胰岛素样因子3在氟他胺诱导的小鼠隐睾模型中的表达和意义

目的:通过氟他胺诱导小鼠隐睾动物模型的建立,探讨其睾丸组织的胰岛素样因子3(INSL-3)mRNA表达的变化。方法:妊娠BALB/c小鼠随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5组,每组9只(雄鼠3只,雌鼠6只),合笼交配;分别在雌鼠孕第12²1天持续10 d给予氟他胺灌胃,剂量依次为0、150、300、500、700 mg/kg;分别在出生后第4周和第8周时运用荧光定量PCR技术检测子代小鼠睾丸组织中INSL-3 mRNA的表达情况。结果:A组小鼠无隐睾,B、C组有单侧隐睾,发生率分别10.0%和25.0%;D、E组有双侧隐睾的发生,发生率分别为21.1%和40.0%。随着给药剂量的增大,INSL-3 mRNA的表达逐渐降低;与对照组相比,B、C组表达强度无明显变化(P>0.05);D、E组表达强度明显低于A组(P<0.05)。结论:剂量为150与300 mg/kg的氟他胺能诱导单侧隐睾模型,剂量为500与700 mg/kg的氟他胺能诱导双侧隐睾模型;并且隐睾小鼠睾丸的INSL-3表达随氟他胺浓度升高水平明显下降,可能是隐睾发生的机制之一。     

苯甲酸雌二醇诱导小鼠尿道下裂动物模型的建立

目的:建立苯甲酸雌二醇诱导的小鼠尿道下裂模型,为研究雌激素致尿道下裂的分子作用机制提供进一步研究的基础。方法:100只ICR孕小鼠随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5组,每组20只,在孕12~16 d连续5 d各组每只皮下分别注射苯甲酸雌二醇0、0.2、1、5、25 mg.kg-1.d-1,出生时观察仔鼠死亡率。每组取2只母鼠所生的雄性仔鼠,解剖观察仔鼠睾丸位置、前列腺发育情况。出生后4周,观察有无尿道下裂和隐睾。结果:A、B、C、D、E各组仔鼠死亡率分别为21.6%、21.5%、41.4%、56.6%、75.0%。新生鼠解剖,各组均未发现前列腺,C、D、E组睾丸均在下极,A、B组睾丸均在膀胱两侧。仔鼠尿道下裂发生率分别为0、0、3.3%(2/60)、20.0%(8/40)、23.0%(6/26),尿道下裂发生率D、E组与A组间差异有显著性(P<0.05),而D、E组间差异无显著性(P>0.05);隐睾发生率分别为0、0、6.6%(4/60)、30.0%(18/60)、61.5%(16/26),隐睾发生率A、C组间差异无显著性(P>0.05),D、E组与A组间差异有显著性(P<0.05),而D、E组之间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:孕鼠注射大剂量的雌激素可以诱导出仔鼠尿道下裂的模型,C组诱导率较低,D、E组诱导率接近,但是E组母鼠及其仔鼠死亡率均较高,因此5 mg.kg-1.d-1苯甲酸雌二醇用药量为小鼠尿道下裂造模的适宜剂量。     

尿道下裂兔动物模型的建立

目的为尿道下裂的病因学研究提供实验依据。方法使用非那雄胺诱导建立兔尿道下裂动物模型。孕兔40只,随机分为5组。孕19天开始给予非那雄胺口服,10mg·kg-1·d-1,各组用药时间分别为0(A)、4(B)、5(C)、6(D)、7d(E),其中A组为对照组。出生后5周观察雄性幼兔有无尿道下裂;10周观察有无隐睾,分辨尿道下裂严重程度;解剖观察睾丸发育情况。结果A~E组子代尿道下裂发生率分别为0、22.2%、95.5%、85.2%、100.0%,根据外观将尿道下裂的严重程度分为3级。A~E组隐睾发生率分别为0、0、36.4%、40.7%、73.3%。结论应用非那雄胺可以诱导出稳定的雄性幼兔先天性尿道下裂模型。     

小鼠隐睾动物模型中CGRP的表达变化

目的 通过氟他胺(Flutamide,FLU)诱导小鼠隐睾动物模型的建立,探索其睾丸组织中降钙素基因相关肽(Calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP) mRNA表达的变化.方法 将妊娠BALB/c小鼠随机分成A、B、C、D、E5组;在母鼠孕第12～21d持续10d给予A、B、C、D、E5组氟他胺灌胃,剂量依次为0mg/kg、150mg/kg、300 mg/kg、500 mg/kg、700 mg/kg,A组为空白对照组;在出生后第8周时运用Real-Time PCR技术检测子代小鼠睾丸组织中CGRP mRNA的表达情况及单侧隐睾小鼠中患侧与健侧睾丸CGRP mRNA的表达情况.结果 A组小鼠无隐睾,B、C组有单侧隐睾;D、E组有双侧隐睾的发生.与对照组相比,随着给药剂量的增大,CGRP mRNA的表达强度明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).单侧隐睾小鼠中患侧和对侧睾丸的CGRPmRNA均减少(P＜0.05).结论 剂量为150mg/kg与300 mg/kg的氟他胺能诱导产生单侧隐睾模型,剂量为500与700 mg/kg的氟他胺能诱导产生双侧隐睾模型;单侧隐睾小鼠中双侧睾丸均有损害;CGRP是隐睾产生过程中一个重要的影响因素.     

出生后注射雌二醇诱导隐睾性不育小鼠模型的实验研究

目的:观察出生后注射雌二醇诱导小鼠隐睾模型的发生率及生精情况。方法:90只雄性新生Balb/C小鼠随机分为实验组(n=60)、溶剂对照组(n=20)和正常对照组(n=10)。实验组进一步随机分为4个亚组,分别于出生后3～28 d(4周组)、3～42 d(6周组)、3～56 d(8周组)、3～70 d(10周组)给予皮下注射17-β雌二醇(5μg/d)。观察停药后2周隐睾发生率及形态学变化。结果:实验组各亚组(4、6、8、10周组)停药后2周隐睾发生率分别为0%、26.7%、60%、60%。而对照组均无隐睾发生。在4周和6周组停药后均出现隐睾自行下降恢复生精的情况,连续注药8周后模型稳定,隐睾生精不恢复。结论:出生后连续注射雌二醇8周能够建立稳定的隐睾性不育小鼠模型。     

邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基)己酯致小鼠隐睾睾丸和附睾的组织病理学改变

目的 :探讨邻苯二甲酸二 (2 乙基 )己酯 (DEHP)引起的小鼠隐睾睾丸和附睾的组织病理学改变。　方法 :妊娠KM小鼠 4 0只 ,随机分成 5组 ,分别为正常对照组 8只、玉米油对照组 8只、己烯雌酚 (DES)组 8只、DEHP低剂量组 [DEHP 10 0mg/ (kg·d) ]9只和DEHP高剂量组 [DEHP 5 0 0mg/ (kg·d) ]7只。自妊娠第 12d开始到分娩后 3d ,分别持续经口给予DEHP 10 0mg/ (kg·d)、5 0 0mg/ (kg·d)和DES 10 0 μg/ (kg·d)及玉米油 ,观察仔代雄小鼠的隐睾发生率及隐睾睾丸和附睾的组织病理学改变。　结果 :DEHP 5 0 0mg/ (kg·d)组染毒小鼠的隐睾发生率显著增高 ,睾丸和附睾的体积明显减小、重量减轻 ;睾丸生精上皮发育明显异常 ,精曲小管变薄、萎缩 ,间质细胞异常增生 ,电镜下其隐睾精曲小管上皮和间质细胞均出现明显的超微结构改变。同时附睾管腔中的精子数显著减少甚至缺乏。　结论 :高剂量 [5 0 0mg/ (kg·d) ]DEHP可能具有与DES类似的作用 ,是一种诱发隐睾的重要因子。小鼠在孕期及哺乳期接触DEHP后可引起雄性仔鼠性分化异常 ,诱导隐睾发生、睾丸生精上皮损害和生精过程障碍 ,从而对雄性仔鼠生育力产生不利影响。以上作用存在明确的量 效关系。     

输精管结扎术用于预防和治疗前列腺增生的实验研究

目的 :探讨输精管及输精管静脉结扎用于预防和治疗良性前列腺增生 (BPH)的可能性及有效率。　方法 :取 5～ 6岁龄雄性杂交犬 4 0只 ,随机分为A、B、C、D 4组 ,每组 10只 ,其中A、B两组喂混合饲料制成BPH模型 ,C、D两组喂普通饲料 ,2年后将A、C两组犬的双侧输精管连同输精管静脉结扎 ,B、D两组犬仅解剖显露输精管 ,但不结扎。继续原方法饲养 2年后将 4 0只犬处死解剖出前列腺称重 ,测量体积 ,然后分组取材制片 ,观察组织学改变。　结果 :A、C两组及B、D两组前列腺重量及体积相比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。A、C两组前列腺组织切片呈退行性变而B、D两组呈增生性改变。　结论 :在BPH前行输精管及输精管静脉结扎可减轻犬在老年期的BPH ;在增生后结扎可使犬前列腺组织发生不同程度的萎缩     

孕早期吸入安氟醚对子代大鼠认知功能的影响

目的 探讨孕早期吸入安氟醚对子代大鼠认知功能的影响.方法 孕8～10 d SD大鼠30只,随机分为对照组(C组)、吸入安氟醚4 h组(E1组)和吸入安氟醚8 h组(E2组),每组10只.E1组和E2组分别吸入1.7%安氟醚4和8 h,氧流量2 L/min,C组吸入等流量氧气.于出生后20和30 d,采用Morris水迷宫实验测试子代大鼠的认知功能.结果 与C组比较,E1组和E2组出生后20和30 d时子代大鼠认知功能测试第3至5天逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,平台象限停留时间缩短(P＜0.05);E1组和E2组子代大鼠上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 孕早期吸入安氟醚可降低子代大鼠的认知功能.     

七氟醚对新生小鼠fractalkine/CX3CR1表达及学习记忆功能的影响

目的探讨七氟醚对新生小鼠fractalkine/CX3CR1表达及学习记忆功能的影响。方法取健康6日龄C57BL/6新生小鼠36只,分为对照组(C组)、七氟醚1组(S1组)、七氟醚2组(S2组),每组12只。C组小鼠出生后第6、7和8天每天接受1次2 h的60%氧浓度的吸入;S1组小鼠出生后第6、7和8天每天接受1次2 h的2%七氟醚麻醉,吸入氧浓度为60%;S2组小鼠出生后第6、7和8天每天接受1次2 h的3%七氟醚麻醉,吸入氧浓度为60%。三组分别于出生后第9天(T_1)及出生后第34天(T_2)时各处死6只小鼠,取脑组织,采用Western blot法检测海马脑片fractakine和CX3CR1蛋白含量;real-time PCR检测海马脑片fractalkine和CX3CR1 mRNA的表达量。三组剩余6只小鼠用药3周后即出生第29天时行为期5 d的mirror水迷宫实验进行学习记忆能力测试并记录。记录出生后第29～32天小鼠的逃避潜伏期和游泳速度、原平台穿越次数。结果与C组比较,S1组和S2组学习记忆功能降低且海马脑片fractalkine和CX3CR1蛋白含量和mRNA表达量明显降低(P0.05);与S1组比较,S2组学习记忆功能降低且海马脑片fractalkine和CX3CR1蛋白含量和mRNA表达量明显降低(P0.05)。结论 6日龄小鼠连续吸入七氟醚3 d,3周后出现七氟醚麻醉浓度递增的学习记忆能力障碍。小鼠吸入七氟醚可致幼龄小鼠海马脑片fractalkine、CX3CR1蛋白含量和mRNA表达量降低。     

氟他胺诱导大鼠隐睾生殖母细胞残留模型

目的:观察胚胎期氟他胺(Flu)对SD大鼠睾丸生殖细胞发育的影响,建立研究隐睾生殖母细胞(Go)发育缺陷机制及治疗的模型。方法:36只SD孕鼠随机分为Flu组(n=20)、玉米油组(n=8)和空白对照组(n=8)3组,Flu组和玉米油组于妊娠12～21 d(GD12-21)分别给予Flu 25 mg/(kg.d)和1 ml/(kg.d)皮下注射,在出生后1 d(PD1)、PD10、PD20、PD80收集标本,观察睾丸形态学、组织学的差异,免疫组化及RT-PCR检测神经母细胞粘附分子(NCAM)表达。结果:Flu诱导隐睾发生率为43.9%(29/66)。PD20、PD80隐睾睾丸质量、脏器系数较对照组有显著性差异;PD10 Flu诱导睾丸组织中可见Go迁移障碍,滞留于管腔中央,Flu诱导PD20、PD80隐睾组织中仍可见迁移障碍的Go位于管腔中央;免疫组化检测结果显示迁移障碍的Go胞膜阳性表达NCAM,且PD10、PD20睾丸RT-PCR检测结果显示Flu诱导隐睾组织中NCAM的mRNA表达高于对照组。结论:Flu成功诱导大鼠隐睾Go残留模型,可以用于研究隐睾生殖母细胞发育缺陷的机制及治疗。     

Androgen blockade enhances response to melanoma vaccine

BACKGROUND: Because preclinical studies suggest an interaction between androgens and the immune system, we used a murine model to determine whether androgen blockade with flutamide might enhance the immunogenicity of an irradiated melanoma cell vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: flutamide + RPMI (Group A), flutamide + irradiated B16 murine melanoma cells (Group B), placebo + RPMI (Group C), and placebo + irradiated B16 cells (Group D). Splenocyte proliferation and secretion of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma were assayed after coculturing splenocytes with irradiated B16 cells. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against B16 cells was determined using peripheral blood lymphocytes. To examine the effect of treatment on tumor growth, a second set of 40 mice assigned to Groups A, B, C, and D underwent tumor challenge 7 days after the last treatment. RESULTS: Splenocyte proliferation was significantly higher in the two groups receiving flutamide at 50 mg/kg x 7 days (29% in Groups A and B vs 3% in Group C and 7% in Group D). Secretion of interferon was significantly higher in mice receiving flutamide + irradiated B16 cells (15.2 pg/ml in Group B vs 0, 1.7, and 4 pg/ml in Groups A, C, and D, respectively; P = 0.0024). Differences in interleukin secretion were not significant. ADCC was 26% in Group B vs 15, 8, and 22% in Groups A, C, and D, respectively (P = 0.0001). In the tumor challenge experiment, the rate of survival was 10% higher in mice receiving irradiated B16 + flutamide than in mice receiving irradiated B16 alone. CONCLUSION: Flutamide can enhance immune responses to an irradiated whole-cell melanoma vaccine. A clinical study of immunotherapeutic androgen blockade is warranted.     

Influence for testicular development and histological peculiarity in the testes of flutamide-induced cryptorchid rat model

Objectives: To investigate influence for the testicular development and to assess the usefulness as an animal model, cryptorchid rats were induced by exposure to flutamide during the fetal period and their testes examined histologically. Methods: Flutamide was injected into the abdomen of pregnant rats for 7 days from the 14th to 20th day of gestation. The male offspring in which cryptorchidism was observed at 28 days after birth were defined as the model rats. They were divided into four groups by dosage of flutamide (2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 15 mg per day), and their testicular weight, spermatogenesis (modified Johnsen score), and germ cell apoptosis were examined histochemically at 10 weeks after birth. Results: The incidence of cryptorchidism including both unilateral and bilateral in the 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 15‐mg flutamide groups was 58.3%, 81.9%, 93.6% and 91.0%, respectively. In the model rats, the undescended testes were located at the caudal end of the abdominal cavity, and these testes weighed less than the contra‐descended testes in each group. Histologically, apoptotic cells were markedly increased, the seminiferous tubules were degenerated and disturbance of spermatid differentiation was observed in the undescended testes compared with the normal or contra‐lateral descended testes. Conclusions: We found out that the incidence of undescended testes increased in a flutamide dose‐dependent manner. The findings of histological examination were independent of the administrated dose of flutamide and it is suggested that exposure of the testes to abdominal temperature causes spermatogenic arrest with germ cell apoptosis. The present animal model indicates high incidence of above 90%, has no surgical stress and dose not require special techniques. We believe that the present model is a useful tool for the understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of cryptorchidism and further biological research into spermatogenesis.     

Optimal starting time for flutamide to prevent disease flare in prostate cancer patients treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist

OBJECTIVE: Flare-up phenomena, such as an increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and/or deterioration of symptoms, are observed in some patients undergoing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy. This study was carried out to determine the optimal time for starting the administration of flutamide to prevent flare-up phenomena. PATIENTS and METHODS: Twenty-six patients with prostate cancer and elevated serum levels of PSA were randomly assigned to 5 groups. Group A patients (n = 6) were treated with a subcutaneous injection of 3.75 mg leuprorelin acetate depot alone. Group B, C, D and E patients (5 patients in each group) were treated with 375 mg/day of orally administered flutamide combined with leuprorelin. Flutamide was initiated on the day of leuprorelin injection in group B, and at 1, 2 and 4 weeks before leuprorelin injection in groups C, D and E, respectively. Serum PSA and testosterone levels were measured in each patient. RESULTS: Pretreatment with flutamide increased the serum testosterone level, but the testosterone surge after leuprorelin administration was almost the same in all 5 treatment groups. In patients who had been treated with flutamide in combination with leuprorelin, the mean PSA level did not exceed the pretreatment levels after leuprorelin administration. The rate of decrease in PSA in the group receiving simultaneous administration of flutamide with leuprorelin showed a decline comparable to that during the period before leuprorelin administration in the flutamide pretreatment groups. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous administration of flutamide with a GnRH agonist is sufficient to prevent flare-up phenomena.     

Recommended Dose of Flutamide with LH-RH Agonist Therapy in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer

Background: In a recent study by the Casodex Combination Study Group, USA, patients in a flutamide (750mg/day) plus LH-RH agonist group showed a high treatment failure rate, mainly due to flutamide-induced diarrhea and hepatotoxicity. Our current study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of flutamide for use in this type of Combination therapy.
Methods: In a randomized, multicenter study, 30 patients (hormone untreated; stage C or D) were divided into 2 groups: flutamide 250mg (125mg × 2; 14 patients) and flutamide 375mg (125mg × 3; 16 patients), and each dose combined with either goserelin acetate (3.6 mg every 4 weeks) or leuprolide acetate (3.75 mg every 4 weeks). Goserelin and leuprolide were administered to patients in a 1:1 ratio. Flutamide monotherapy at a daily dose of 375 mg was determined to be the optimal dose in Japan in our previous phase II study. The endpoints of this pilot study were the objective response and adverse events during the 12-week treatment.
Results: The objective response rate was 83.3% in the flutamide 250mg group and 85.7% in the flutamide 375 mg group according to the Japanese response criteria for prostate cancer. Elevated PSA levels fell to within the normal range in 83.3% of the patients in the former group and in 93.3% of the patients in the latter group. One patient administered 250 mg of flutamide experienced diarrhea, while the serum GOT and/or GPT were elevated in 3 patients administered 250 mg of flutamide and 4 patients administered 375 mg of flutamide.
Conclusions: Based on the findings of this pilot study of maximal androgen-depletion therapy for advanced prostate cancer, 375mg/day of flutamide is recommended in combination with an LH-RH agonist. Assessment of the effects of our recommended regimen on longer term survival, quality of life and antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome of patients treated requires additional patients and time for foIIow-up.     

Cisplatin‐induced testicular dysfunction and its amelioration by Launaea taraxacifolia leaf extract

This study investigates the ameliorative potential of Launea taraxacifolia (LT) aqueous leaf extract on cisplatin‐induced testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups (A–F) of 5 rats each: Group A which served as control received water; Group B was intraperitoneally (ip) injected 10 mg kg^?1 body wt cisplatin on day 21; Groups C and D were given 100 and 400 mg of LT via oral administration, respectively, for 21 days while Groups E and F received similar treatment as Groups C and D, respectively, and then exposed to ip administration of 10 mg kg^?1 body weight cisplatin on the 21st day. Exclusively, Cisplatin‐exposed Group B rats showed reduced sperm characteristics and increased sperm morphological abnormalities; distorted histological architecture of seminiferous tubules; significantly increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH)levels in the testes. These parameters in LT alone treated Groups C and D were not markedly different compared with the control group. The rats with the combined treatment in Groups E and F showed significantly improved sperm parameters, testicular histo‐architecture and antioxidant enzymatic activities. Conclusively, aqueous extract of L. taraxacifolia has protective potential against cisplatin damage.     

Effect of flutamide and two novel synthetic steroids on GABA, glutamine and some oxidative stress markers in rat brain and prostate

Flutamide is a steroid used to treat androgen-dependent disorders and as antiepileptic, but it induces a number of non-desirable side effects. This work was aimed at assaying the effect of flutamide and two novel synthetic steroids on the levels of GABA, glutamine and oxidative stress markers. Male Wistar rats (weight 180 g) received a single diazepam dose (5 mg/kg) 30 min prior to sacrifice (group A). Group B, flutamide; group C, 16β-methyl-17α-benzoyloxypregnen-4-en-3,20-dione; group D, estrone-3-hemisuccinate; group E, testosterone; group F, progesterone; all administered intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg, daily for 3 days. Brain and prostate were obtained to assess lipid peroxidation (TBARS), Na(+) , K(+) ATPase activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), γ-amino butiric acid (GABA), glutamine and serotonin (5-HT) concentrations through spectrophotometry, fluorescence and HPLC. GABA levels increased and glutamine decreased in group A (P < 0.05). Total ATPase activity increased in group F and TBARS decreased in group B (P < 0.05). GSH decreased in A, B and C groups. 5-HT increased in group A and the prostate weight was increased in group E. The conclusion is that 16β-methyl-17α-benzoyloxypregnen-4-en-3,20-dione may be considered novel and promising to treat androgen-dependent diseases and epilepsy, since it showed an antioxidant effect and seemed to impair the GABAergic and serotonergic metabolism.     

The optimal effective concentration of lidocaine to reduce pain on injection of propofol.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal concentration of lidocaine that reduces pain on injection of a propofol-lidocaine mixture. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, clinical investigation. SETTING: Medical center, university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 240 ASA physical status I and II female outpatients, aged 21 to 65 years, undergoing dilation and curettage with propofol for anesthesia induction. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to one of four groups in double-blinded fashion. In Group A (control), patients were given propofol containing normal saline; in Group B, Group C, and Group D, patients received propofol containing 0.05% lidocaine (Group B), propofol containing 0.1% lidocaine (Group C), and propofol containing 0.2% lidocaine (Group D) for induction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The incidence of pain on injection of propofol was significantly decreased in Group C and Group D (8.3% and 10.0%, respectively) in comparison to the control group (91.7%) (p < 0.001). Although the result in Group B (76.7%) was better than that in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. No significant difference was seen between Group C and Group D. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal effective concentration of lidocaine, which decreased the incidence of pain caused by propofol injection, was 0.1% in the currently studied population.     

L-肉碱在奥硝唑所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损伤中的保护作用

目的:探讨L-肉碱(LC)在奥硝唑(ORN)所致大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤中的的保护作用。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠(200～230g)随机均分为5组:①A组:给予0.5%的羧甲基纤维素钠(溶剂)灌胃;②B组:每天给予400mg/kgORN灌胃;③C组:每天给予800mg/kgORN灌胃;④D组:每天给予[ORN(400mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃;⑤E组:每天给予[ORN(800mg/kg)+LC(100mg/kg)]灌胃。上述各组均连续灌胃20d,末次给药24h后,所有大鼠麻醉后处死,分别取睾丸、附睾,进行称重和HE染色,计算睾丸、附睾系数并观察睾丸和附睾病理组织学改变。结果:①与A组相比,B组睾丸、附睾系数明显降低(P<0.05);而C组睾丸、附睾系数为极显著性降低(P<0.01);D组与A组相比无差异,E组与A组相比有极显著性差异(P<0.01);②HE染色显示,与A组相比,B组睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞排列基本整齐,部分生精小管管腔内有脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目下降,有时可见散在的生精细胞;C组大鼠睾丸生精小管管腔内均可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾管腔中精子数目明显减少,且有较多的非精子细胞成分。D组睾丸生精小管无明显改变,附睾管腔中精子数目也未见明显下降;E组睾丸生精小管管腔内精子数目减少,可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,附睾腔中精子数目明显减少,并伴有较多的非精子细胞成分。结论:奥硝唑(ORN)可导致雄性大鼠附睾和睾丸病理组织学改变,LC对ORN引起大鼠附睾和睾丸损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Effect of single-dose subarachnoid spinal anesthesia on pain and recovery after unilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy

PURPOSE: We studied the impact of one dose of subarachnoid spinal analgesia on postoperative pain and recovery after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 1999 and May 2000, 20 PCNL patients were randomized into two groups: Group A (N = 9), who received preoperative subarachnoid spinal analgesia with morphine sulfate, and Group B (N = 11), who received no subarachnoid spinal analgesia. Both groups were given general anesthesia, and the nephrostomy site was infiltrated with bupivacaine hydrochloride. Stone size was similar in the two groups, as were ASA classification, age, and body mass index. Pain analog scales (maximum score 10) were completed preoperatively and on the day of surgery (D0), after 1 day (D1), and after 2 days (D2). The amount of morphine sulfate equivalents (MS eq) needed, the activity level, and adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS: In Group A, the average pain score on D0, D1, and D2 was 2.7, 3.7, and 1.4, respectively; in Group B, the average pain score was 4, 4.5, and 2, respectively (P > 0.05). The average MS eq used in Groups A and B were 8.3 v 33.8 (P = 0.002) on D0; 17.7 v 28.7 (P > 0.05) on D1; and 11.1 v 10.1 (P > 0.05) on D2. On D0, in Group A, 56% of the patients were ambulating and 11% complained of nausea, while in Group B, 0 were ambulating and 46% complained of nausea. CONCLUSIONS: A single preoperative dose of subarachnoid spinal analgesia provides a statistically significant decrease in postoperative parenteral pain medication and earlier ambulation. It also appears to reduce the amount of postoperative pain and decrease nausea.