吸烟和戒烟行为与男性2型糖尿病血糖控制关系的研究

目的 探讨男性2型糖尿病患者吸烟和戒烟行为与血糖控制的关系。方法 2013年12月至2014年1月,采用整群随机抽样方法,对江苏省常熟市、淮安市清河区和淮安区纳入国家基本公共卫生服务管理的7 763名男性2型糖尿病患者进行问卷调查和体格测量,并检测FPG和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。采用多元线性回归模型分析吸烟和戒烟行为与血糖控制的关系。结果 男性2型糖尿病患者现在吸烟率为45.5%。随着吸烟量的增加,FPG和HbA1c水平均呈现上升趋势（P<0.001）。在药物治疗的糖尿病患者中,吸烟年限≥ 50年者和吸烟指数≥ 40包年者的HbA1c水平分别升高0.27%（95% CI：0.05%~0.49%）和0.38%（95% CI：0.23%~0.53%）,戒烟者随着戒烟年限的增加,其FPG和HbA1c水平呈下降趋势（P<0.05）。在非药物治疗的糖尿病患者中,吸烟和戒烟年限与FPG及HbA1c水平均未发现剂量反应关系。结论 吸烟不利于糖尿病患者血糖的控制,尤其是药物治疗的患者。戒烟有利于血糖控制,应鼓励和帮助吸烟患者及早戒烟。     

天津市戒烟门诊158名就诊吸烟者戒烟状况调查

目的 了解天津市戒烟门诊就诊吸烟者的人群特点、吸烟情况、戒烟情况,为更有效的开展戒烟门诊服务提供科学依据。方法 调查前来三家戒烟门诊就诊的158名吸烟者,并于一个月后进行随访。结果 就诊吸烟者中50%(79/158)是通过医生推荐或转诊至戒烟门诊,47.5%(75/158)决定戒烟的原因是自身患病,59.5%(94/158)的人尝试过戒烟;就诊吸烟者的平均烟龄为19.5年,平均每日吸烟量为16.3支;一个月随访的应答率为86.7%(137/158),一个月随访的时点戒烟率为43.1%(59/137),未戒烟者的一个月时点减烟率为56.4%(44/78);27.0%(37/137)的人认为医生或药物对其戒烟帮助最大。结论 天津市戒烟门诊能提高吸烟者的戒烟率,但目前就诊人数较少,还应继续加大戒烟门诊的宣传力度。     

Predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy among the women of Yamato and Ayase municipalities in Japan

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy affects the unborn fetus. This study aimed to investigate: (1) the smoking status of pregnant women before, during and after pregnancy in the Yamato and Ayase municipalities, Kanagawa, Japan; (2) the characteristics that differentiate successful spontaneous smoking quitters from continuous smokers during pregnancy; and (3) the awareness of risks of smoking that may influence smoking cessation during pregnancy. A community-based, cross-sectional survey of 420 postpartum women, who delivered their babies from July 2002 to October 2002, was performed. Out of 420 respondents, 275 (65.4%) did not smoke before and during pregnancy. Of the 145 women who smoked before pregnancy, 101 (69.3%) quit successfully while pregnant. Smoking prevalence during pregnancy was 10.4%. Out of 101 successful quitters during pregnancy, 22 (21.8%) women resumed smoking after childbirth. A multiple regression analysis showed that the independent predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy were primiparous women and women living with non-smokers in the household. Although maternal age predicted smoking cessation in a simple regression analysis, this predictive value was lost in the multiple analysis. A simple analysis showed no significant association between the awareness of smoking risks and smoking cessation during pregnancy. It is suggested that Japanese smokers are more likely to quit while pregnant than women in other countries. In the future, smoking cessation programmes should be designed to help multiparous women and women living with smokers to give up smoking.     

重庆市2014年成年人吸烟、戒烟行为及认知现状调查

目的 了解2014年重庆市成年人吸烟、戒烟状况的流行水平及对烟草知识的认知水平,为制定有效的控烟措施提供科学依据。方法 利用中国慢性病及其危险因素监测(2014)调查数据,采取多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对重庆市9个监测点5 400名≥18岁居民进行问卷调查,采用现在吸烟率、被动吸烟率、戒烟率、成功戒烟率等指标,根据2010年第六次普查人口进行加权,使用复杂抽样设计方法进行统计学分析。结果 重庆市≥18岁居民的现在吸烟率为27.4%,其中男性为53.5%,女性为1.1%,40～50岁组男性最高(58.4%);农村高于城市,渝东南翼高于其他地区;现在每日吸烟率分别为27.5%,被动吸烟率为52.4%。现在吸烟者的人均每日吸烟量为17.5支,男女性分别为17.6和13.5支。男性以40～50岁组和初中文化组每日吸烟量最多,分别为20.1、18.9支。现在吸烟者人均每日吸烟量≥20支(重度吸烟)的比例男性高于女性,农村高于城市。男性重度吸烟比例为59.3%,其中以40～50岁组和初中文化组的男性最高,分别为66.8%和65.2%。每日吸烟者中,开始吸烟的平均年龄为(20.8±7.2)岁,女性晚于男性,农村晚于城市。开始吸烟的年龄< 25岁的占80.2%,15～25岁占70.3%。吸烟者的戒烟率为20.1%,成功戒烟率为13.7%,打算戒烟率为25.1%。戒烟率和成功戒烟率均呈随吸烟者年龄增长而上升的趋势,男性18～40岁组的成功戒烟率最低(4.8%)。人群对吸烟、被动吸烟引起其他疾病的认知普遍偏低,对主动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率为19.6%,对被动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率为21.9%。结论 重庆市≥18岁居民吸烟和被动吸烟状态仍处于高水平,吸烟率呈现明显上升趋势,对烟草知识的认知不足,烟草控制面临巨大挑战。     

吸烟原因与戒烟成功关系的优势分析

目的：研究吸烟原因与戒烟成功的关系。方法采用以社区人群为基础的病例对照研究设计,以642名男性自发性戒烟成功者为病例组,700名男性自发性戒烟失败者为对照组,应用Russell吸烟原因问卷（RRSQ）调查吸烟原因。运用优势logistic回归探讨吸烟原因对戒烟成功影响的相对重要性。结果在调整了潜在混杂因素（年龄、开始吸烟年龄、婚姻、职业、教育水平）后,戒烟成功组“镇静”和“刺激”的得分显著低于戒烟失败组;优势logistic分析显示,影响戒烟成功的前两项因素依次为“镇静”和“刺激”,其次为“心理意向”、“自动”、“手口活动”、“享乐”和“瘾”。结论成瘾依赖是影响戒烟成功的最主要因素,其作用大于社会心理因素。     

中国5 个地区45～65 岁女性吸烟及被动吸烟现况分析

目的 分析我国女性吸烟和被动吸烟现况及其分布特点。方法 采用2008－2010年中国多中心女性乳腺癌优化筛查方案研究中32 720 名45～65 岁女性数据, 根据吸烟率、现在吸烟率、经常吸烟率、重度吸烟率、戒烟率、成功戒烟率以及被动吸烟率等指标分析不同地区、不同年龄别的总体吸烟和被动吸烟现况。结果 共有913 名（2.8%）女性有吸烟史, 不同地区女性吸烟率（北京2.8%、天津5.9%、南昌1.7%、肥城0.9 %、沈阳1.8%）的差异有统计学意义。女性现在吸烟率、经常吸烟率和重度吸烟率分别为1.8%、1.0%和0.2%, 且随着女性年龄增加, 总体吸烟率和现在吸烟率呈现明显上升趋势, 在不同年龄别之间经常吸烟率和重度吸烟率无明显变化趋势。吸烟女性中, 中位初始吸烟年龄、中位每日吸烟量及中位持续吸烟年数分别30 岁、10 支/天和16 年。戒烟率和成功戒烟率分别为19.1%和8.2%。此外共有45.7%（12 730/27 874）的女性存在被动吸烟暴露情况。结合吸烟和被动吸烟, 女性总烟草暴露率为41.8%（13 670/32 720）。结论 我国女性吸烟率处在一个相对较低的水平, 但戒烟率也同样较低, 而被动吸烟却呈现相对较高的水平。     

基于计划行为理论探讨冠心病患者戒烟意向的影响因素

目的利用计划行为理论探讨冠心病患者戒烟意向的影响因素,为促进冠心病患者戒烟工作开展提供参考。方法 2011年7月至2012年2月,采用方便抽样方法对北京市2所三级甲等医院心血管内科和呼吸内科诊治的264名冠心病患者进行问卷调查,调查问卷参考计划行为理论设计而成,主要包括戒烟意向、戒烟态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制和尼古丁依赖等几个项目内容;利用通径分析进行戒烟意向的影响因素及作用分析。结果戒烟态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制对戒烟意向起正向作用,尼古丁依赖对戒烟意向起负向作用。对戒烟意向作用大小依次为,知觉行为控制(0.343)、尼古丁依赖(-0.319)、戒烟态度(0.199)和主观规范(0.139)。结论针对冠心病患者戒烟工作,不应仅以宣传吸烟危害为主,而应从行为控制、尼古丁依赖、戒烟态度和主观规范方面入手,采取合理适当措施。     

Barriers experienced by nurses providing smoking cessation support to disadvantaged,young women during and after pregnancy

In Europe, smoking during and after pregnancy is still highly prevalent among socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Nurses caring for these women can play a key role in smoking cessation, but encounter many problems when providing support. This research aims to identify barriers in providing smoking cessation support, experienced by nurses working within a Dutch preventive care programme for disadvantaged young women (VoorZorg), and to understand the underlying reasons of these barriers. Sixteen semi‐structured interviews with nurses were performed. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed deductively and inductively. We found that the VoorZorg programme provided nurses with training, resources and time to deliver smoking cessation support. Yet, nurses experienced important barriers, such as unmotivated clients and support methods that do not fit clients’ needs. Underlying reasons are competing care demands, unsatisfactory training for cessation support, lack of self‐efficacy in attending their clients, and conflicts with own professional attitudes. The results emphasise that nurses’ ability to provide smoking cessation support could be improved by proper training in interventions that fit their clients’ needs, and by time schedules and task definitions that help them to prioritise smoking cessation support over other matters.     

Comparison of training techniques using a patient-centred approach to smoking cessation

This study compared the use of a 2.1/2-hour multimedia workshop with distribution of an algorithm on the ability of fourth-year medical students to present a stop-smoking plan to a simulated patient. Results showed that students who participated in the workshop performed statistically significantly better on the skill areas of providing information, eliciting and responding to feeling and on content areas of past experience with quitting, resources available for change and negotiating a plan. There were no significant differences in the skill area of eliciting information and the content areas of motivation to stop smoking, factors that inhibit change and problems affecting the plan. Neither of the groups performed very well. The highest number of available points obtained by both groups was in eliciting information (53% in the algorithm group and 64% in the formal training group); however, most of the values were in the range of 10%–25% of possible points. Suggested reasons for the low values may be due to the specific items rated, the teaching methods or the time needed to assimilate new skills.     

Cigarette taxes and the transition from youth to adult smoking: smoking initiation, cessation, and participation

Many policy makers continue to advocate and adopt cigarette taxes as a public health measure. Most previous individual-level empirical studies of cigarette demand are essentially static analyses of the relationship between the level of taxes and smoking behavior at a point in time. In this study, we use longitudinal data to examine the dynamics of young adults' decisions about smoking initiation and cessation. We develop a simple model to highlight the distinctions between smoking initiation, cessation, and participation. We show that because smoking participation reflects past decisions regarding initiation and cessation, the price elasticity of smoking participation is a weighted average of corresponding initiation and cessation elasticities, a finding that applies more broadly to other addictive substances as well. The paper's remaining contributions are empirical. We use data from the 1992 wave of the National Education Longitudinal Study, when most of the cohort were high school seniors, and data from the 2000 wave, when they were about 26 years old. The results show that the distinction between initiation and cessation is empirically useful. We also contribute new estimates on the tax-responsiveness of young adult smoking, paying careful attention to the possibility of bias if hard-to-observe differences in anti-smoking sentiment are correlated with state cigarette taxes. We find no evidence that higher taxes prevent smoking initiation, but some evidence that higher taxes are associated with increased cessation.     

Stigma in place: Black gay men's experiences of the rural South

Black gay men (MSM) in the rural United States South are inequitably burdened by stigmatization and the HIV epidemic. Drawing from twelve oral history interviews with middle-aged and older Black gay narrators from rural North Carolina, this research explores the impact of sexual marginalization and the HIV epidemic on lived experiences of the rural South. Despite describing increasingly empowered views of HIV and sexual health, narrators expressed persistent difficulty managing social determinants of HIV vulnerability—sexual stigma and disconnection from LGBTQ collectivity. Narrators reported better managing sexual marginalization over their lifetimes in urban settings and places outside of the South such as New York (NY). This research suggests stressful structural and interpersonal experiences of stigma may define lived experiences of particular settings.     

Community mobilization for smoking cessation: lessons learned from COMMIT

The Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT)required that 11 different project sites utilize a standardprotocol to mobilize their communities for a four-year interventionaimed at smoking cessation. This experience provided a uniqueopportunity to describe the process and examine several questionsabout the mobilization components and to assess the effectivenessof a common set of mobilization strategies. Specific questionsof interest included: Can one protocol be implemented acrosscommunities that differ widely in size, demographic factors,and cultural traditions? Can similar protocol objectives andtime frames be met consistently in the diverse communities?Was the required community board structure feasible for allsites? How useful was a standardized protocol for mobilizingcommunities? It also was possible to describe the effects onmobilization of the structural requirements imposed by the researchdesign and protocol, the National Cancer Institute, and theresearch institutions. Sixteen months of initial mobilization activity were reviewed.A variety of trial documents, produced by project staff andvolunteers, were supplemented with visits to selected siteswhere interviews were conducted with community volunteers involvedin the project. The authors prepared independent summary reportsof the data and visits to sites and these were used in consensus-buildingmeetings to describe the mobilization activities within thesites. Despite a short time frame, trial-wide mobilization goals wereeventually met by all sites. The common protocol was effectiveacross the diverse sites, and local project staff and volunteershad good experience in using the protocol as the basic frameworkfor their planning and activities. Progress in meeting mobilizationobjectives and timelines varied across sites, but did not appearto be dependent on factors of community size, ethnic mix, urbanization,area of the country, or competing external conditions. Whilethe formal structure required by the project produced some tensionand conflict, the basic partnership approach of the COMMIT studywas affirmed. Enthusiasm for the project appeared high acrosssites. Despite a short time frame, trial-wide mobilization goals wereeventually met by all sites. The common protocol was effectiveacross the diverse sites, and local project staff and volunteershad good experience in using the protocol as the basic frameworkfor their planning and activities. Progress in meeting mobilizationobjectives and timelines varied across sites, but did not appearto be dependent on factors of community size, ethnic mix, urbanization,area of the country, or competing external conditions. Whilethe formal structure required by the project produced some tensionand conflict, the basic partnership approach of the COMMIT studywas affirmed. Enthusiasm for the project appeared high acrosssites.     

Individual- and area-level unemployment influence smoking cessation among African Americans participating in a randomized clinical trial

African Americans suffer disproportionately from the adverse health consequences of smoking, and also report substantially lower socioeconomic status than Whites and other racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. Although socioeconomic disadvantage is known to have a negative influence on smoking cessation rates and overall health, little is known about the influence of socioeconomic status on smoking cessation specifically among African Americans. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to characterize the impact of several individual- and area-level indicators of socioeconomic status on smoking cessation among African Americans. Data were collected as part of a smoking cessation intervention study for African American smokers (N = 379) recruited from the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area, who participated in the study between 2005 and 2007. The separate and combined influences of individual-level (insurance status, unemployment, education, and income) and area-level (neighborhood unemployment, education, income, and poverty) indicators of socioeconomic status on continuous smoking abstinence were examined across time intervals using continuation ratio logit modeling. Individual-level analyses indicated that unemployment was significantly associated with reduced odds of smoking abstinence, while higher income was associated with greater odds of abstinence. However, only unemployment remained a significant predictor of abstinence when unemployment and income were included in the model together. Area-level analyses indicated that greater neighborhood unemployment and poverty were associated with reduced odds of smoking abstinence, while greater neighborhood education was associated with higher odds of abstinence. However, only neighborhood unemployment remained significantly associated with abstinence status when individual-level income and unemployment were included in the model. Overall, findings suggest that individual- and area-level unemployment have a negative impact on smoking cessation among African Americans. Addressing unemployment through public policy and within smoking cessation interventions, and providing smoking cessation treatment for the unemployed may have a beneficial impact on tobacco-related health disparities.