 4例 ,另外 4例复发咯血者 ,3例再次行BAE治疗。支气管动脉栓塞术后因复发而行手术治疗者 2例。因此 ,2年随访总的有效率和复发率分别为 83.3%和 2 2 .8%。主要的并发症为自限性的短暂胸痛和发热。结论 :支气管动脉栓塞术是大咯血的一种安全、微创、高效的治疗方法